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Budi Suwarno
SMF Bedah RSUD Dr Soebandi
Jember
1
SEPSIS
SEPSIS
Kelainan patologis dan gambaran klinik
akibat adanya kuman dan/atau
produknya (yang toksik) di dalam aliran
darah
2
BAKTEREMIA
Adanya kuman di dalam
aliran darah
3
Kuman Gram Negatif
Endotoksin
Sepsis
Kuman Gram Positif
Menyebar secara
supuratif
4
EPIDEMIOLOGI
•1950 an
•Penisilin + Tetrasiklin
•1970 an
•AB spektrum lebar
Frekuensi SEPSIS
gram negatif 
5
EPIDEMIOLOGI
Insidens Sepsis meningkat :
• Penderita dengan daya tahan rendah tetap
bertahan hidup
(mis : kemajuan IPTEK Mutitrauma )
•  penderita usia lanjut, gagal ginjal, gagal
jantung, DM, dsb
•  penderita yang mengalami imunosupresi
(penyakit/pemakaian obat)
•  penggunaan alat invasif untuk jangka
waktu lama : ventilator, kateter swan-ganz
dsb
6
MORBIDITAS dan MORTALITAS
• 40% SEPSIS Syok Septik
• 60 – 90% syok septik : meninggal
• USA : insiden sepsis
300.000 - 4000.000/thn
7
Gram negative Bacteremia
SEPSIS
SEPTIC SHOCK
MODS
(Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome)
Meninggal
8
Bacteremia
Fungemia
Parasitemia
Viremia
Other
BURNS
Pancreatitis
SIRS
SEPSIS
INFECTION
Beal et al, JAMA, 1994;271;226-233
Other
Trauma
9
INSULT HEBAT / BERAT
4 I - s
Injury – Infection – Inflammation – Ischemia
S I R S
(Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome)
12
SIRS can be identified by the presence of two or more of
the following manifestations :
1. A body temperature greater than 38C or less than 36C.
2. Heart rate greater than 90 beats per minute
3. Tachypnea (respiratory rate > 20 breaths per minute or
Pa CO2 < 32 mmHg
4. White blood cell count greater than 12.0 x 109/L or less than
4.0 x 109/L or the presence of more than 10% immature
neutrophils (bands).
14
SEPSIS :
SIRS plus a documented infection
site (documented by positive culture
for organisms)
10
Severe Sepsis :
Sepsis associated with organ dysfunction,
hypoperfusion abnormalities, or
hypotension.
Hypoperfusion abnormalities include but are
not limited to :
1. lactic acidosis,
2. oliguria
3. or an acute alteration in mental status
11
Septic Shock :
Sepsis-induced hypotension despite
fluid resuscitation PLUS hypoperfusion
abnormalities
12
Inflammatory and organ dysfunction responses to injury. Normal response to an injury or insult
may decrease after 3 to 5 days or be reactivated by a complication. A continuous inflammatory
response is seen with systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) and can eventually
progress to organ dysfunction (reprinted from 4).
Beal et al, JAMA, 1994;271;226-233
SIRS and MODS
13
14
15
OSLER’S DICTUM
Patients usually die of
complications of their disease,
rather than from the disease itself
16
SEPSIS GRAM NEGATIF
DI LUAR R.S
• Flora “endogen” dari saluran G.U dan
saluran G.I / empedu penderita yang
bersangkutan
DI DALAM R.S
• Flora yang menghuni RS tersebut
17
POPULASI Ps. Aeruginosa
di dalam Feses
• Orang sehat : 10%
• Penderita yang menggunakan
Antibiotika spektrum lebar : 50% (5X)
18
ENDOTOKSIN merangsang :
• Migrasi sel netrofil dan sel radang lain 
fagositosis/lisis dari bakteri
• Aktivasi faktor Hageman (XII)  fibrin 
fibrinogen  trombosis  konsumsi
trombosit, faktor II, V, VIII  DIC
• Produksi TNF (Cachectin) dari makrofag,
monosit
19
MEDIATOR
Bahan yang dilepaskan oleh sel sebagai
hasil interaksi antigen-antibodi atau antigen
dengan sel limfosit yang sudah mengalami
sensitisasi
34
SITOKIN
Anggapan : sitokin ~ patologi
Sitokin : Melindungi tubuh
tapi juga bisa SIRS
Mulai ditemukan antogonis sitokin
Mencegah SIRS ?
36
Proses dilepasnya
Pro inflamatori sitokin + mediator-mediator
merupakan
Mekanisme pertahanan tubuh
 melokalisir + menetralisir kuman yang menyerang
 membersihkan sel yang mati / rusak
 memulihkan jaringan
NAMUN
Aktivasi yang berkelanjutan / berlebihan justru
MERUGIKAN
37
NORMAL STRESS RESPONSE
• PERUBAHAN KARDIOVASKULER
takikardi, kontraktilitas, curah jantung (CO), konsumsi oksigen
• RESPONSE SISTEM NEUROENDOKRIN
Dilepasnya katekolamin, kortisol, ADH, Growth Hormone,
glukagon, insulin.
• “CASCADE” : - koagulasi
- komplemen
- sistem fibrinolitik
Puncak reaksi : 3 – 5 hari
reda 7 – 10 hari
38
SITOKIN
• Circulating form (misal : IL-1 beta)
(sistemik)
• Cell associated form (misal : IL-1 alpha)
(lokal)
• Asumsi : lokal prekursor sistemik
Bila produksi sitokin lokal melampui batas
ambang tumpah sistemik
40
Stage II
- Sejumlah kecil sitokin masuk sirkulasi
merekrut : makrofag, trombosit
growth factor
Terjadi reaksi akut :
terkendali tidak terkendali
- pro inflamm, mediator 
- endogenous antogonist 
(misal : IL-1 receptor antagonist) Stage III
- antibodi 
Luka sembuh
Infeksi teratasi
Homeostasis pulih 41
Stage III
Homeostasis tak berhasil dipulihkan
Sitokin Destruktif
( semula protektif )
Sirkulasi penuh dengan mediator inflamasi
Intergritas dinding kapiler rusak
Sitokin masuk organ / jaringan
M O D
42
Figure 1. First hit, second hit, and sustained hit that can occur with systemic
inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS). ARDS, adult respiratory distress
syndrome; MODS, multiple organ dysfunction syndrome.
43
TRAUMA BERAT dan KEMATIAN
POLA DISTRIBUSI “TRI MODAL”
• Kematian Sesaat (Immediate Deaths)
Segera setelah trauma
• Kematian Dini (Early Deaths)
Beberapa jam setelah trauma
• Kematian Lambat (Late Deaths)
Berhari-hari hingga berminggu-minggu
setelah trauma
46
Figure 2. Three stages of the systemic inflammatory
response syndrome reaction
Crit Care Med 1996 Vol. 24,
44
TNF & IL-1 merangsang sel inflamasi
Sekresi mediator sekunder
Prostaglandin, Lekotrien, PAF
Endorphin, Colony Stimulating Factor
20
MACROPHAGE ( morfologi ) :
 Sel besar
 Inti bulat/indented
 Golgi apparatus developed
 Vakuol endositotik >
 Lisosom + fagolisosom
 Plasma membrane diselubungi mikrovili/ruffles
30
MACROPHAGE ( fungsi ) :
• Nonspecific phagocytosis/pinocytosis
• Specific phagocytosis opsomized microorganisms
(Fc receptors + complement receptor)
• Killing ingested microorganims
• Digestion + presentation of antigens to T + B lymphocyte
• Secretion of :
 enzymes : lysozyme, collagenases, elastase, acid hydrogenases
 complements + coagulation factors
 some prostaglandins and leukotrienes
 several regulatory molecules (interferon, Interleukin-1)
31
MACROPHAGE ( jenis ) :
 Histiosit
 Sel Kupffer
 Osteoclasts
 Microglial cells
 Synovial type A cells
 Interdigititating cells
 Langerhans cell
 Langerhans, epitheloid cells
 Multinucleated giant cells
Inflamed tissues
32
MACROPHAGE
Mononuclear phagocytes di dalam jaringan :
Bone marrow : STEM CELL
monoblast
promocyte
Blood (40 hours): MONOCYT
Tissue : MACOPHAGES : - size
- phagocytic activity
- lysosomal enzym content
33
DINDING KUMAN GRAM NEGATIF
• Protein
• Lipid
• Lipopolisakharida (LPS)
LPS identik dengan ENDOTOKSIN
memiliki sifat : ANTIGEN
(dalam darah, jaringan)
21
SUMBER INFEKSI
(kuman Gram negatif)
Produk Kuman Dilepas
(LPS)
Sitokin + Mediator-Mediator
Oleh
Makrofag, neutrofil, sel endotel
dst
22
T N F
• Mediator utama  Gambaran SEPSIS
• GRAM Negatif
Mediator saling terkait (Kompleks)
Gangguan Organ
MOF
23
GANGGUAN PADA ORGAN
KARDIOVASKULAR :
• Fungsi ventrikel menurun
• Vasokonstriksi
• Vasodilatasi  kebocoran cairan & protein
ke jaringan
PARU
• ARDS
GINJAL
• Oliguria  Gagal ginjal
(vasokonstriksi, hipovolemi, trombosis)
24
MODS
Organ Dysfunction associated with Severe Sepsis and
Septic Shock :
Lungs : early fall in arterial PaO2 , Acute Respiratory Distress
Syndrome (ARDS):
Capillary-leakage into alveoli; tachypnea, hyperpnea
Kidney : (acute renal failure): oliguria, anuria, azotemia,
proteinuria
Liver : elevated levels of serum bilirubin, alkaline
phosphatase, cholestatic jaundice
Digestive tract : nausea, vomiting, diarrhea and ileus
21
MODS
Organ Dysfunction associated with Severe Sepsis and
Septic Shock :
Skin : ecthyma gangrenosum (think Pseudomonas
aeruginosa in neutropenic patients), Petechia or purpura
(think Neisseria meningitidis or Rickettsia rickettsia (if
evidence of tick bite)), Hemorrhage or bullous lesions in
patient who has eaten raw oysters (Vibrio vulnificus),
generalized erythroderma (Toxic Shock Syndrome=
Staphylococcus aureus or Streptococcus pyogenes)
Heart : cardiac output is initially normal or elevated,
Brain : confusion 22
L P S
3 Komponen Antigen
• Antigen O : diversitas >
• Bagian inti : ±
• LIPID A : Imunoreaktif + + +
25
LIPID A dari LPS ~ ENDOTOKSIN
• Memberikan gambaran klinik SEPSIS
• Merangsang lepasnya mediator :
SITOKIN
26
ETIOLOGI
PALING SERING
• Jenis kuman Enterik : E.coli, Klebsiella
spp, Enterobacter spp.
• Proteus spp.
• Pseudomonas aeruginosa
(terutama di lingkungan Rumah Sakit)
27
Flora normal usus :
Kolonisasi meluas akibat :
• Pemakaian Antibiotika
• Netropeni
• Sakit berat
• Gangguan ketahanan tubuh
(lesi kulit, lesi mukosa sal. GI,
hilangnya refleks batuk dsb)
28
MEDIATOR BIOLOGIK
• Beraneka ragam
• Kompleks
• Saling terkait
(saling mendukung /
saling bertentangan)
GAMBARAN KLINIK
BERVARIASI
GAMBARAN KLINIK
29
GAMBARAN SEPSIS
 Perubahan perfusi berbagai organ
 Takhikardia
 Perubahan temperatur
30
31
JALAN TOL menuju kematian
 Trauma multipel
 Sumber infeksi
 Immunocompromised
Sistem
Penunjang berbagai organ
(ICU)
SIRS
MODS
ARDS, DIC, ARF, KARDIOMIOPATI
Meninggal
48
SIRS MODS/MOF
MORTALITAS TINGGI
KEGAGALAN 1 ORGAN : 30% - 40%
2 ORGAN : 60%
3 ORGAN : > 90%
USIA > 65 TAHUN : RISIKO 20%
Beal & Cerra
PREVENTION IS THE BEST TREATMENT
(prevention is the only good answer)
Baue
51
Aspek PROGNOSIS
 SEPSIS BERAT
 SEPSIS dengan hipotensi
 SYOK SEPTIK
32
SEPSIS DAN SYOK SEPTIK
PERMASALAHAN
 PENGERTIAN RANCU
 PENEGAKAN DIAGNOSIS KADANG-KADANG
SULIT
 PENATALAKSANAAN DAN PENCEGAHAN
KURANG ADEKUAT, SERINGKALI
TERLAMBAT
 ANTIBIOTIKA DIANGGAP PRIMADONA
 SIKAP DAN PERILAKU UNSUR TERKAIT
BELUM MENJIWAI KONSEP
“PENDEKATAN TEAM”, BELUM KOMPAK
33
SYOK SEPTIK
Sepsis berat yang disertai :
Hipotensi
tek. Sistole < 90 mmHg
penurunan > 40 mmHg dari T awal
Sirkulasi perifer gagal
Perfusi jaringan tidak adekuat
34
SYOK SEPTIK
Hipovolemi relatif
Vasodilatasi
“Venous pooling”
HIPOVOLEMI ABSOLUT
Febris + perspirasi
“Insensible loss“ meningkat
Muntah, diare
Hilangnya cairan melalui “drain”,
sekuestrasi (mis. Ascites)
“Intake” oral kurang
35
Sepsis Hiperdinamik Syok Panas
 hipertermia
 takipnea
 curah jantung meningkat
 konsumsi O2
 alkalosis respiratorik
 kulit kering, panas
 oliguria (<20 ml/jam)
Tensi normal (walau tahanan vask. perifer meningkat)
Status mental : agitasi - stupor
36
Sepsis Hiperdinamik Berkepanjangan
Kerusakan sistem kapiler
Aglutinasi sel-sel lekosit
(complement – mediated)
Kebocoran isi kapiler jaringan
HIPOVOLEMIA
SEPSIS HIPODINAMIK
(SYOK DINGIN)
37
Sepsis Hiperdinamik
 hipotensi
 takikardia
 takipnea MOF
 curah jantung menurun
 asidosis
38
SIRS MODS MOF
BUKAN PENYAKIT
BUKAN SINDROMA
MERUPAKAN PERUBAHAN BERKELANJUTAN DARI FUNGSI
ORGAN YANG MENYANGKUT ASPEK FISIOLOGIS DAN METABOLIK
SEBAGAI RESPONS TERHADAP SUATU “INSULT” YANG SERIUS.
HUBUNGAN ANTARA RESPONS-RESPONS SERIAL DAN FUNGSI
ORGAN BERSIFAT DINAMIS DAN BERKELANJUTAN
24
SIRS Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome
MODS Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome
MOF Multiple Organ Failure
MSOF Multiple-Sytem Organ Failure
ARDS Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome
DIC Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation
25
DIAGNOSIS
Klinis
Hiper / hipo – dinamik / Syok Septik
Perubahan Mental
Laboratoris
 Lekopenia, trombositopenia
 Serum Laktat , oliguria
 Kultur darah : + (45%) / -
39
Morbiditas & Mortalitas
Faktor yang mempengaruhi
 Penyakit penyebab sepsis
 Penyakit penyerta
 (netropeni, DM, gagal ginjal, gagal nafas,
sirosis hati, hipogamaglobulinemia, dsb)
 Penyulit sepsis
 AB tidak tepat
 Bakteremia Polimikrobial
 Usia penderita
 Kecepatan + Ketepatan dimulainya terapi
 Sumber Infeksi
41
BONE, RC
 SEPSIS : Kematian Total 26%
 Tanpa syok 13%
 Syok 43%
40
42

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SEPSIS - dr BSN.ppt

  • 1. Budi Suwarno SMF Bedah RSUD Dr Soebandi Jember 1 SEPSIS
  • 2. SEPSIS Kelainan patologis dan gambaran klinik akibat adanya kuman dan/atau produknya (yang toksik) di dalam aliran darah 2
  • 3. BAKTEREMIA Adanya kuman di dalam aliran darah 3
  • 4. Kuman Gram Negatif Endotoksin Sepsis Kuman Gram Positif Menyebar secara supuratif 4
  • 5. EPIDEMIOLOGI •1950 an •Penisilin + Tetrasiklin •1970 an •AB spektrum lebar Frekuensi SEPSIS gram negatif  5
  • 6. EPIDEMIOLOGI Insidens Sepsis meningkat : • Penderita dengan daya tahan rendah tetap bertahan hidup (mis : kemajuan IPTEK Mutitrauma ) •  penderita usia lanjut, gagal ginjal, gagal jantung, DM, dsb •  penderita yang mengalami imunosupresi (penyakit/pemakaian obat) •  penggunaan alat invasif untuk jangka waktu lama : ventilator, kateter swan-ganz dsb 6
  • 7. MORBIDITAS dan MORTALITAS • 40% SEPSIS Syok Septik • 60 – 90% syok septik : meninggal • USA : insiden sepsis 300.000 - 4000.000/thn 7
  • 8. Gram negative Bacteremia SEPSIS SEPTIC SHOCK MODS (Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome) Meninggal 8
  • 10. INSULT HEBAT / BERAT 4 I - s Injury – Infection – Inflammation – Ischemia S I R S (Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome) 12
  • 11. SIRS can be identified by the presence of two or more of the following manifestations : 1. A body temperature greater than 38C or less than 36C. 2. Heart rate greater than 90 beats per minute 3. Tachypnea (respiratory rate > 20 breaths per minute or Pa CO2 < 32 mmHg 4. White blood cell count greater than 12.0 x 109/L or less than 4.0 x 109/L or the presence of more than 10% immature neutrophils (bands). 14
  • 12. SEPSIS : SIRS plus a documented infection site (documented by positive culture for organisms) 10
  • 13. Severe Sepsis : Sepsis associated with organ dysfunction, hypoperfusion abnormalities, or hypotension. Hypoperfusion abnormalities include but are not limited to : 1. lactic acidosis, 2. oliguria 3. or an acute alteration in mental status 11
  • 14. Septic Shock : Sepsis-induced hypotension despite fluid resuscitation PLUS hypoperfusion abnormalities 12
  • 15. Inflammatory and organ dysfunction responses to injury. Normal response to an injury or insult may decrease after 3 to 5 days or be reactivated by a complication. A continuous inflammatory response is seen with systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) and can eventually progress to organ dysfunction (reprinted from 4). Beal et al, JAMA, 1994;271;226-233 SIRS and MODS 13
  • 16. 14
  • 17. 15
  • 18. OSLER’S DICTUM Patients usually die of complications of their disease, rather than from the disease itself 16
  • 19. SEPSIS GRAM NEGATIF DI LUAR R.S • Flora “endogen” dari saluran G.U dan saluran G.I / empedu penderita yang bersangkutan DI DALAM R.S • Flora yang menghuni RS tersebut 17
  • 20. POPULASI Ps. Aeruginosa di dalam Feses • Orang sehat : 10% • Penderita yang menggunakan Antibiotika spektrum lebar : 50% (5X) 18
  • 21. ENDOTOKSIN merangsang : • Migrasi sel netrofil dan sel radang lain  fagositosis/lisis dari bakteri • Aktivasi faktor Hageman (XII)  fibrin  fibrinogen  trombosis  konsumsi trombosit, faktor II, V, VIII  DIC • Produksi TNF (Cachectin) dari makrofag, monosit 19
  • 22.
  • 23. MEDIATOR Bahan yang dilepaskan oleh sel sebagai hasil interaksi antigen-antibodi atau antigen dengan sel limfosit yang sudah mengalami sensitisasi 34
  • 24. SITOKIN Anggapan : sitokin ~ patologi Sitokin : Melindungi tubuh tapi juga bisa SIRS Mulai ditemukan antogonis sitokin Mencegah SIRS ? 36
  • 25. Proses dilepasnya Pro inflamatori sitokin + mediator-mediator merupakan Mekanisme pertahanan tubuh  melokalisir + menetralisir kuman yang menyerang  membersihkan sel yang mati / rusak  memulihkan jaringan NAMUN Aktivasi yang berkelanjutan / berlebihan justru MERUGIKAN 37
  • 26. NORMAL STRESS RESPONSE • PERUBAHAN KARDIOVASKULER takikardi, kontraktilitas, curah jantung (CO), konsumsi oksigen • RESPONSE SISTEM NEUROENDOKRIN Dilepasnya katekolamin, kortisol, ADH, Growth Hormone, glukagon, insulin. • “CASCADE” : - koagulasi - komplemen - sistem fibrinolitik Puncak reaksi : 3 – 5 hari reda 7 – 10 hari 38
  • 27. SITOKIN • Circulating form (misal : IL-1 beta) (sistemik) • Cell associated form (misal : IL-1 alpha) (lokal) • Asumsi : lokal prekursor sistemik Bila produksi sitokin lokal melampui batas ambang tumpah sistemik 40
  • 28. Stage II - Sejumlah kecil sitokin masuk sirkulasi merekrut : makrofag, trombosit growth factor Terjadi reaksi akut : terkendali tidak terkendali - pro inflamm, mediator  - endogenous antogonist  (misal : IL-1 receptor antagonist) Stage III - antibodi  Luka sembuh Infeksi teratasi Homeostasis pulih 41
  • 29. Stage III Homeostasis tak berhasil dipulihkan Sitokin Destruktif ( semula protektif ) Sirkulasi penuh dengan mediator inflamasi Intergritas dinding kapiler rusak Sitokin masuk organ / jaringan M O D 42
  • 30. Figure 1. First hit, second hit, and sustained hit that can occur with systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS). ARDS, adult respiratory distress syndrome; MODS, multiple organ dysfunction syndrome. 43
  • 31. TRAUMA BERAT dan KEMATIAN POLA DISTRIBUSI “TRI MODAL” • Kematian Sesaat (Immediate Deaths) Segera setelah trauma • Kematian Dini (Early Deaths) Beberapa jam setelah trauma • Kematian Lambat (Late Deaths) Berhari-hari hingga berminggu-minggu setelah trauma 46
  • 32. Figure 2. Three stages of the systemic inflammatory response syndrome reaction Crit Care Med 1996 Vol. 24, 44
  • 33. TNF & IL-1 merangsang sel inflamasi Sekresi mediator sekunder Prostaglandin, Lekotrien, PAF Endorphin, Colony Stimulating Factor 20
  • 34. MACROPHAGE ( morfologi ) :  Sel besar  Inti bulat/indented  Golgi apparatus developed  Vakuol endositotik >  Lisosom + fagolisosom  Plasma membrane diselubungi mikrovili/ruffles 30
  • 35. MACROPHAGE ( fungsi ) : • Nonspecific phagocytosis/pinocytosis • Specific phagocytosis opsomized microorganisms (Fc receptors + complement receptor) • Killing ingested microorganims • Digestion + presentation of antigens to T + B lymphocyte • Secretion of :  enzymes : lysozyme, collagenases, elastase, acid hydrogenases  complements + coagulation factors  some prostaglandins and leukotrienes  several regulatory molecules (interferon, Interleukin-1) 31
  • 36. MACROPHAGE ( jenis ) :  Histiosit  Sel Kupffer  Osteoclasts  Microglial cells  Synovial type A cells  Interdigititating cells  Langerhans cell  Langerhans, epitheloid cells  Multinucleated giant cells Inflamed tissues 32
  • 37. MACROPHAGE Mononuclear phagocytes di dalam jaringan : Bone marrow : STEM CELL monoblast promocyte Blood (40 hours): MONOCYT Tissue : MACOPHAGES : - size - phagocytic activity - lysosomal enzym content 33
  • 38. DINDING KUMAN GRAM NEGATIF • Protein • Lipid • Lipopolisakharida (LPS) LPS identik dengan ENDOTOKSIN memiliki sifat : ANTIGEN (dalam darah, jaringan) 21
  • 39. SUMBER INFEKSI (kuman Gram negatif) Produk Kuman Dilepas (LPS) Sitokin + Mediator-Mediator Oleh Makrofag, neutrofil, sel endotel dst 22
  • 40.
  • 41. T N F • Mediator utama  Gambaran SEPSIS • GRAM Negatif Mediator saling terkait (Kompleks) Gangguan Organ MOF 23
  • 42.
  • 43. GANGGUAN PADA ORGAN KARDIOVASKULAR : • Fungsi ventrikel menurun • Vasokonstriksi • Vasodilatasi  kebocoran cairan & protein ke jaringan PARU • ARDS GINJAL • Oliguria  Gagal ginjal (vasokonstriksi, hipovolemi, trombosis) 24
  • 44. MODS Organ Dysfunction associated with Severe Sepsis and Septic Shock : Lungs : early fall in arterial PaO2 , Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS): Capillary-leakage into alveoli; tachypnea, hyperpnea Kidney : (acute renal failure): oliguria, anuria, azotemia, proteinuria Liver : elevated levels of serum bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase, cholestatic jaundice Digestive tract : nausea, vomiting, diarrhea and ileus 21
  • 45. MODS Organ Dysfunction associated with Severe Sepsis and Septic Shock : Skin : ecthyma gangrenosum (think Pseudomonas aeruginosa in neutropenic patients), Petechia or purpura (think Neisseria meningitidis or Rickettsia rickettsia (if evidence of tick bite)), Hemorrhage or bullous lesions in patient who has eaten raw oysters (Vibrio vulnificus), generalized erythroderma (Toxic Shock Syndrome= Staphylococcus aureus or Streptococcus pyogenes) Heart : cardiac output is initially normal or elevated, Brain : confusion 22
  • 46. L P S 3 Komponen Antigen • Antigen O : diversitas > • Bagian inti : ± • LIPID A : Imunoreaktif + + + 25
  • 47. LIPID A dari LPS ~ ENDOTOKSIN • Memberikan gambaran klinik SEPSIS • Merangsang lepasnya mediator : SITOKIN 26
  • 48. ETIOLOGI PALING SERING • Jenis kuman Enterik : E.coli, Klebsiella spp, Enterobacter spp. • Proteus spp. • Pseudomonas aeruginosa (terutama di lingkungan Rumah Sakit) 27
  • 49. Flora normal usus : Kolonisasi meluas akibat : • Pemakaian Antibiotika • Netropeni • Sakit berat • Gangguan ketahanan tubuh (lesi kulit, lesi mukosa sal. GI, hilangnya refleks batuk dsb) 28
  • 50. MEDIATOR BIOLOGIK • Beraneka ragam • Kompleks • Saling terkait (saling mendukung / saling bertentangan) GAMBARAN KLINIK BERVARIASI GAMBARAN KLINIK 29
  • 51. GAMBARAN SEPSIS  Perubahan perfusi berbagai organ  Takhikardia  Perubahan temperatur 30
  • 52. 31
  • 53. JALAN TOL menuju kematian  Trauma multipel  Sumber infeksi  Immunocompromised Sistem Penunjang berbagai organ (ICU) SIRS MODS ARDS, DIC, ARF, KARDIOMIOPATI Meninggal 48
  • 54. SIRS MODS/MOF MORTALITAS TINGGI KEGAGALAN 1 ORGAN : 30% - 40% 2 ORGAN : 60% 3 ORGAN : > 90% USIA > 65 TAHUN : RISIKO 20% Beal & Cerra PREVENTION IS THE BEST TREATMENT (prevention is the only good answer) Baue 51
  • 55. Aspek PROGNOSIS  SEPSIS BERAT  SEPSIS dengan hipotensi  SYOK SEPTIK 32
  • 56. SEPSIS DAN SYOK SEPTIK PERMASALAHAN  PENGERTIAN RANCU  PENEGAKAN DIAGNOSIS KADANG-KADANG SULIT  PENATALAKSANAAN DAN PENCEGAHAN KURANG ADEKUAT, SERINGKALI TERLAMBAT  ANTIBIOTIKA DIANGGAP PRIMADONA  SIKAP DAN PERILAKU UNSUR TERKAIT BELUM MENJIWAI KONSEP “PENDEKATAN TEAM”, BELUM KOMPAK 33
  • 57.
  • 58. SYOK SEPTIK Sepsis berat yang disertai : Hipotensi tek. Sistole < 90 mmHg penurunan > 40 mmHg dari T awal Sirkulasi perifer gagal Perfusi jaringan tidak adekuat 34
  • 59. SYOK SEPTIK Hipovolemi relatif Vasodilatasi “Venous pooling” HIPOVOLEMI ABSOLUT Febris + perspirasi “Insensible loss“ meningkat Muntah, diare Hilangnya cairan melalui “drain”, sekuestrasi (mis. Ascites) “Intake” oral kurang 35
  • 60. Sepsis Hiperdinamik Syok Panas  hipertermia  takipnea  curah jantung meningkat  konsumsi O2  alkalosis respiratorik  kulit kering, panas  oliguria (<20 ml/jam) Tensi normal (walau tahanan vask. perifer meningkat) Status mental : agitasi - stupor 36
  • 61. Sepsis Hiperdinamik Berkepanjangan Kerusakan sistem kapiler Aglutinasi sel-sel lekosit (complement – mediated) Kebocoran isi kapiler jaringan HIPOVOLEMIA SEPSIS HIPODINAMIK (SYOK DINGIN) 37
  • 62. Sepsis Hiperdinamik  hipotensi  takikardia  takipnea MOF  curah jantung menurun  asidosis 38
  • 63. SIRS MODS MOF BUKAN PENYAKIT BUKAN SINDROMA MERUPAKAN PERUBAHAN BERKELANJUTAN DARI FUNGSI ORGAN YANG MENYANGKUT ASPEK FISIOLOGIS DAN METABOLIK SEBAGAI RESPONS TERHADAP SUATU “INSULT” YANG SERIUS. HUBUNGAN ANTARA RESPONS-RESPONS SERIAL DAN FUNGSI ORGAN BERSIFAT DINAMIS DAN BERKELANJUTAN 24
  • 64. SIRS Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome MODS Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome MOF Multiple Organ Failure MSOF Multiple-Sytem Organ Failure ARDS Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome DIC Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation 25
  • 65. DIAGNOSIS Klinis Hiper / hipo – dinamik / Syok Septik Perubahan Mental Laboratoris  Lekopenia, trombositopenia  Serum Laktat , oliguria  Kultur darah : + (45%) / - 39
  • 66.
  • 67.
  • 68. Morbiditas & Mortalitas Faktor yang mempengaruhi  Penyakit penyebab sepsis  Penyakit penyerta  (netropeni, DM, gagal ginjal, gagal nafas, sirosis hati, hipogamaglobulinemia, dsb)  Penyulit sepsis  AB tidak tepat  Bakteremia Polimikrobial  Usia penderita  Kecepatan + Ketepatan dimulainya terapi  Sumber Infeksi 41
  • 69. BONE, RC  SEPSIS : Kematian Total 26%  Tanpa syok 13%  Syok 43% 40
  • 70. 42