Language of Refuge - Wales a Nation of Sanctuary / Lloches Iaith - Cymru fel ...Gwennan Higham
The lecture will discuss research on the attitudes of international immigrants to Wales and to the Welsh language. It will also consider the implications of welcoming immigrants for the linguistic communities of Wales as well as offering policy recommendations in the field of education, welfare and social cohesion.
Bydd y ddarlith yn trafod ymchwil ar agweddau mewnfudwyr rhyngwladol i Gymru at y Gymraeg. Bydd hefyd yn ystyried goblygiadau croesawu mewnfudwyr ar gymunedau ieithyddol Cymru yn ogystal â chynnig argymhellion polisi ym maes addysg, lles a chydlyniant cymdeithasol.
IO1 – Finalization of the needs analysis
A cross-national needs assessment will be launched by the COMBI team, with a twofold objective:
1) to collect and analyse data on the competence gap of communication in the (local) languages required in a multilingual workplace (e.g. health care sector / elderly care)
2) to bridge this gap through a suitable set of actions that encompasses skills upgrading, exchange of practice and the development of action plans that trainers can implement in their teaching programme with the support of the COMBI team
2024 State of Marketing Report – by HubspotMarius Sescu
https://www.hubspot.com/state-of-marketing
· Scaling relationships and proving ROI
· Social media is the place for search, sales, and service
· Authentic influencer partnerships fuel brand growth
· The strongest connections happen via call, click, chat, and camera.
· Time saved with AI leads to more creative work
· Seeking: A single source of truth
· TLDR; Get on social, try AI, and align your systems.
· More human marketing, powered by robots
ChatGPT is a revolutionary addition to the world since its introduction in 2022. A big shift in the sector of information gathering and processing happened because of this chatbot. What is the story of ChatGPT? How is the bot responding to prompts and generating contents? Swipe through these slides prepared by Expeed Software, a web development company regarding the development and technical intricacies of ChatGPT!
Language of Refuge - Wales a Nation of Sanctuary / Lloches Iaith - Cymru fel ...Gwennan Higham
The lecture will discuss research on the attitudes of international immigrants to Wales and to the Welsh language. It will also consider the implications of welcoming immigrants for the linguistic communities of Wales as well as offering policy recommendations in the field of education, welfare and social cohesion.
Bydd y ddarlith yn trafod ymchwil ar agweddau mewnfudwyr rhyngwladol i Gymru at y Gymraeg. Bydd hefyd yn ystyried goblygiadau croesawu mewnfudwyr ar gymunedau ieithyddol Cymru yn ogystal â chynnig argymhellion polisi ym maes addysg, lles a chydlyniant cymdeithasol.
IO1 – Finalization of the needs analysis
A cross-national needs assessment will be launched by the COMBI team, with a twofold objective:
1) to collect and analyse data on the competence gap of communication in the (local) languages required in a multilingual workplace (e.g. health care sector / elderly care)
2) to bridge this gap through a suitable set of actions that encompasses skills upgrading, exchange of practice and the development of action plans that trainers can implement in their teaching programme with the support of the COMBI team
2024 State of Marketing Report – by HubspotMarius Sescu
https://www.hubspot.com/state-of-marketing
· Scaling relationships and proving ROI
· Social media is the place for search, sales, and service
· Authentic influencer partnerships fuel brand growth
· The strongest connections happen via call, click, chat, and camera.
· Time saved with AI leads to more creative work
· Seeking: A single source of truth
· TLDR; Get on social, try AI, and align your systems.
· More human marketing, powered by robots
ChatGPT is a revolutionary addition to the world since its introduction in 2022. A big shift in the sector of information gathering and processing happened because of this chatbot. What is the story of ChatGPT? How is the bot responding to prompts and generating contents? Swipe through these slides prepared by Expeed Software, a web development company regarding the development and technical intricacies of ChatGPT!
Product Design Trends in 2024 | Teenage EngineeringsPixeldarts
The realm of product design is a constantly changing environment where technology and style intersect. Every year introduces fresh challenges and exciting trends that mold the future of this captivating art form. In this piece, we delve into the significant trends set to influence the look and functionality of product design in the year 2024.
How Race, Age and Gender Shape Attitudes Towards Mental HealthThinkNow
Mental health has been in the news quite a bit lately. Dozens of U.S. states are currently suing Meta for contributing to the youth mental health crisis by inserting addictive features into their products, while the U.S. Surgeon General is touring the nation to bring awareness to the growing epidemic of loneliness and isolation. The country has endured periods of low national morale, such as in the 1970s when high inflation and the energy crisis worsened public sentiment following the Vietnam War. The current mood, however, feels different. Gallup recently reported that national mental health is at an all-time low, with few bright spots to lift spirits.
To better understand how Americans are feeling and their attitudes towards mental health in general, ThinkNow conducted a nationally representative quantitative survey of 1,500 respondents and found some interesting differences among ethnic, age and gender groups.
Technology
For example, 52% agree that technology and social media have a negative impact on mental health, but when broken out by race, 61% of Whites felt technology had a negative effect, and only 48% of Hispanics thought it did.
While technology has helped us keep in touch with friends and family in faraway places, it appears to have degraded our ability to connect in person. Staying connected online is a double-edged sword since the same news feed that brings us pictures of the grandkids and fluffy kittens also feeds us news about the wars in Israel and Ukraine, the dysfunction in Washington, the latest mass shooting and the climate crisis.
Hispanics may have a built-in defense against the isolation technology breeds, owing to their large, multigenerational households, strong social support systems, and tendency to use social media to stay connected with relatives abroad.
Age and Gender
When asked how individuals rate their mental health, men rate it higher than women by 11 percentage points, and Baby Boomers rank it highest at 83%, saying it’s good or excellent vs. 57% of Gen Z saying the same.
Gen Z spends the most amount of time on social media, so the notion that social media negatively affects mental health appears to be correlated. Unfortunately, Gen Z is also the generation that’s least comfortable discussing mental health concerns with healthcare professionals. Only 40% of them state they’re comfortable discussing their issues with a professional compared to 60% of Millennials and 65% of Boomers.
Race Affects Attitudes
As seen in previous research conducted by ThinkNow, Asian Americans lag other groups when it comes to awareness of mental health issues. Twenty-four percent of Asian Americans believe that having a mental health issue is a sign of weakness compared to the 16% average for all groups. Asians are also considerably less likely to be aware of mental health services in their communities (42% vs. 55%) and most likely to seek out information on social media (51% vs. 35%).
AI Trends in Creative Operations 2024 by Artwork Flow.pdfmarketingartwork
This article is all about what AI trends will emerge in the field of creative operations in 2024. All the marketers and brand builders should be aware of these trends for their further use and save themselves some time!
A report by thenetworkone and Kurio.
The contributing experts and agencies are (in an alphabetical order): Sylwia Rytel, Social Media Supervisor, 180heartbeats + JUNG v MATT (PL), Sharlene Jenner, Vice President - Director of Engagement Strategy, Abelson Taylor (USA), Alex Casanovas, Digital Director, Atrevia (ES), Dora Beilin, Senior Social Strategist, Barrett Hoffher (USA), Min Seo, Campaign Director, Brand New Agency (KR), Deshé M. Gully, Associate Strategist, Day One Agency (USA), Francesca Trevisan, Strategist, Different (IT), Trevor Crossman, CX and Digital Transformation Director; Olivia Hussey, Strategic Planner; Simi Srinarula, Social Media Manager, The Hallway (AUS), James Hebbert, Managing Director, Hylink (CN / UK), Mundy Álvarez, Planning Director; Pedro Rojas, Social Media Manager; Pancho González, CCO, Inbrax (CH), Oana Oprea, Head of Digital Planning, Jam Session Agency (RO), Amy Bottrill, Social Account Director, Launch (UK), Gaby Arriaga, Founder, Leonardo1452 (MX), Shantesh S Row, Creative Director, Liwa (UAE), Rajesh Mehta, Chief Strategy Officer; Dhruv Gaur, Digital Planning Lead; Leonie Mergulhao, Account Supervisor - Social Media & PR, Medulla (IN), Aurelija Plioplytė, Head of Digital & Social, Not Perfect (LI), Daiana Khaidargaliyeva, Account Manager, Osaka Labs (UK / USA), Stefanie Söhnchen, Vice President Digital, PIABO Communications (DE), Elisabeth Winiartati, Managing Consultant, Head of Global Integrated Communications; Lydia Aprina, Account Manager, Integrated Marketing and Communications; Nita Prabowo, Account Manager, Integrated Marketing and Communications; Okhi, Web Developer, PNTR Group (ID), Kei Obusan, Insights Director; Daffi Ranandi, Insights Manager, Radarr (SG), Gautam Reghunath, Co-founder & CEO, Talented (IN), Donagh Humphreys, Head of Social and Digital Innovation, THINKHOUSE (IRE), Sarah Yim, Strategy Director, Zulu Alpha Kilo (CA).
Trends In Paid Search: Navigating The Digital Landscape In 2024Search Engine Journal
The search marketing landscape is evolving rapidly with new technologies, and professionals, like you, rely on innovative paid search strategies to meet changing demands.
It’s important that you’re ready to implement new strategies in 2024.
Check this out and learn the top trends in paid search advertising that are expected to gain traction, so you can drive higher ROI more efficiently in 2024.
You’ll learn:
- The latest trends in AI and automation, and what this means for an evolving paid search ecosystem.
- New developments in privacy and data regulation.
- Emerging ad formats that are expected to make an impact next year.
Watch Sreekant Lanka from iQuanti and Irina Klein from OneMain Financial as they dive into the future of paid search and explore the trends, strategies, and technologies that will shape the search marketing landscape.
If you’re looking to assess your paid search strategy and design an industry-aligned plan for 2024, then this webinar is for you.
5 Public speaking tips from TED - Visualized summarySpeakerHub
From their humble beginnings in 1984, TED has grown into the world’s most powerful amplifier for speakers and thought-leaders to share their ideas. They have over 2,400 filmed talks (not including the 30,000+ TEDx videos) freely available online, and have hosted over 17,500 events around the world.
With over one billion views in a year, it’s no wonder that so many speakers are looking to TED for ideas on how to share their message more effectively.
The article “5 Public-Speaking Tips TED Gives Its Speakers”, by Carmine Gallo for Forbes, gives speakers five practical ways to connect with their audience, and effectively share their ideas on stage.
Whether you are gearing up to get on a TED stage yourself, or just want to master the skills that so many of their speakers possess, these tips and quotes from Chris Anderson, the TED Talks Curator, will encourage you to make the most impactful impression on your audience.
See the full article and more summaries like this on SpeakerHub here: https://speakerhub.com/blog/5-presentation-tips-ted-gives-its-speakers
See the original article on Forbes here:
http://www.forbes.com/forbes/welcome/?toURL=http://www.forbes.com/sites/carminegallo/2016/05/06/5-public-speaking-tips-ted-gives-its-speakers/&refURL=&referrer=#5c07a8221d9b
ChatGPT and the Future of Work - Clark Boyd Clark Boyd
Everyone is in agreement that ChatGPT (and other generative AI tools) will shape the future of work. Yet there is little consensus on exactly how, when, and to what extent this technology will change our world.
Businesses that extract maximum value from ChatGPT will use it as a collaborative tool for everything from brainstorming to technical maintenance.
For individuals, now is the time to pinpoint the skills the future professional will need to thrive in the AI age.
Check out this presentation to understand what ChatGPT is, how it will shape the future of work, and how you can prepare to take advantage.
A brief introduction to DataScience with explaining of the concepts, algorithms, machine learning, supervised and unsupervised learning, clustering, statistics, data preprocessing, real-world applications etc.
It's part of a Data Science Corner Campaign where I will be discussing the fundamentals of DataScience, AIML, Statistics etc.
Time Management & Productivity - Best PracticesVit Horky
Here's my presentation on by proven best practices how to manage your work time effectively and how to improve your productivity. It includes practical tips and how to use tools such as Slack, Google Apps, Hubspot, Google Calendar, Gmail and others.
The six step guide to practical project managementMindGenius
The six step guide to practical project management
If you think managing projects is too difficult, think again.
We’ve stripped back project management processes to the
basics – to make it quicker and easier, without sacrificing
the vital ingredients for success.
“If you’re looking for some real-world guidance, then The Six Step Guide to Practical Project Management will help.”
Dr Andrew Makar, Tactical Project Management
Unlocking the Power of ChatGPT and AI in Testing - A Real-World Look, present...Applitools
During this webinar, Anand Bagmar demonstrates how AI tools such as ChatGPT can be applied to various stages of the software development life cycle (SDLC) using an eCommerce application case study. Find the on-demand recording and more info at https://applitools.info/b59
Key takeaways:
• Learn how to use ChatGPT to add AI power to your testing and test automation
• Understand the limitations of the technology and where human expertise is crucial
• Gain insight into different AI-based tools
• Adopt AI-based tools to stay relevant and optimize work for developers and testers
* ChatGPT and OpenAI belong to OpenAI, L.L.C.
Product Design Trends in 2024 | Teenage EngineeringsPixeldarts
The realm of product design is a constantly changing environment where technology and style intersect. Every year introduces fresh challenges and exciting trends that mold the future of this captivating art form. In this piece, we delve into the significant trends set to influence the look and functionality of product design in the year 2024.
How Race, Age and Gender Shape Attitudes Towards Mental HealthThinkNow
Mental health has been in the news quite a bit lately. Dozens of U.S. states are currently suing Meta for contributing to the youth mental health crisis by inserting addictive features into their products, while the U.S. Surgeon General is touring the nation to bring awareness to the growing epidemic of loneliness and isolation. The country has endured periods of low national morale, such as in the 1970s when high inflation and the energy crisis worsened public sentiment following the Vietnam War. The current mood, however, feels different. Gallup recently reported that national mental health is at an all-time low, with few bright spots to lift spirits.
To better understand how Americans are feeling and their attitudes towards mental health in general, ThinkNow conducted a nationally representative quantitative survey of 1,500 respondents and found some interesting differences among ethnic, age and gender groups.
Technology
For example, 52% agree that technology and social media have a negative impact on mental health, but when broken out by race, 61% of Whites felt technology had a negative effect, and only 48% of Hispanics thought it did.
While technology has helped us keep in touch with friends and family in faraway places, it appears to have degraded our ability to connect in person. Staying connected online is a double-edged sword since the same news feed that brings us pictures of the grandkids and fluffy kittens also feeds us news about the wars in Israel and Ukraine, the dysfunction in Washington, the latest mass shooting and the climate crisis.
Hispanics may have a built-in defense against the isolation technology breeds, owing to their large, multigenerational households, strong social support systems, and tendency to use social media to stay connected with relatives abroad.
Age and Gender
When asked how individuals rate their mental health, men rate it higher than women by 11 percentage points, and Baby Boomers rank it highest at 83%, saying it’s good or excellent vs. 57% of Gen Z saying the same.
Gen Z spends the most amount of time on social media, so the notion that social media negatively affects mental health appears to be correlated. Unfortunately, Gen Z is also the generation that’s least comfortable discussing mental health concerns with healthcare professionals. Only 40% of them state they’re comfortable discussing their issues with a professional compared to 60% of Millennials and 65% of Boomers.
Race Affects Attitudes
As seen in previous research conducted by ThinkNow, Asian Americans lag other groups when it comes to awareness of mental health issues. Twenty-four percent of Asian Americans believe that having a mental health issue is a sign of weakness compared to the 16% average for all groups. Asians are also considerably less likely to be aware of mental health services in their communities (42% vs. 55%) and most likely to seek out information on social media (51% vs. 35%).
AI Trends in Creative Operations 2024 by Artwork Flow.pdfmarketingartwork
This article is all about what AI trends will emerge in the field of creative operations in 2024. All the marketers and brand builders should be aware of these trends for their further use and save themselves some time!
A report by thenetworkone and Kurio.
The contributing experts and agencies are (in an alphabetical order): Sylwia Rytel, Social Media Supervisor, 180heartbeats + JUNG v MATT (PL), Sharlene Jenner, Vice President - Director of Engagement Strategy, Abelson Taylor (USA), Alex Casanovas, Digital Director, Atrevia (ES), Dora Beilin, Senior Social Strategist, Barrett Hoffher (USA), Min Seo, Campaign Director, Brand New Agency (KR), Deshé M. Gully, Associate Strategist, Day One Agency (USA), Francesca Trevisan, Strategist, Different (IT), Trevor Crossman, CX and Digital Transformation Director; Olivia Hussey, Strategic Planner; Simi Srinarula, Social Media Manager, The Hallway (AUS), James Hebbert, Managing Director, Hylink (CN / UK), Mundy Álvarez, Planning Director; Pedro Rojas, Social Media Manager; Pancho González, CCO, Inbrax (CH), Oana Oprea, Head of Digital Planning, Jam Session Agency (RO), Amy Bottrill, Social Account Director, Launch (UK), Gaby Arriaga, Founder, Leonardo1452 (MX), Shantesh S Row, Creative Director, Liwa (UAE), Rajesh Mehta, Chief Strategy Officer; Dhruv Gaur, Digital Planning Lead; Leonie Mergulhao, Account Supervisor - Social Media & PR, Medulla (IN), Aurelija Plioplytė, Head of Digital & Social, Not Perfect (LI), Daiana Khaidargaliyeva, Account Manager, Osaka Labs (UK / USA), Stefanie Söhnchen, Vice President Digital, PIABO Communications (DE), Elisabeth Winiartati, Managing Consultant, Head of Global Integrated Communications; Lydia Aprina, Account Manager, Integrated Marketing and Communications; Nita Prabowo, Account Manager, Integrated Marketing and Communications; Okhi, Web Developer, PNTR Group (ID), Kei Obusan, Insights Director; Daffi Ranandi, Insights Manager, Radarr (SG), Gautam Reghunath, Co-founder & CEO, Talented (IN), Donagh Humphreys, Head of Social and Digital Innovation, THINKHOUSE (IRE), Sarah Yim, Strategy Director, Zulu Alpha Kilo (CA).
Trends In Paid Search: Navigating The Digital Landscape In 2024Search Engine Journal
The search marketing landscape is evolving rapidly with new technologies, and professionals, like you, rely on innovative paid search strategies to meet changing demands.
It’s important that you’re ready to implement new strategies in 2024.
Check this out and learn the top trends in paid search advertising that are expected to gain traction, so you can drive higher ROI more efficiently in 2024.
You’ll learn:
- The latest trends in AI and automation, and what this means for an evolving paid search ecosystem.
- New developments in privacy and data regulation.
- Emerging ad formats that are expected to make an impact next year.
Watch Sreekant Lanka from iQuanti and Irina Klein from OneMain Financial as they dive into the future of paid search and explore the trends, strategies, and technologies that will shape the search marketing landscape.
If you’re looking to assess your paid search strategy and design an industry-aligned plan for 2024, then this webinar is for you.
5 Public speaking tips from TED - Visualized summarySpeakerHub
From their humble beginnings in 1984, TED has grown into the world’s most powerful amplifier for speakers and thought-leaders to share their ideas. They have over 2,400 filmed talks (not including the 30,000+ TEDx videos) freely available online, and have hosted over 17,500 events around the world.
With over one billion views in a year, it’s no wonder that so many speakers are looking to TED for ideas on how to share their message more effectively.
The article “5 Public-Speaking Tips TED Gives Its Speakers”, by Carmine Gallo for Forbes, gives speakers five practical ways to connect with their audience, and effectively share their ideas on stage.
Whether you are gearing up to get on a TED stage yourself, or just want to master the skills that so many of their speakers possess, these tips and quotes from Chris Anderson, the TED Talks Curator, will encourage you to make the most impactful impression on your audience.
See the full article and more summaries like this on SpeakerHub here: https://speakerhub.com/blog/5-presentation-tips-ted-gives-its-speakers
See the original article on Forbes here:
http://www.forbes.com/forbes/welcome/?toURL=http://www.forbes.com/sites/carminegallo/2016/05/06/5-public-speaking-tips-ted-gives-its-speakers/&refURL=&referrer=#5c07a8221d9b
ChatGPT and the Future of Work - Clark Boyd Clark Boyd
Everyone is in agreement that ChatGPT (and other generative AI tools) will shape the future of work. Yet there is little consensus on exactly how, when, and to what extent this technology will change our world.
Businesses that extract maximum value from ChatGPT will use it as a collaborative tool for everything from brainstorming to technical maintenance.
For individuals, now is the time to pinpoint the skills the future professional will need to thrive in the AI age.
Check out this presentation to understand what ChatGPT is, how it will shape the future of work, and how you can prepare to take advantage.
A brief introduction to DataScience with explaining of the concepts, algorithms, machine learning, supervised and unsupervised learning, clustering, statistics, data preprocessing, real-world applications etc.
It's part of a Data Science Corner Campaign where I will be discussing the fundamentals of DataScience, AIML, Statistics etc.
Time Management & Productivity - Best PracticesVit Horky
Here's my presentation on by proven best practices how to manage your work time effectively and how to improve your productivity. It includes practical tips and how to use tools such as Slack, Google Apps, Hubspot, Google Calendar, Gmail and others.
The six step guide to practical project managementMindGenius
The six step guide to practical project management
If you think managing projects is too difficult, think again.
We’ve stripped back project management processes to the
basics – to make it quicker and easier, without sacrificing
the vital ingredients for success.
“If you’re looking for some real-world guidance, then The Six Step Guide to Practical Project Management will help.”
Dr Andrew Makar, Tactical Project Management
Unlocking the Power of ChatGPT and AI in Testing - A Real-World Look, present...Applitools
During this webinar, Anand Bagmar demonstrates how AI tools such as ChatGPT can be applied to various stages of the software development life cycle (SDLC) using an eCommerce application case study. Find the on-demand recording and more info at https://applitools.info/b59
Key takeaways:
• Learn how to use ChatGPT to add AI power to your testing and test automation
• Understand the limitations of the technology and where human expertise is crucial
• Gain insight into different AI-based tools
• Adopt AI-based tools to stay relevant and optimize work for developers and testers
* ChatGPT and OpenAI belong to OpenAI, L.L.C.
Seminar Ymchwil / Gwennan Elin Higham / Research Seminar
1. ‘DINESYDD Y WLAD HON FYDDA I
… DW I EISIAU DYSGU CYMRAEG’
LLUNIO LLWYBR AT ‘DDINASYDDIAETH’
GYMREIG DRWY’R GYMRAEG
GWENNAN ELIN HIGHAM
2. I started to learn English in school because it was part of
the programme with French and at some point Russian,
French, German and Latin. I had to learn English, nothing
to do with England itself […] Welsh is another matter.
I am in this country, sooner or later I will be a citizen of
this country… I want to learn Welsh. Even if it's only for
my pride, it is good enough. But it's not the case. It's
about business. Some jobs require Welsh. This is quite a
powerful reason.
12. LLYWODRAETH
CYMRU:
CYNNWYS
MEWNFUDWYR
“Wales is an inclusive,
multicultural and multi-faith
country and we welcome
the diversity of migrants
[…] Wales has a language
of its own, that we are
rightly proud of. We would
certainly encourage you to
learn Welsh, as well as
English.”
Llywodraeth Cymru
(2010)
?
13. CWESTIYNAU YMCHWIL
Pa elfennau o’r model amlddiwylliannol neu
ryngddiwylliannol sydd yn ffafriol i Gymru (a’r
Gymraeg)?
I ba raddau y mae dysgu Cymraeg i fewnfudwyr
yn hwyluso cydlyniant cymdeithasol?
I ba raddau y byddai polisïau ar gydlyniant ac
iaith yn cryfhau ‘dinasyddiaeth’ Gymreig?
15. GWAITH MAES 1: QUEBEC
Llywodraeth
Tiwtoriaid
Mewnfudwyr
15 Cyfweliadau hanner strwythuredig
Arsylwadau dosbarth Conseil Scolaire de
Montréal
Polisïau Cydlyniant Cymdeithasol (Cohésion
Sociale)
48% â Ffrangeg fel mamiaith / 18% Saesneg /
34% ieithoedd eraill ar Ynys Montreal (Cyfrifiad
2011)
194,000 mewnfudwyr ychwanegol rhwng
Cyfrifiad 2001 a 2006 - 75% heb Ffrangeg na
Saesneg.
(Corbeil a Houle 2013)
16. Source :Statistique Canada, Enquête nationale auprès des ménages, 2011
53.3
19.5 18.9 16.5
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Québec Ontario Alberta Colombie-Britannique
Nombre de langues dans lesquelles les immigrants de langue maternelle tierce
déclarent pouvoir soutenir une conversation, Québec, Ontario, Alberta et
Colombie-Britannique, 2011
Capacité de parler une langue Capacité de parler deux langues Capacité de parler au moins trois langues
17. Mae diddordeb mawr ganddynt
mewn hanes Quebec. Dyma
gwestiwn a ofynnant droeon ...
pam dyn ni’n siarad Ffrangeg
yma? Os nad dyn nhw’n
gwybod, does dim gwir awydd
ganddynt i gyfrannu at y ‘realiti
Ffrangeg’.
Tiwtor Ffrangeg
Wrth ddysgu, dw i’n ceisio
siarad â nhw gydag
argyhoeddiad. Mae’n wir y
gallant fyw eu bywydau drwy’r
Saesneg. Mae’n wir y cânt lai
o gyfleoedd. Mae’r mwyafrif
yn deall ac yn derbyn taw
cymdeithas Ffrengig yw hon.
Tiwtor Ffrangeg
Rhaid cofio ein bod ni mewn
gwladwriaeth sy’n hybu
amlddiwylliannedd. Mae’n
hawdd i fewnfudwyr aros yn
eu cymunedau ond dyn ni’n
annog mewnfudwyr i newid a
chyfranogi. Nid yw’r un ddadl
yn bodoli mewn cymunedau
Saesneg.
Tiwtor Ffrangeg
Dych chi’n sylweddoli
bod dwyieithrwydd yn
angenreidiol ym Montreal
ond dyn nhw ddim yn ein
cefnogi ni i ddysgu
Saesneg! Myfyriwr
Ffrangeg
Mae popeth yn wych yn y dosbarth –
dyn ni mewn math o gapsiwl ond
unwaith dyn ni mas o’r dosbarth, rhaid
wynebu’r realiti ... mae’n anodd cael
swydd yn Ffrangeg gan fod fy safon
ysgrifenedig ddim mor dda.
Myfyriwr Ffrangeg
Nid dysgu iaith yn unig yw
francisation. Dyn ni’n dysgu
llawer am y diwylliant.
Mae’n gyfle i ymgyfarwyddo
â’r gymdeithas, ei hanes a’i
phobl.
Myfyriwr Ffrangeg
18. GWERSI O QUEBEC
• Cydlyniant cymdeithasol: mynediad at ddysgu iaith ac adnoddau/rwydweithiau
• Strategaeth gynhwysfawr ar gyfer dysgu Ffrangeg ac amryw o ffynonellau cyllido.
• Rôl drawsnewidiol y dosbarth Ffrangeg a’r rôl hwyluso’r tiwtoriaid
• Mewnfudwyr yn herio polisïau ‘unieithog’ Quebec
• Cyfyngiadau polisi: angen arloesi cymunedol megis partneriaethau iaith
20. GWAITH MAES 2: CYMRU
Llywodraeth
Cymru
Tiwtoriaid
Mewnfudwyr
15 Arsylwad dosbarth (+
Ymchwil Weithredu gyda
Myfyrwyr ESOL)
40 Cyfweliad hanner
strwythuredig
• Myfyrwyr ESOL
• Myfyrwyr CiO
• Tiwtoriaid/Swyddogion ESOL/ CiO
• Swyddogion Llywodraeth Cymru/Cyngor
Caerdydd/Gwynedd
2 Grŵp ffocws gyda thiwtoriaid
CiO/ESOL (Gwynedd a
Chaerdydd)
21. If you're an immigrant, your
immediate thought is not going
to be 'am I going to speak
Welsh?’ The questions are
going to be 'can I speak
English? ‘Because I need that
to be able to integrate more
generally.’
Swyddog ESOL, Llyw. Cym
Gallai pobl ddadlau dros ddysgu
Cymraeg neu Saesneg ond mae
polisi Llywodraeth Prydain
ynghlwm wrth ESOL, felly os ydyn
nhw eisiau dinasyddiaeth, maen
nhw'n gorfod siarad Saesneg.
Mae'n clymu ni mewn.
Swyddog y Gymraeg, Llyw. Cymru
The Welsh Assembly have used a
definition by the UK Government and
they talk about community cohesion
and interculturalism being a set of
principles to make it cohesive. [...]
But it also talks about trying to
capture some of that discussion
around British values and that kind
of thing.
Swyddog Cydlyniant, Llyw. Cym
Fasen i ddim yn dweud nad yw'r
Gymraeg yn cael ei chynnwys
[mewn cydlyniant] ond basen ni'n
cael ein gweld yn hiliol neu'n
eithafol tasen ni’n cymryd y
Gymraeg uwchben unrhyw iaith
arall
Swyddog Cydlyniant, Llyw. Cym
YMAGWEDDAU LLYWODRAETH CYMRU
There was a sort of debate over
whether we would have
something like WSOL. And then
it was actually a case of
questioning whether or not that
was really helpful to immigrants
because it’s English you need.
Welsh can be more confusing
for them
Swyddog ESOL, Llyw. Cym
22. YMAGWEDDAU TIWTORIAID ESOL
They have enough trouble
learning English and living
their life and getting their job.
Learning Welsh is not really
going to do anything.
Tiwtor ESOL, Caerdydd
I think that would be quite
preventative. Especially when
you are talking about asylum
seekers - they have such a
limited amount of money. They
won’t pay for English lessons
either so I can't see them paying
for a Welsh class.
Tiwtor ESOL, Caerdydd
Dyn ni'n mynd allan i'r lle gwaith
ond mae rhai o'n myfyrwyr ni yn
dweud 'dyn ni eisiau dysgu
Cymraeg’ Wel, does dim pres
… dyw hynny ddim yn
'promotio' – it’s not promoting
the Welsh language!
Tiwtor ESOL, Bangor
Mae rhai o'n myfyrwyr ni yn
dweud eu bod nhw eisiau
cael swydd ac maen nhw'n
gweld bod angen dysgu a
siarad Cymraeg yn dda
iawn. Maen nhw isho
hefyd. Dyn nhw ddim yn
gweld e fel 'o gosh, another
thing’.
Tiwtor ESOL, Bangor
They've acquired English and
are living here. They want their
children very much to
remember their mother tongue
so where is the room for
Welsh?
Tiwtor ESOL, Caerdydd
23. YMAGWEDDAU TIWTORIAID CIO
Y broblem yw os nad dyn ni'n
gwneud y ddwy iaith ar gael i
leiafrifoedd ethnig yng
Nghymru dan ni'n rhagfarnu
yn eu herbyn nhw. Mae
mynediad i'r iaith yn bwysig o
ran cyflogaeth ac mae eisiau
inni sicrhau cydraddoldeb
mynediad i'r ddwy iaith [...]
mae'n effeithio ar ansawdd
eich bywyd chi
Swyddog CiO, Caerdydd
We were talking about giving
time to learn another language.
What I worry about is whether
people would then see the
second language, which is in
this case, Welsh, as a "second"
language, unless you give equal
time and priority to both
Tiwtor CiO, Caerdydd (Grwp
Ffocws)
Gofynnais a dywedon
nhw...’dwi'n dysgu oherwydd
dwi'n byw yma. dyma iaith y
bobl a chi'n meddwl wel dyna
fe! Does dim mwy o reswm.
Mae'r cymhelliant yna.
Tiwtor CiO, Caerdydd
Mae Llywodraeth Cymru yn trio
peidio gwahaniaethu rhwng
gwahanol garfannau. Ond er
mwyn llwyddo i roi cyrsiau
Cymraeg i bobl o gefndiroedd
ethnig bod angen i chdi targedu
nhw'n benodol.
Swyddog CiO, Bangor
Mae ’na ddiffyg o weld
Cymreictod fel rhywbeth
sydd yn ddi-gwestiwn
bositif. Ti'n gwybod, mae'r
syniad yma os yw rhywun
yn mewnfudo i Gymru – y
peth diwethaf maen nhw
isho yw dysgu Cymraeg [...]
mae'r strwythur hwn yn peri
i rywun anwybyddu awydd
mewnfudwyr.
Tiwtor CiO, Bangor
25. DYSGU CYMRAEG I FEWNFUDWYR: HERIO HEGEMONI
Dwi'n teimlo mwy
adref yng Nghymru
nawr.
Myfyriwr CiO,
Caerdydd
I suddenly became
interested. And when we
had our child, I thought
we should learn the
language. If you live in
Uganda, it makes sense
for him to learn the
languages of the country
Myfyriwr CiO, Caerdydd
For me, English is my 3rd language,
and Welsh my 4th. Even the lady
said…’we have to be ashamed…you
have a lot of children, it’s not your first
language and you still want to try to
learn!’ But my point of view is not like
them. I encourage them. Why not do
that? They are living all life here.
Myfyriwr CiO, Caerdydd
It is important for me to speak with local
people in their own language.
Acceptance will be much easier, that's
what I feel. Myfyriwr ESOL/CiO,
Caerdydd
I did think to myself, are they really going to
go for this? Because I presumed, we have got
enough troubles with English but they really
enjoyed it - they come from multilingual
societies themselves and they kind of 'get
that'. Do you know what I mean?
Tiwtor ESOL, Caerdydd
26. DYSGU CYMRAEG I FEWNFUDWYR: PERCHENOGAETH
Dwi ddim yn meddwl fydda i byth [yn
Gymraes] rhwng y bobl leol. Mae pawb
yn glen ac mae pawb yn gyfeillgar [...]
mewn ffordd dwi'n rhan o'r gymuned ond
accquaintance ydw i fwy na'i ffrind nhw.
Ond na mae'n champion, ma pawb yn
siarad Cymraeg efo fi.
Myfyriwr CiO, Bangor
Ti'n dechra bod yn rhan a wedyn ti'n dal yn
nodi allan 'dutchman dw i'. Ond ma ‘na bobl ‘di
bod yn dweud yn y blynyddoedd dwetha ‘o ti'n
Gymro go iawn erbyn hyn’. Ond yr iaith ydy'r
peth pwysica’ yn hwnna wrth gwrs. Os fyddwn
i ddim ‘di dysgu'r iaith, fasa neb di deud
hwnna.
Myfyriwr CiO, Caerdydd
I'll do my best but I can't pretend to
compare myself with a Welsh person who
is born here. Of course, I can say “I am
better than you” but inside he is more
Welsh than me. You can be a citizen, but
I'm talking about feelings. Myfyriwr CiO,
Caerdydd
Dw i'n teimlo'n fwy rhan o'r gymdeithas
Gymraeg – hyd yn oed pan oedd gen i
rywun adre i drwsio rhywbeth – dw i'n
dechrau gyda’r Gymraeg ac fel arfer
maen nhw'n dweud 'o Cymraeg!
Cymraeg! A dyn ni'n siarad yn Gymraeg
... a falle dwi’n cael disgownt! Myfyriwr
CiO, Caerdydd
27. Ro'n i eisiau dysgu'r ddwy
ond pan es i i Goleg Menai –
ro'n nhw fel 'wel mae 'na
scholarships i ddysgu
Saesneg am ddim'. Be am
Gymraeg? Dylet ti dalu! Does
dim pwynt siarad am fod yn
ddwyieithog ac equal felly!
Myfyriwr CiO, Bangor
Mewnfudwyr ar Gyrsiau CiO
Pan ddechreuais i ddysgu
Cymraeg, doedd fy Saesneg
ddim yn dda chwaith. Roedd
yn anodd iawn i fi ddysgu
Cymraeg trwy gyfrwng
Saesneg.
Myfyriwr CiO, Caerdydd
Dysgu Cymraeg i fewnfudwyr: Rhwystrau
I was learning with people
from England. I was losing a
lot of the cultural things. They
were translating into English
phrases and I didn’t
understand the British
context
Myfyriwr ESOL/CiO,
Caerdydd
In theory, the way the Welsh
language policies are drafted at
the moment are counter-
productive for accessing Welsh
because people are just
discouraged. I can't get the job I
want here.
Myfyriwr CiO, Bangor
Ma pawb isio fi ddysgu
Cymraeg ond does 'na
neb isio bod yr athro. Ar ôl
y geiriau Cymraeg cyntaf
ma pawb yn troi i'r
Saesneg!
Myfyriwr CiO, Bangor
28. RHAI CASGLIADAU
Polisïau gwladwriaethol sydd yn dylanwadu ar bolisïau cydlyniant
ac integreiddio yng Nghymru
Fel hynny, maent yn osgoi diffinio rôl y Gymraeg mewn ‘rheoli’
amrywiaeth
Cred nifer bod dysgu Cymraeg yn codi rhwystrau i fewnfudwyr ac
yn categoreiddio integreiddio drwy un iaith neu’r llall
Canfyddiadau yn dangos bod mewnfudwyr yn ystyried y Gymraeg fel
adnodd i ychwanegu i’w repertoires amlieithog
29. RHAI CASGLIADAU
Dysgu Cymraeg i fewnfudwyr yn ad hoc. Angen strategaeth er mwyn
creu cyfleoedd newydd i’r Gymraeg ffynnu (Higham 2014)
Fel canlyniad, mae mewnfudwyr yn herio ideolegau ac agor
posibiliadau newydd ynghylch integreiddio, y Gymraeg a
Chymreictod ‘oddi mewn’ (Lamarre 2013)
Dulliau dysgu anaddas ar adegau a rhwystrau integreiddio i’r
gymuned
Mae’r status quo yn cynhyrchu di-ddinasyddion (dis-citizens) yng
Nghymru (Heller 2012) (Ramanathan 2012)
31. DARPARU DOSBARTHIADAU ‘DINASYDDIAETH’
• Cyrsiau hyfforddi/ymwybyddiaeth Cymraeg i diwtoriaid ESOL
• Hyfforddiant rhyngddiwylliannol i diwtoriaid CiO
• Sgaffoldio cyrsiau ‘dinasyddiaeth’ i fewnfudwyr
• Partneriaethau iaith gymunedol ar sail mentrau Quebec
32. DIFFINIO ‘DINASYDDIAETH’ GYMREIG
• Ail-feddwl ‘dinasyddiaeth’ genedlaethol a chydlyniant cymdeithasol mewn polisi,
addysg a’r gymuned
• Beth fydd swyddogaeth y Gymraeg ynddynt?
• Ymwrthod â chysyniadau am y Gymraeg fel iaith ethnoganolog (Brooks 2009)
(Williams. D.G 2015)
34. LLYFRYDDIAETH
Bouchard, G. Interculturalism: a view from Quebec. Toronto: University of Toronto Press
Brooks. S. 2009. The Rhetoric of Civic ‘Inclusivity’ and the Welsh language. Contemporary Wales 22, tt. 1-15
Cantle, T. 2012. Interculturalism: the new era of cohesion and diversity. Palgrave Macmillan
Corbeil J.-P. et Houle R. 2013. Trajectoires linguistiques et langue d’usage public chez les allophones issus de
l’immigration dans la région métropolitaine de Montréal. Montréal: Conseil Supérieur de la Langue Française
Heller. M. 2013. Language and (Dis)Citizenship in Canada. Journal of Language, Identity and Education. 12:3, tt.
189-192
Higham, G. 2014. Teaching Welsh to ESOL Students: issues of intercultural citizenship yn Mallows, D. gol.
British Council Innovation Series: Language and Integration. London: British Council
Kymlicka. W. Multicultural Citizenship: A Liberal Theory of Minority Rights. Oxford: Oxford University Press
Lamarre. P. Catching “Montreal on the Move” and Challenging the Discourse of Unilingualism in Quebec.
Anthropologica 55 (1) tt. 41-56
Llywodraeth Cymru. 2010. Understanding Wales. Caerdydd: Llywodraeth Cymru
Ramanathan. V. 2013. Language Policies and (Dis)citizenship: Rights, Access and Pedagogies. Clevedon:
Multilingual Matters
Williams. D. G. Wales Unchained: Literature, Politics and Identity in the American Century. Caerdydd: Gwasg
Prifysgol Cymru
Editor's Notes
TEITL
DYFYNIAD
Daw’r geiriau hyn o gyfweliad gan fewnfudwr newydd i Gymru. I raddau helaeth, mae’n adlewyrchu un agwedd o’m canfyddiadau ymchwil: sef bod yna fewnfudwyr i Gymru yn dangos ewyllys i ddysgu Cymraeg. Mae hefyd yn dangos bod y Gymraeg yn gysylltiedig â’u prosiect integreiddio i Gymru.
TEITL
DYFYNIAD
Daw’r geiriau hyn o gyfweliad gan fewnfudwr newydd i Gymru. I raddau helaeth, mae’n adlewyrchu un agwedd o’m canfyddiadau ymchwil: sef bod yna fewnfudwyr i Gymru yn dangos ewyllus i ddysgu Cymraeg. Mae hefyd yn dangos bod y Gymraeg yn gysylltidig a’u brosiect integreiddio i Gymru.
3. DYSGU CYMRAEG I FEWNFUDWYR : SO WHAT?
1. So what? Gallwn ni ofyn. Yn wir, dyma’r hyn y bydda’r Athro Colin Williams yn gofyn i mi wneud. Wel, ifi, mae’r so what yma wedi dechrau yn sgil ymchwilio gwaith Kate Bosse-Griffiths, fewnfudwraig o’r Almaen i Gymru a ddysgodd y Gymraeg. Mae ei chyfraniad hi fel llenor wedi gwneud gwahaniaeth i sut ydyn ni ac eraill yn dehongli Cymreictod.
2. Ymhellach, mae fy mhrofiad o ddysgu Cymraeg i Oedolion wedi llywio fy llwybr at y ffocws penodol hwn. Wrth ehangu cyfranogiad y Gymraeg yng Nghaerdydd a’r Fro, gwelais fod posibiliadau newydd yn ymddangos ymysg mewnfudwyr newydd i Gymru a’u diddordeb hwy yn y Gymraeg.
Wrth ymgymryd â’r pwnc ymchwil hwn, roeddwn am ddarganfod i ba raddau yr oedd fy argraffiadau cyntaf yn ddilys - i ba raddau yr oedd mewnfudwyr am ddysgu Cymraeg, beth oedd yn eu cymell a beth oedd y goblygiadau felly i’r gymdeithas ehangach.
4. MEWNFUDO A’R GYMRAEG
Mae mewnfudo a datganoli yn bynciau mawr, heriol heddiw – mae’r datblygiadau diweddaraf mewn datganoli yn sgil refferendwm yr Alban, newyddion ynghylch gostyngiad yn y nifer sydd yn siarad Cymraeg yn sgil cyfrifiad y Gymraeg 2011 ynghyd ag argyfwng mewnfudwyr yn Ewrop yn gwneud y pwnc hwn hyd yn oed yn fwy priodol a phwysig.
Mae mewnfudo yn hen ddadl yng Nghymru ond mae canran cynyddol o fewnfudwyr (yn arbennig tu allan i Brydain) yn codi cwestiynau ynghylch yr ymateb Cymreig i fewnfudo gydag ymdrechion newydd i ddiffinio dinasyddiaeth Gymreig (Brooks 2014).
5. AMLDDIWYLLIANNEDD
Wrth chwilio am ddadl theoretig i’r ymchwil, des ar draws gwaith Wil Kymlicka, damcanwr amlycaf amlddiwylliannedd - damcaniaeth ar hawliau gwahaniaethol sydd yn weithredol fel polisi yng Nghanada ond galwa Kymlicka am ailddiffinio natur ddinasyddiaeth Brydeinig er mwyn annog ffurfiau mwy amlddiwylliannol o ddinasyddiaeth Gymreig a ffurfiau mwy amlgenedlaethol o ddinasyddiaeth Brydeinig.
5. AMLDDIWYLLIANNEDD
Wrth chwilio am ddadl theoretig i’r ymchwil, des ar draws gwaith Wil Kymlicka, damcanwr amlycaf amlddiwylliannedd - damcaniaeth ar hawliau gwahaniaethol sydd yn weithredol fel polisi yng Nghanada ond galwa Kymlicka am ailddiffinio natur ddinasyddiaeth Brydeinig er mwyn annog ffurfiau mwy amlddiwylliannol o ddinasyddiaeth Gymreig a ffurfiau mwy amlgenedlaethol o ddinasyddiaeth Brydeinig.
6. ADLACH AMLDDIWYLLIANNEDD
Serch hynny, cyn i’r Gymru hawlio llais mewn trafodaeth ar fersiwn Gymreig o amlddiwylliannedd, mae amlddiwylliannedd fel polisi ym Mhrydain ac Ewrop wedi colli’u flagur - erbyn hyn (ac yn dilyn beirniadaeth Angela Merkel a David Cameron) mae’n bwnc sydd yn ennyn tipyn o ymosodiad am ei fod achosi ‘ymwahaniad’ mewn cymdeithas.
7. RHYNGDDIWYLLIANNEDD PRYDEINIG
Ym Mhrydain fel yn Ewrop, ceir symudiad at ryngddiwylliannedd fel olynydd amlddiwylliannedd sydd yn pwysleisio cyd-ddealltwriaeth’ a chydlyniant ond fel amlddiwylliannedd, nid yw’n ystyried rôl y genedl nag anghyfartaledd pŵer mewn rheoli amrywiaeth. Yr Athro Ted Cantle yw llais amlycaf rhyngddiwylliannedd Prydeinig sydd yn pleidio ei achos ers terfysgoedd 2001 yng Ngogledd Lloegr. Yn wir mae apêl rhyngddiwylliannedd Prydeinig yn eang yn cynnwys Nigel Farage. Ai fersiwn arall felly o gymathiad ol-geneldaethol yw hwn neu wyneb newydd ar yr un drefn gymhathiadol yr oes Fictoraidd. Gwelais nad oedd lle i arwahanrwydd Cymru yn y model hwn felly.
yr oes fictoraidd. Gwelais nad oedd lle i arwahanrwydd Cymru yn y model hwn felly.
8. RHYNGDDIWYLLIANNEDD QUEBEC
Eironi y mater yw bod gwreiddiau rhyngddiwylliannedd wedi dod o Quebec - dull iswladwriaethol ydyw - cytundeb (contract moral) rhwng diwylliant ac iaith y gymuned groeso a hawliau ethnoddiwyliannol mewnfudwyr gyda’r ymgais i lywio rhwng yr ethnig a’r sifig - mae pwyslais ar greu diwylliant datblygol sydd yn atynnu’r mewnfudwyr i gyfranogi drwy’r Ffrangeg. Haerir y model hwn gan Gerard Bouchard, cymdeithasegwr amlwg yn Quebec. Datblygwyd y model hwn mewn gwrthwynebiad i fodel amlddiwylliannol Canada. Tybed felly a yw hwn yn agosach at egwyddorion Cymru a’r Gymraeg?
8. RHYNGDDIWYLLIANNEDD QUEBEC
Eironi y mater yw bod gwreiddiau rhyngddiwylliannedd wedi dod o Quebec - dull iswladwriaethol ydyw - cytundeb (contract moral) rhwng diwylliant ac iaith y gymuned groeso a hawliau ethnoddiwyliannol mewnfudwyr gyda’r ymgais i lywio rhwng yr ethnig a’r sifig - mae pwyslais ar greu diwylliant datblygol sydd yn atynnu’r mewnfudwyr i gyfranogi drwy’r Ffrangeg. Haerir y model hwn gan Gerard Bouchard, cymdeithasegwr amlwg yn Quebec. Datblygwyd y model hwn mewn gwrthwynebiad i fodel amlddiwylliannol Canada. Tybed felly a yw hwn yn agosach at egwyddorion Cymru a’r Gymraeg?
9. POLISÏAU LLYWODRAETH CYMRU: CYNNWYS MEWNFUDWYR
Gwyddwn nad oes pŵer gan Lywodraeth Cymru dros fewnfudo a dinasyddiaeth ond gyda phŵer dros addysg a chydlyniant, mae ganddynt gynlluniau i groeso a chynnwys mewnfudwyr a hynny drwy hyrwyddo arwahanrwydd Cymru. Er yr ewyllys da tuag at y Gymraeg yn y dyfyniad, polisi ESOL sydd yn cael eu gweithredu a’u hyrwyddo fel camau er mwyn cyfranogi’n llawn yng Nghymru?
10. CWESTIYNAU YMCHWIL
Fy nymuniad oedd mynd i galon y mater ac archwilio’r syniad o ddysgu Cymraeg i fewnfudwyr o ben gymdeithas i lawr. Nid trwy astudiaeth lenyddol yn unig ond i dorri drwy haenau biwrocratiaeth, i weld polisi neu ddiffyg polisi ar waith ac i ymateb i’r sefyllfa ar lawr gwlad.
Pa elfennau o’r model amlddiwylliannol neu ryngddiwylliannol sydd yn ffafriol i Gymru (a’r Gymraeg)?
I ba raddau y mae dysgu Cymraeg i fewnfudwyr yn hwyluso cydlyniant cymdeithasol?
I ba raddau y byddai polisïau ar iaith a chydlyniant yn cryfhau ‘dinasyddiaeth’ Gymreig?
11. DULLIAU METHODOLEGOL
Dull 1: Model d’acculturaltion interactif (Interactive acculturation model) sydd yn mesur cydberthynas agweddau’r ac ideolegau’r grwpiau
Dull 2: trajectoire langagière (language trajectory) - sydd yn ffocysu ar gymhellion ac ymatebion yr unigolyn i’r iaith g dros amser ac mewn perthynas â’r cyd-destun. Y ddau ddull yn hanu o Quebec
12. GWAITH MAES ETHNOGRAFFEG 1: QUEBEC
Er mwyn cael syniad gwell o brosesau integreiddio mewnfudwyr mewn cyd-destun is-wladwriaethol, ces ysgoloriaeth i dreulio pedwar mis yn 2013 yn astudio’r rhaglen fransication yn Montreal - sef rhaglen dysgu Ffrangeg i fewnfudwyr (oedolion).
Gwnes 15 cyfweliad gyda Swyddogion Llywodraeth/Mewnfudo/Bwrdd yr Iaith Ffrangeg, Tiwtoriaid Ffrangeg a Mewnfudwyr wedi gorffen cwrs ‘francisation’
Gwnes arsylwadau dosbarth hefyd mewn canolfannau cymunedol
13. GRAFF AMLIEITHRWYDD QUEBEC
Cyfrifiad Canada 2011 yn dangos lleihad yn y Ffrangeg fel iaith gartref ond cynnydd mewn ieithoedd eraill. Er bod trafodaeth barhaol ynghylch dyfodol y Ffrangeg, defnyddir Ffrangeg yn fwyfwy mewn cyd-destun gydag ieithoedd eraill, pun ai Saesneg neu iaith arall ydyw. Mae’r graff yn dangos bod mewnfudwyr Quebec yn fwy amlieithog na fewnfudwyr mewn taleithiau eraill Canada
14. DYFYNIADAU QUEBEC 1
Nodwyd bod addysg ‘ddinasyddiaeth’ a diwylliant cyn bwysig ag addysg iaith yn ôl y tiwtoriaid Ffrangeg a bod hyn yn cymell y mewnfudwyr i ddyfalbarhau ynghyd a helpu iddynt ddeall achos yr iaith Ffrangeg yng Ngogledd America
15. Y CANFYDDIADAU: GWERSI O QUEBEC
Gwelwyd bod strwythur cynhwysfawr mewn lle yn caniatáu i fewnfudwyr ddysgu Ffrangeg mewn nifer fawr o ffyrdd a thrwy gynnig cyllid mewn nifer o sefyllfaoedd
Gwelwyd sut y datblygwyd cydlyniant cymunedol a’r Ffrangeg drwy hyrwyddo’r Ffrangeg fel mynediad at gyfranogaeth lawn. Mantais ddwbl o sicrhau dyfodol yr iaith hefyd
Er gwaethaf ffydd mewn pŵer polisi, nodwyd hefyd nad oedd y swyddogion a thiwtoriaid yn credu bod polisi yn cyrraedd bob cwr a chornel a bod angen arloesi a chynlluniau ymysg mewnfudwyr a’r gymuned groeso i godi oddi lawr
Gwelwyd drwy gyfweld a’r mewnfudwyr bod dysgu Ffrangeg yn rhan o’u prosiect mewnfudo ond heriant bolisi unieithog Quebec drwy alw am gefnogaeth i ddysgu Ffrangeg a Saesneg
Er gwaethaf sefyllfa weddol fwyafrifol y Ffrangeg ym Montreal, gwelwyd bod mewnfudwyr yn cael trafferth ddarganfod cyfleoedd i ddefnyddio’r iaith - rhoddwyd pwysigrwydd felly ar greu gwagleoedd a phartneriaethau iaith.
16. GWAITH MAES ETHNOGRAFFEG 2: CYMRU
Gyda golwg ar ddulliau a strategaeth dysgu yn Quebec, defnyddiais fy nghysylltiadau gyda CiO a ESOL er mwyn peilota dosbarthiadau Cymraeg i fyfyrwyr ESOL yng Nghaerdydd, fel rhan o gwrs ESOL yng Ngholeg Caerdydd a’r Fro ac wedyn gyda chwrs cymunedol ESOL i’r Teulu drwy ddefnyddiol ymchwil weithredu (action research)
ESOL yn Coleg Cymraeg a’r Fro ac wedyn gyda cwrs cymeundol ESOL i’r Teulu drwy ddefnyddiol ymchwil weithredu (action research)
17. ARWAIN Y GWAITH MAES (CYMRU)
Defnyddiais arsylwadau cyfranogol (participant observations) gyda dosbarthiadau ESOL yng Nghaerdydd a hefyd mewn dosbarthiadau ESOL yng Ngwynedd ac un dosbarth Cymraeg i fewnfudwyr ym Mangor.
Roeddwn am ehangu ffiniau gwaith maes i gynnwys yr athrawon a chyfranogwyr eraill yn ddylanwadol mewn integreiddio mewnfudwyr.
Am y rheswm hwn, cyfwelais a’r athrawon ESOL a CiO ynghlwm a’r prosiect yn ogystal â thiwtoriaid eraill am eu barn ynghylch mewnfudwyr yn dysgu Cymraeg. Gwnes ddau grŵp ffocws hefyd rhwng y tiwtoriaid Cymraeg a ESOL yng Nghaerdydd a Bangor.
Ymhellach, cyfwelais a swyddogion Llywodraeth Cymru ynghylch polisi CiO, ESOL a Chydlyniant Cymunedol.
18. Y CANFYDDIADAU: GWRTHDARO IDEOLEGOL YNG NGHYMRU
Un o’r pethau amlycaf a syfrdanol yn codi o’r data oedd y gwrthdrawiadau ideolegol rhwng y grwpiau gwahanol ar gydlyniant, y Gymraeg a mewnfudwyr. Roedd y model MAI yn gymorth imi gategoreiddio hwn ac er mwyn dangos sut mae pŵer oddi lawr yn dylanwadu ar ymagweddau a pholisi oddi lawr ac ar draws.
Llywodraeth :
Darganfuwyd mai cysyniadau rhyngddiwylliannol sydd tu ôl i bolisïau cydlyniant Cymru. Er gwaethaf pwyslais newydd ar addysg a gwrthdlodi, teimlwyd bod cynnwys y Gymraeg yn codi rhwystrau cydlyniant yn hytrach na chynyddu cydlyniant.
Nid ddylid cymharu darpariaeth ESOL a CiO. Mae darpariaeth CiO yn deg i bawb. Byddai unrhyw ffafriaeth tuag at fewnfudwyr yn mynd yn groes i gydlyniant.
Saesneg a darpariaeth ESOL wrth reswm sydd yn cael blaenoriaeth polisi yng Nghymru oherwydd pwerau dinasyddiaeth Brydeinig.
Does gan fewnfudwyr ddim yr un anghenion i ddysgu Cymraeg fel Saesneg.
19. YMAGWEDDAU TIWTORIAID ESOL :
Yn ôl tiwtoriaid ESOL Caerdydd, nid oedd y Gymraeg yn berthnasol i fywydau mewnfudwyr.
Roedd y Gymraeg yn rhy ddryslyd i fewnfudwyr a lefelau addysg isel ac roedd yn ddigon anodd iddynt ymdopi a Saesneg
Does dim gwir ddiddordeb gan fewnfudwyr yn y Gymraeg
I diwtoriaid ESOL Gwynedd, teimlant fod angen mawr i integreiddio’r Gymraeg i mewn i wersi ac roeddent eisoes yn gwneud rhyw fath o ymdrech eu hun.
Gymraeg i mewn i wersi ac roeddent eisoes yn gwneud rhyw fath o ymdrech eu hun.
20. YMAGWEDDAU CiO:
Teimlant fod y Gymraeg a Saesneg yn bwysig ond gwelant fod yn rhesymol a phwrpasol i fewnfudwyr ddilyn llwybr Saesneg yn gyntaf.
Roedd diffyg mynediad a thargedu mewnfudwyr yn dilyn at anghyfartaledd
Teimlant fod mwy y gallent wneud er mwyn cyrraedd mewnfudwyr yn y ddarpariaeth
er mwyn cyrraedd mewnfudwyr yn y ddarpariaeth
21. DOSBARTH ‘DINASYDDIAETH
Roedd y prosiect peilot i gyflwyno ‘dosbarth dinasyddiaeth’ i alluogi i mewn treiddio i mewn i’r mater o safbwynt y mewnfudwyr. Defnydd o’r trajectoire langagiere (language trajectory)
Gwelant fod cyn-lleied o wybodaeth am Gymru a’r wlad
Roedd yn awyddus a chwilfrydig i ddysgu
Roeddent yn hyderus yw defnyddio’r Gymraeg yn y dosbarth ac yn y gymuned
Roeddent yn trafod a siarad am /rhwng ieithoedd gwahanol ac yn ymholi am gyd-destun/cefndiroedd ieithyddol.
am gydestunau/cefndiroedd ieithyddol.
22. HERIO HEGEMONI
Dangoswyd nad oedd mewnfudwyr yn dysgu er mwyn dod yn Gymreig ond er mwyn perchen ar iaith fel adnodd.
Perchenogaeth (ownership) dros y Gymraeg rhan o’u prosiect mewnfudo a’u repertoire amlieithog
23. PERCHNOGAETH IAITH
Nodwyd hefyd yn dilyn yr arsylwadau newid mewn ymatebion y tiwtoriaid ESOL / CiO
Honnant fod y mewnfudwyr yn ymateb yn gadarnhaol ac nad oedd lefelau addysg isel o reidrwydd yn rhwystr
Deallant fod dysgu ieithoedd eraill yn naturiol iddynt
Roedd hyn hefyd wedi ysbrydoli tiwtoriaid i barhau dysgu Cymraeg.
24. RHWYSTRAU DYSGU CYMRAEG I FEWNFUDWYR
Mae toriadau yn y ddarpariaeth yn troi ffocws i ffwrdd oddi wrth ddatblygu cyfleoedd newydd i warchod y Gymraeg, llai o bwyslais ar greu siaradwyr newydd.
Mae ymagweddau'r gymuned groeso yn aml yn anffafriol - ddim yn siaradwyr cyfreithlon (legitimate), dilys (authentic) y Gymraeg felly.
Nid oedd ganddynt fynediad at ddefnydd y Gymraeg ac yng Ngwynedd soniant eu bod yn cael eu hanffaffrio o swyddi
Nid yw’r dulliau dysgu yn eu gweddu hwy – dibynnaeth ar Saesneg a chyd-destun Prydeinig
ar Saesneg a chyd-destun Prydeinig
28. DARPARU DOSBARTHIADAU ‘DINASYDDIAETH’
Dangosa’r canfyddiadau fod mewnfudwyr a charfan o diwtoriaid ynghlwm a’r prosiect yn gweld angen am ddarpariaeth ychwanegol mewn ffurf dosbarth dinasyddiaeth. Hefyd gwelir angen am y canlynol;
Cyrsiau ymwybyddiaeth iaith i diwtoriaid ESOL
Hyfforddiant mewn sgiliau rhyngddiwylliannol a thrawsieithu i diwtoriaid Cymraeg
Sgaffoldio cyrsiau dinasyddiaeth
Gweithio mewn partneriaeth ESOL/CiO
Sefydlu partneriaethau iaith – cymell y gymuned groeso i ymwneud â mewnfudwyr.
29 . DIFFINIO DINASYDDIAETH GYMREIG
Credaf fod yr ymchwil hwn yn gyfraniad a drafodaeth agored ar ddiffino dinasyddiaeth Gymreig ar lefel polisi, damcaniaethol ond hefyd yn cyflwyno’r syniada o ddinasyddiaeth Gymreig o waelod gymdeithas i fyny.
Sut diffinir y Gymraeg ynddynt yw’r cwestiwn ; ond yn sicr mae’r ymchwil yn dangos bod integreiddio mewnfudwyr drwy’r Gymraeg yn haeddu ei lle yn y drafodaeth sydd hefyd yn symud ymlaen o gysyniadau oruchafol a ethnoganolog ar y Gymraeg gyda’r gobaith o ddatblygu diwylliant geneldaethol sydd yn sifig, gynhwysol ac amlethnig ac rhoi’r cyfle i ddinasyddion newydd Cymru ddewis eu llwybrau at y dyfodol.
30. TU HWNT I’R YMCHWIL
Efallai mai cyfraniad bach yw’r ymchwil hwn at ddyfodol y Gymraeg ond fel mae’r dyfyniad yn amgrymu y mae rhan bach yn gallu adlewyrchu cwestiynau llawer mwy os ddehonglir yn iawn. Gyda hwn mew golwg, os gwyddyn ‘sut i’w ddehongli’ y mae ganddynt yn ein dwylo y pwer i drawnewid anghyfiawnderau.