Senior Paper

Support to Injured College Athletes 1
Unequal Financial Support to Injured College Athletes
Peter C. Lillibridge
Luther College

Abstract
This article will prove that student-athletes do not receive equal financial
support at each university. The NCAA only insures an athlete’s injury when costs
amount to $90,000 or more, therefore the student’s university, immediate family
members, or insurance agencies pay the further expenses below that amount. Not
all members of the NCAA provide care for their athletes and this is not only unfair to
students but it can impact individual’s lives and their families greatly. The article
mentions incidences of athletes who were unequally supported by their school as
compared to their peers involved in NCAA athletics. Student-athletes are often
stuck with out of pocket medical costs for their injuries as a colligate athlete. A
student’s current and future health should ultimately be the main focus in the case
of a severe injury and they should be treated with similar financial support across
the divisions.

Table of Contents
NCAA POLICIES AND REQUIREMENTS 4
DIVISION I SCHOOLS: REVENUES AND EXPENSES 7
STUDENT-ATHLETE BILL OF RIGHTS 8
STRUGGLING DIVISION I INSTITUTIONS:UNIVERSITY OF MAINE 9
DIVISION IIICOLLEGES ERROR!BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.
IMPACTS OF UNEQUAL SUPPORT: POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE 10
STORY OF ERIN KNAUER, A DIVISION III ATHLETE 12
UNIVERSITIES BUDGETING THEIR MONEY HOW THEY WANT 14
SHOULD DIVISION IIICOLLEGES BE REQUIRED TO SUPPORT STUDENTS? 15
SUPPORT FROM THE NATIONAL COLLEGE PLAYERS ASSOCIATION 16
IMPACT OF INJURED STUDENT-ATHLETES AFTER GRADUATION 17
CONCLUSION 20

Unequal Financial Support to Injured College Athletes
Every year, collegiate student-athletes are responsible for paying medical
bills from their injuries. Athletes participating in colligate athletics often suffer
season or career ending injuries and everyone wonders, who is paying for the
medical expenses. All NCAA athletes require proof of insurance; however in some
cases a student’s insurance carrier only covers part of the costs. The remaining
expenses are paid for by some other source. Division I universities generate
millions of dollars of revenue and can afford to give their athletes the state of the art
care and complete medical coverage. Division III colleges on the other hand do not
accumulate large revenues and are unable to support their injured athletes.
Institutions either cannot or choose not to financially support their injured athletes
and this is where the gap lies. Not all members of the NCAA provide care for their
athletes and this is not only unfair but it can impact individual’s lives greatly. Every
athlete within the NCAA should be equally supported, financially, in the case of an
injury.
NCAA Policies and Requirements
The NCAA has implemented requirements for athletes in hopes to limit the
amount a student-athlete pays for their injuries. All student-athletes are required to
prove that they have medical insurance for athletically related injuries prior to their
participation in practice or competition (Sheely). In the event of an injury, all
athletes in association with the NCAA will be partially covered through their
insurance agencies. To provide an example: If a Luther College student tore his or
her ACL and the cost of the surgery was $25,000, the cost to the family would be the

deductible prior to the insurance coverage (Lillibridge). The deductible could
amount to around $5,000, which is paid completely out of pocket (Lillibridge).
Outside of the deductible the student’s insurance carrier should cover the entire
medical bill (Lillibridge). The NCAA hopes that athlete’s insurance will cover every
student-athlete to avoid legal matters. The NCAA implemented this policy in 2005
to avoid lawsuits towards the organization regarding out of pocket cost to families.
This is the only requirement of student-athletes implemented through the NCAA.
Why do students still have to pay out of pocket costs?
There are a few circumstances that the NCAA provides coverage to student-
athletes. First, the NCAA has enforced the Catastrophic Injury Insurance Program,
implemented in 1992. Once a student-athlete’s medical expenses reach the amount
of $90,000, the NCAA’s catastrophic insurance program covers all costs (Sheely).
Athletes who become permanently disabled also receive lifetime funding from the
NCAA catastrophic program. Sheely stated, “this program (catastrophic) provides
$20 million in lifetime benefits to student-athletes who become totally disabled
while practicing or playing.” These expenses include medical bills and payments to
go towards disability accommodations such as wheelchairs and handicapped
accessible vehicles (Sheely). The NCAA makes note that the program defines a
permanent disability as: complete loss of sight or hearing, loss of use of at least two
limbs, loss of ability to speak, or severely diminished mental capacity (Sheely). This
program can significantly help the situation of athletes who have become
permanently disability and their families. With this support, medical costs become a
burden lifted off the shoulders of those with bills that amount to $90,000 or more.

An additional coverage of medical expenses is through the NCAA’s
Participant Accident Program. This program ensures complete coverage of a
student-athlete’s injury while participating in a NCAA championship event for all
divisions (Sheely). “So any injury occurring during an NCAA championship event
would be covered by the NCAA insurance policies from the very first dollar of
expense to the last,” stated Sheely. These two benefits, provided by the NCAA, are
well renowned programs and can impact student’s lives greatly.
Outside of the NCAA coverage programs, the money left to pay for student-
athlete’s medical bills comes from several other sources. For example if an athlete’s
town ACL surgery does not amount to $90,000, then who pays for the bills? The
NCAA believes that accident insurance (required by athletes) will cover all injuries
or illnesses while playing sports (Sheely), however students today are faced paying
thousands, even tens of thousands, of dollars out of pocket for their medical bills
after insurance covers their portion. The total costs come from the insurance
carrier of student, the student’s university, or the family. “The Bylaws (of the NCAA)
do not set other requirements of the accident insurance,” meaning outside of the
student-athlete’s insurance coverage they do not require members of the NCAA to
cover expenses. Also, if a school does provide coverage to athletes, they do not have
to cover 100 percent, which may require the parent/guardian of the student-athlete
to cover out-of-network costs or large deductibles (Sheely). Universities are
responsible to make the decision of whether or not they will cover their athlete’s
injury expenses.

Division I Schools: Revenues and Expenses
Universities across the country generate revenue for their respected athletic
departments. Division I schools accumulate a higher revenue compared to Division
II and Division III due to higher ticket sales and T.V. broadcast agreements (Bursed).
DI schools (more specifically schools in the “Power 5” conferences: Big 12, Big Ten,
Pac 12, SEC, and ACC) rely heavily on their athletic department revenues to carry
their expenses. Brian Bursed stated, “Of $83.6 million in median total revenues at
the highest-resource schools (Power 5 conferences), 89 percent was generated by
the athletic department” (Bursed). The percentage of revenue generated from the
athletic departments drops in association with the size of the school, for example:
smaller DI FCS (Football Championship Subdivision) schools’ athletic departments
only generate 40 percent of the school’s total revenue (Bursed). In any case, it
seems that Division I programs are able to generate millions of dollars to run their
athletic programs and it only appears logical that they can help out their injured
athletes.
Although DI athletic departments bring in large amounts of revenue for their
schools, they have even greater expenses. Schools like Oregon, Texas, Michigan and
Alabama generated an average of $166.75 million in revenue last year (USA Today).
However, these schools are the lucky few that are able to create positive net
revenue. Only 16% of DI FBS universities had revenues that exceeded their
expenses last year (Bursed). Most schools cannot afford to run their athletic
programs. Expenses for Division I schools jumped 114.6% in the past decade
(Bursed). Those universities that struggle to support their injured athletes should

be compensated in some way to ensure equal coverage in Division I. The only
institutions that are thriving from their athletic department’s revenues are included
in the nicknamed “Power 5” conferences.
Student-Athlete Bill of Rights
Some DI schools use their revenues to cover their injured scholarship
athletes while others are unable to reach that standard. State legislatures are
weighing in on the issue and taking action to ensure athletes are being protected. In
2012, California passed a law (sponsored by the National College Players
Association known as the Student-Athlete Bill of Rights) requiring that the four Pac-
12 schools in the state pay for sports-related medical expenses (Emmert). These
colleges include: Cal-Berkley, University of Southern California, UCLA, and Stanford
and they all bring in large revenues from their athletic programs from being part of
the Pac-12 Conference. If this trend were to continue it would impact Division I
schools with smaller budgets greatly. For example: Boston recently is considering
making their state scholarship universities pay for athletes medical expenses as well
(Emmert). These schools like Boston College and Boston University have smaller
budgets than the “Power 5” schools. For schools with smaller budgets they would
be paying three to four times more on health care and insurance if laws required
them to support injured athletes (Emmert). It is unfair that some Division I
universities can support their athletes while others cannot or choose not to.
Certain universities are able to offer complete coverage for athletes’ medical
bills, but several fail to find the assets to do so. USA Today reported in 2012 that
only 23 of the 228 Division I schools generated enough money to cover athletic

programs (Emmert). Those schools provide multi-million dollar coaching salaries
and ultimate athlete perks, like apparel, food, and medical support that several
other schools cannot match. Some other schools are doing as much as they can to
support their injured athletes financially.
Struggling Division I Institutions: University of Maine
University of Maine (DI school) has a lower athletic budget compared to the
Oregon’s and Alabama’s of college athletics. UMaine offers a secondary insurance
policy that covers its athletes after they’ve spent $10,000 (Emmert). Due to the
budget of the school they have no choice but to require athletes to pay a portion of
the deductibles and co-payments. It is not full coverage but it does help students
partially. The policy cost the school $124,000 last year (Emmert). They also offer
free rehabilitation services for their athletes (Emmert). Rehab and therapy costs
can build up for any athlete and it is good that most Division I athletic training
facilities offer this for free. UMaine is making a great effort with the assets they have
and are treating their athletes as fair as possible. They cannot compete with the
perks of the large universities. UMaine Director of Athletics, Karlton Creech, said,
“There is nowhere that I see to come up with that kind of revenue (Power 5 schools
type of revenue) to pay for full medical coverage for athletes under our current
system” (Emmert). Some Division I universities lack the resources to cover athletes
and are forced to elect not to provide support to injured athletes.
On the other end of the spectrum, Division III institutions showcase a large
range of enrollment size, revenues, etc. DIII schools in association with the NCAA
amount to nearly 450 colleges (Bursed). Enrollment sizes can vary from 1,000 to

20,000 students. This gives the schools an unfair advantage to compete in revenue
not only to Division I programs but with each other as well. The range of revenue
for DIII schools is $275,000 to $14.1 million (Bursed). Similar to Division I, smaller
schools cannot compete with the larger universities. The overall athletic expense
per-student at a Division III institution is $7,100 (Bursed). It is not feasible for
smaller schools afford to pay more for athlete medical coverage on top of their
expenses already. Given the differences in revenue from DI to DIII, different actions
might have to take place, but within one division there should be complete equality.
Division III colleges take on the same amount of responsibility as Division I
programs to decide on their financial support policies for injured athletes.
Impacts of Unequal Support: Positive and Negative
Whether a college covers their athletes or not the decision impacts student’s
lives in a big way. For example: Alabama University completely covers their athletes
and spent nearly $2 million dollars in 2011 on medical bills and insurance for their
athletes (Solomon). Former Alabama football player Tyrone Prothro suffereda
fractured leg in 2005. The school paid for all of his surgeries since then and Tyrone
stated, “It was something I couldn’t afford (Alabama’s costs)” (Solomon). Another
example: a former LSU pitcher never paid any expenses for his two elbow surgeries
(Solomon). He also went under multiple MRIs and X-rays that were paid for by the
school. The pitcher was quoted, “I wouldn’t have underwent the second (surgery) if
the bills were out of my own pocket” (Solomon). These situations show that players
might not have been able to afford the correct amount of care without the financial
support from their schools. They needed the financial support because the families

could not afford the bills after insurance. It is important that athletes are treated
with the best care possible and supported financially if needed for the medical bills;
otherwise they might have recurring issues later on in life.
Some athletes at the DI level are not so lucky.
The majority of Division I athletes are being paid to attend their specific
university through full tuition and should most certainly be supported financially by
the college in the case of injury. If a college brought a student in and paid for tuition,
books, etc., than it is wrong to abandon them when they are injured. For example:
Kyle Hardrick was a basketball player for the University of Oklahoma and had a
history of knee problems (Solomon). Hardrick suffered a torn meniscus and had to
undergo surgery. Oklahoma, a member of the Big 12 conference, elected not pay for
Hardrick’s medical bills (Solomon). Hardrick’s family estimates they paid $10,000
for Kyle’s injury while the insurance covered the remaining $20,000 (Solomon). The
financial toll becomes difficult for Kyle and his family. Kyle’s mother, Valerie, stated,
“you don't imagine paying those medical bills out of your own pocket when your
child gets a scholarship” (Solomon). When schools cover expenses fortravel, food,
and tuition one would expect them to take care of their athletes when they need
them the most. It is unfair that Kyle had to pay for his medical expenses when
students at the University of Iowa for example do not.
Any NCAA institution is able to abandon an athlete once they get
injured and strip their scholarship. The NCAA has no provisions in place, “Nothing
prevents the athletic director from refusing to pay related medical bills,” Meghan
Walsh. There are also no rules for scholarships schools for revoking a student’s

scholarship the minute they suffer an injury (Walsh). It is unfair to all student-
athletes who suffer financial debt because there are no guidelines enforcing equal
coverage to injured athletes amongst all universities. According to the NCPA DI
schools generally pay for medical costs if the player is “high-profile” (renowned)
and their injury is severe or public (Walsh). For example: during a 2013 March
Madness game Louisville player, Kevin Ware, suffered a gruesome compound
fracture in his leg in front of millions of people. The people watching the game did
not realize that Kevin’s medical bills might not have been completely covered. The
fact that Kevin’s injury was seen by millions of fans and covered by multiple media
Louisville felt obligated to cover him, but they were not required to. Kevin Ware
may also be facing some rehab and possible additional surgeries in the future from
his compound fracture, however Louisville University had no comment on who
would cover those costs (Mohney). NCPA president Ramogi Huma stated, "People
are surprised [the University of Louisville] could have opted to leave him (Kevin
Ware) with medical expenses and leave him off the team… the fact that they (the
university) have that option is outrageous." Even at the Division I level athletes are
not equally supported during their time of need.
The Division III level acts in similar ways. Students are often dealt with
horrible situations.
Story of Erin Knauer, a Division III Athlete
Erin Knauer attended Colgate College, a private liberal arts school, and was
on the rowing team. She suffered a back and leg injury and racked up $80,000 in
medicals bills (Peterson). Erin was not immediately injured, but during a prolonged

process of seeing numerous doctors and physical therapists and they determined
the severity of the injury. According to the doctors Erin obtained this injury from an
illness she previously had. Colgate athletic director announced, “There has to be
some direct line from the injury to what she’s being treated for” following the
decision that Erin would not receive medical insurance from the school because it
was an illness and not an athletic injury (Peterson). There must be an equal playing
field or a written statement including all athletes by the NCAA that gives some
insurance to athletes and families. The decision should not be up to the athletic
department. Erin, under the college’s insurance policy, would only have to pay a
$1,000 deductible and the rest is paid for, but she is now left on her own with the
$80,000 (Peterson). Her insurance company covered less than a third of the costs
and her family is struggling to pay off the bills (Peterson). Along with being a full-
time student this 21 year old works two jobs in order to meet her monthly medical
bills (Peterson). Knauer’s situation continues to get worse. “Still in physical pain,
Knauer has struggled with the stress of weekly phone calls from bill collectors, some
of whom have threatened to sue her” (Peterson). It is not right to have a 21 year old
be in this much physical and mental pain. She needed additional help because she
did not deserve to pay roughly $55,000 on her own. There ought to be an equal
support system for all athletes that are stuck with debt from medical bills like Erin.
There are a few Division III colleges that feel like that should support their
athletes if possible. At Middlebury College in Vermont all varsity athletes have
accident insurance paid for by the college (Peterson). They can provide the funding
for 29 varsity sports. Other institutions do not offer full medical coverage however,

but do offer partial coverage. Spalding University, for example, in Louisville, KY
offers secondary coverage, which means the insurance of the family (required by the
NCAA) covers as much as they can and the school pays for the rest. It is positive
that some DIII colleges offer medical coverage to their athletes but the system needs
to be equal.
Although athletes should be on an equal playing field, unfortunately, smaller,
less profitable, schools do not have the budget to provide support to injured players.
Revenues do not exceed expenses at nearly all Division III institutions (Bursed).
Even the Division III schools with enrollment nearing 20,000 students cannot afford
medical coverage. For example, a former University of Wisconsin-Stout student was
faced with $6,000 debt from medical bills post knee surgery (Peterson). Athletic
departments from lower income schools could not support their athletes even if
they wanted to. University of Wisconsin-La Crosse head athletic trainer, Scott
Doberstein, said, “it would cost us 5 if not 6 figures (to cover athletes)…it is too cost
prohibitive” (Peterson). Coverage is not in these schools’ budgets.
Universities budgeting their money how they want
Some reasons for a non-equal playing field for colligate athletes may include
monetary issues, but a school can budget their money to ensure some support to
their injured athletes. Division I institutions do not have small profit margins
because they do not make any money, but that they are spending it all instead
(Strachan). The majority of the money is going to the highly paid coaches that are in
the spotlight of Division I athletics. For example, Duke University brought in nearly
$80 million in revenue last year (2014) from their athletic program but ended up

with $146,000 in excess revenue (Strachan). DI programs expenses are going
toward state of the art athletic venues and on the paycheck of coaches. Duke
basketball coach, Mike Krzyzewski, makes $14 million a year as a college coach,
which is much more than your typical NBA coach (Strachan). Duke’s budget could
shift slightly and still make an impact on student’s lives if they were to cover injured
athletes, which they do not. The majority of DI schools can reallocate their
resources to support their athletes if they do not already. As for DIII schools they
could budget well enough too if they choose to. “It comes down to the ethics of the
school,” Walsh stated in her article (Walsh). Some institutions strive to keep an
extraordinary coach by offering money and make as large of a profit as possible,
while others find it hard to let students be stuck with leftover medical bills.
Spalding University compliance director, Charlie Just, said, “These young men and
young women are representing your institution…ethically, I think it is the right thing
to do” (Peterson).
Should Division III Colleges be required to support students?
Supporting injured athletes financially in a time of need may be ethically
right, but should Division III schools be obligated to do so. Division III institutions
by rule of the NCAA cannot give athletic scholarships to recruits. It seems logical
that if the school is not losing money on paying for athlete’s tuition then they should
not be required to support them in the case of an injury. A student-athlete, electing
to participate in Division III athletics, is aware that they do not receive additional
bonuses for being on the team than Division I athletes do not receive. It is the
athlete’s choice to take the risk of playing a sport and therefore the institution

should not feel obligated to pay for their medical bills. Whatever the rules governed
by the NCAA, all athletes competing in the same division should be given similar
financial support and treated equally. If certain Division III colleges are unable to
cover athlete’s medical expenses and some are then the NCAA should compensate
those with smaller revenues to form an equal playing field.
Support from the National College Players Association
The NCPA is certainly involved in this issue and they strongly believe equal
rights for all athletes. “Prevent players from being stuck paying excess medical bills
every year” (NCPA). This statement comes directly from the mission and goals of
the National College Players Association website (NCPA). The NCPA is made up of
17,000 current and former Division I student-athletes and have become a strong
voice for the rights of athletes (NCPA). They believe that students should not have
to pay for medical bills out-of-pocket. In the process of this issue, the NCPA has
sponsored the Student-Athlete Bill of Rights (passed in California and Connecticut
so far) and have eliminated the restrictions on medical coverage for sports injuries
(NCPA). Moving forward, President Ramogi Huma hopes that the Student-Athlete
Bills of Rights will be adopted by other states (Mohney), which brings up some
issues previously mentioned. Huma, strongly believes that because athletes
(particularly Division I) help generate millions of dollars in revenue for schools that
they should be covered with medical bills (NCPA). Huma states, “what they
(athletes) generate in revenue and what they don’t have in protection is just
disgraceful” (Mohney). President Obama said, “You've got to make sure that if they
get injured while they're playing that they're covered” (NCPA). The NCPA will

continue to push for coverage of injured athletes. Colleges have more responsibility
to student-athletes than they realize. Certainly at the Division I level, scholarship
athletes should be compensated if they bring in revenue like a typical employee at a
company.
However, a court ruling finalized the statement that student-athletes are not
employees to the universities and only student-athletes. The ruling, made
September 2015, denied the proposal made not by the NCAA but for the NCAA to
compensate athletes with a $5,000 stipend for any excess expenses the students
have (Tracy). Whether this is fair or not, the compensation for when a student is
severely injured should most certainly be taken care of. The NCAA enforces their
beliefs to keep college athletes as amateurs and not professionals/employees (Real
Sports). However if Division I scholarship athletes were “employees”, they would
receive full medical care compensation by law for on the job injuries like any other
job in the workforce today (Real Sports). If a university elects to not provide
coverage for their athletes, the only area where those students can rely support is
the insurance company. For students who receive a full athletic scholarship,
compensation for injures should be part of the package.
Impact of injured student-athletes after graduation
Depending on the institution, policies differ when it comes to financial
support after graduation. Most universities will limit the coverage they offer to
students after they graduate. For example, at the University of Alabama-
Birmingham athletes have one year after eligibility to report an injury in seek for
help (Solomon). The University of Iowa covers athlete’s medical bills from surgeries

and even physical therapy two years after graduation (Maher). The injury must be
linked to the sport he or she participated in at the university (Maher). Other schools
do not support athletes once they are out of the program.
The following story is from The Atlantic of a man who was abandoned by his
school: A former South Carolina football player, Stanley Doughty, put all of his trust
in the university that gave him a chance to play football. Doughty grew up in
poverty in rural Louisiana and could not even afford to purchase his own cleats
growing up. Doughty suffered a several severe spine injuries while at South
Carolina but the training staff and doctors thought nothing of them. During his time
is college the school covered his expenses but once he left the university would not
support him. Doughty’s short-lived NFL career was a result of the South Carolina
training staff not taking Stanley’s injuries seriously. NFL doctors determined from
Doughty’s physical that he had such a severe spine injury that he could never play
football again because the risk of being paralyzed is too high. Stanley’s NFL contract
was terminated and he was sent back to the south leaving him with no medical
coverage. Doughty now is facing a $20,000 surgery that will come out of his own
pocket because he is no longer a scholarship athlete at the University of South
Carolina or an employee of the NFL. Doughty and his family were convinced that the
university, when they recruited him, was going to take care of him 100 percent of
the way (Walsh). Universities that bring in athletes and offer them full-scholarships
should be responsible to take care of them. Now Stanley, 23, has no job, no college
degree (because he entered the NFL draft prior to graduation), and no medical
coverage from South Carolina (Walsh).

Also a story from the television show Real Sports talked about a man named
Harris, a former Washington University football player, who suffered multiple head
injures while playing. Harris was struggling trying to maintain a normal lifestyle
due to the lack of ability to focus and headaches and therefore went back to the
university for help. After Harris talked with the team doctor about the problems he
was having as a result of his injury, he had to pay out of pocket for the bill.
College athletes find out the hard way that their schools do not support them
after graduation. Some universities do not feel obligated to support athletes during
their college careers and most certainly do support former athletes.
Another athlete from the program came from Illinois State University and is
suffering a long-term spinal injury. He struggles to get up from the coach and has
had five spine injuries and likely will need more. Illinois State covered his injury
during school but after graduating he will not receive the same benefits. This 25-
year-old man is paying $10,000 a year in deductibles for his surgeries. These two
athletes do not deserve to continue to live a life that is constrained with physical
pain and financial problems. Host of the show, Bryant Gumble stated, “For NCAA
athletes typically once you are done with college the college is done with you…you
are not only stuck with the injuries you sustained but also the medical bill” (Real
Sports). This becomes a hard fact to swallow for these former athletes and shows
that equal compensation is needed for an extended period of time after a student
graduates.

Conclusion
The NCAA may have requirements for athletes to have insurance, but there
are still student athletes that are stuck with excess medical payments. Schools offer
either full, partial, or no medical coverage, which is unfair to athletes because there
is little to no way to know which institutions provide support or not. Medical
coverage in the case of an injured should be given to all athletes during and after
their careers. However the ethical decision to cover athletes either willingly or not,
is made by all institutions and greatly impacts student-athlete’s lives. There needs
to be action taken by the NCAA to ensure equal support to all athletes. It is essential
that schools communicate medical insurance policies with recruited athletes.
Whether it is Division I or Division III, all athletes should be on an equal playing field
when it comes to financial support.

Bibliography
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“California Governor Signs NCPA Student-Athletes Bill of Rights!” NCPAnow.org.
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2015.
Jamieson, Dave. “Obama Calls On NCAA To Rethink The Way It Protects Athletes.”
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Lillibridge, Jim. A&J Insurance and Real Estate. Personal Interview. Oct. 12 2015
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2015.
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Simonetta, Don. “DIII athletic budgets vs. DI.” Ncclinked.com. Don Simonetta. North
Central College Student News. 6 March 2015. Web. 27 September 2015
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decide what to pay.” AL.com. Alabama Media Group. 19 February 2012. Web.
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Strachen, Maxwell. “NCAA Schools Can Absolutely Afford To Pay College Athletes,
Economists Say.” Huffington Post. The Huffington Post. 27 March 2015. Web.
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Strauss, Ben. “A Fight to Keep College Athletes From the Pain of Injury Costs.”
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