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SEM 01 - Lecture 01 - Shallow foundation.pdf

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BUILDING CONSTRUCTION 2 2023-2024 ‫اﻻﺳﺎﺳﺎت‬ ‫اﻋﻣﺎل‬ ‫اﻟﺳطﺣﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻻﺳﺎﺳﺎت‬
‫اھداف‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺣﺎﺿرة‬ ‫ﯾﻛون‬ ‫اﻟطﺎﻟب‬ ‫ﺑﻧﮭﺎﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺣﺎﺿرة‬ ً‫ا‬‫ﻗﺎدر‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ :  ‫اﻟﺗﻔرﯾﻖ‬ ‫ﺑﯾن‬ ‫اﺳﺎﺳﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﺣواﺋط‬ ‫اﻟﺣﺎﻣﻠﺔ‬ ‫واﻟﮭﯾﻛﻠﯾﺔ‬ .  ‫ﻣﻌرﻓﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﮭدف‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫اﻟﺟﺳﺎت‬ ‫وﺗﻘرﯾر‬ ‫اﻟﺗرﺑﺔ‬ .  ‫اﺳﺗﺧدام‬ ‫ﺗﻘرﯾر‬ ‫اﻟﺗرﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺣدﯾد‬ ‫ﻧوع‬ ‫اﻷﺳﺎس‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺳ‬ ‫ﺗﺧدم‬ .  ‫اﻟﺗﻔرﯾﻖ‬ ‫ﺑﯾن‬ ‫أﻧواع‬ ‫اﻻﺳﺎﺳﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺧﺗﻠﻔﺔ‬ .  ‫اﻟﺗﻔرﯾﻖ‬ ‫ﺑﯾن‬ ،‫اﻟﻣﯾده‬ ‫اﻟﺳﻣل‬ ‫واﻟﺷداد‬ .  ‫ﻗﺎدرا‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻗراءة‬ ‫ﻟوﺣﺔ‬ ‫اﻻﺳﺎﺳﺎت‬ ‫ﻻي‬ ‫ﻣﺷروع‬ .
‫ﻣﻛوﻧﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺣﺎﺿرة‬  ‫ﻋﻧﺎﺻر‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺑﻧﻰ‬ ‫اﻻﻧﺷﺎﺋﯾﺔ‬ ) ‫اﻻﺳـﺎﺳﺎت‬ ( .  ‫ﺷروط‬ ‫ﺗﺻﻣﯾم‬ ‫اﻻﺳﺎﺳﺎت‬ .  ‫ﻣﺗطﻠﺑﺎت‬ ‫ﺗﺣدﯾد‬ ‫ﻋدد‬ ‫وأﻋﻣﺎق‬ ‫اﻟﺟﺳﺎت‬ .  ‫ﺗﻘرﯾر‬ ‫اﻟﺗرﺑﺔ‬ .  ‫أﻧواع‬ ‫اﻻﺳــﺎﺳــﺎت‬ .  ‫اﻟﻘواﻋد‬ ‫اﻟﻣﻧﻔﺻﻠﺔ‬ .  ‫اﻟﻘواﻋد‬ ‫اﻟﻣﻧﻔﺻﻠﺔ‬ - ‫اﻟﻘﺎﻋدة‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺷﺗرﻛﺔ‬ Combined Footing .  ‫اﻟﻘواﻋد‬ ‫اﻟﻣﻧﻔﺻﻠﺔ‬ - ‫ﻗﺎﻋدة‬ ‫اﻟﺟﺎر‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﺷداد‬ Strap beam in Footing .  ‫اﻟﻘواﻋد‬ ‫اﻟﻣﻧﻔﺻﻠﺔ‬ - ‫ﻗواﻋد‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻠﻘﺔ‬ Cantilever Footing .  ‫اﻟﻔرق‬ ‫ﺑﯾن‬ ‫اﻟﻣﯾده‬ ‫واﻟﺳﻣل‬ ‫واﻟﺷداد‬ .  ‫اﻟﻘواﻋد‬ ‫اﻟﺷرﯾطﯾﺔ‬ .  ‫اﻟﺗﺄﺳﯾس‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻠﺑﺷﺎت‬ Raft Foundation .  ‫اﻟﺣواﺋط‬ ‫اﻟﺳﺎﻧدة‬ .  ‫ﻣراﺟﻊ‬ ‫وﻓﯾدﯾوھﺎت‬ ‫ﻣﺳﺎﻋدة‬ .
‫ﻋﻧﺎﺻر‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺑﻧﻰ‬ ‫اﻻﻧﺷﺎﺋﯾﺔ‬ ) ‫اﻻﺳـﺎﺳﺎت‬ ( ‫ﺗﺗرﻛز‬ ‫أﺣﻣﺎل‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺑﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫إﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻷﻋﻣدة‬ ‫اﻟﺧرﺳﺎﻧﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻣﻛوﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﮭﯾﻛل‬ ‫اﻟﺧرﺳﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻣﺑﻧﻰ‬ ) ‫ﺷ‬ ‫ﻛل‬ 1 ( ‫أو‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺣواﺋط‬ ‫ﻧﻔﺳﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻧدﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻛون‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫اﻟﺣواﺋط‬ ‫اﻟﺣﺎﻣﻠﺔ‬ ) ‫ﺷﻛل‬ 2 ( ‫وﯾﻛون‬ ‫ﻋﻣل‬ ‫اﻷﺳﺎس‬ ‫ھو‬ ‫ﺗوزﯾﻊ‬ ‫وﺗوﺻﯾل‬ ‫ھذه‬ ‫اﻷﺣﻣﺎل‬ ‫إﻟﻰ‬ ‫طﺑﻘﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﺗرﺑﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻣﻧﺎﺳﺑﺔ‬ ‫واﻟﺻﺎﻟﺣﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺗﺄﺳﯾس‬ ‫ﺑدون‬ ‫ﺣدوث‬ ‫اﻧﮭﯾﺎر‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺗرﺑﺔ‬ ‫أو‬ ‫اﻷﺳﺎس‬ ‫أو‬ ‫ﺣدوث‬ ‫ﺿﻐوط‬ ‫ﻏﯾر‬ ‫ﻣﺳﻣوح‬ ‫ﺑﮭﺎ‬ . ‫ﻓﺎﻷﺳﺎس‬ ‫ھو‬ ‫اﻟﺟزء‬ ‫اﻟﺳﻔﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫اﻟﻣﻧﺷﺄ‬ ‫اﻟذي‬ ‫ﯾﻧﻘل‬ ‫أﺣﻣﺎل‬ ‫اﻟﻣﻧﺷﺄ‬ ‫ﻛﻠﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﺳواء‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻧت‬ ‫أﺣﻣﺎل‬ ‫ﻣﯾ‬ ‫ﺗﺔ‬ ‫أو‬ ‫أﺣﻣﺎل‬ ‫ﺣﯾﺔ‬ ‫أو‬ ‫ﺧﻼﻓﮫ‬ ‫إﻟﻰ‬ ‫اﻷرض‬ ‫اﻟطﺑﯾﻌﯾﺔ‬ ، ‫وﻋﻣوﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﺈن‬ ‫اﻷﺳﺎﺳﺎت‬ ‫ﺗوﺿﻊ‬ ‫أﺳﻔل‬ ‫ﻣﺳﺗوى‬ ‫ﺳطﺢ‬ ‫اﻷرض‬ ‫ﻟﺗﺣﻘﯾﻖ‬ ‫اﻷھداف‬ ‫اﻵﺗﯾﺔ‬ :  ‫ﻟﻠﺗﺄﺳﯾ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺗرﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﺳطﺢ‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫أﻛﺑر‬ ‫ﻣﺳﺎﺣﺔ‬ ‫إﻟﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺑﻧﻰ‬ ‫أﺣﻣﺎل‬ ‫ﺟﻣﯾﻊ‬ ‫وﻧﻘل‬ ‫ﺗوزﯾﻊ‬ ‫س‬ .  ‫اﻟﻣﺧﺗﻠﻔﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺑﻧﻰ‬ ‫ﻷﺟزاء‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺗﻔﺎوت‬ ‫اﻟﮭﺑوط‬ ‫ﻣﻧﻊ‬ .  ‫واﻟزﻻزل‬ ‫واﻷﻣطﺎر‬ ‫اﻟرﯾﺎح‬ ‫ﻣﺛل‬ ‫ﺧﺎرﺟﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺄﺛﯾر‬ ‫أي‬ ‫ﺿد‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺑﻧﻰ‬ ‫اﺳﺗﻘرار‬ ‫ﺗﺣﻘﯾﻖ‬ . ‫ﺷﻛل‬ 2 - ‫اﻟﺣﺎﻣﻠﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺣواﺋط‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻻﺣﻣﺎل‬ ‫ﺗوزﯾﻊ‬ ‫ﺷﻛل‬ 1 - ‫اﻟﺧرﺳﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﮭﯾﻛل‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻻﺣﻣﺎل‬ ‫ﺗوزﯾﻊ‬
‫ﺷروط‬ ‫ﺗﺻﻣﯾم‬ ‫اﻻﺳﺎﺳﺎت‬  ‫ﯾﺟب‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﯾﻛون‬ ‫ﻣﻧﺳوب‬ ‫اﻷﺳﺎس‬ ‫طﺑﻘﺔ‬ ‫أﻓﻘﯾﺔ‬ ‫وﺛﺎﺑﺗﺔ‬ ‫وﺻﺎﻟﺣﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺗﺄﺳﯾس‬ ‫ﺳواء‬ ‫ﻛﺎن‬ ‫اﻷ‬ ‫ﺳﺎس‬ ‫ﻣﺑﺎﻧﻲ‬ ،‫ﺑﺎﻟﺣواﺋط‬ ‫أو‬ ‫ﻗواﻋد‬ ‫ﺧرﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬ ،‫ﻋﺎدﯾﺔ‬ ‫أو‬ ،‫ﻣﺳﻠﺣﺔ‬ ‫أو‬ ‫ﺧوازﯾﻖ‬ . ‫وﻗد‬ ‫ﯾﺻل‬ ‫اﻷﺳﺎس‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺎطن‬ ‫اﻷرض‬ ‫إﻟﻰ‬ ‫أﻋﻣﺎق‬ ‫ﻣﺗﻔﺎوﺗﺔ‬ ‫ﺣﺳب‬ ‫ﻧوع‬ ‫اﻟﺗرﺑﺔ‬ ‫وﺟودﺗﮭﺎ‬ .  ‫ﯾﺟب‬ ‫أﻻ‬ ‫ﯾﻘل‬ ‫ﻋﻣﻖ‬ ‫ﻣﻧﺳوب‬ ‫اﻷﺳﺎس‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺟﻣﯾﻊ‬ ‫اﻷﺣوال‬ ‫ﻋن‬ 1.00 ‫ﻣﺗر‬ ‫ﺗﺣت‬ ‫ﺳطﺢ‬ ‫اﻷرض‬ .  ‫ﯾﺟب‬ ‫أﻻ‬ ‫ﺗزﯾد‬ ‫أﺣﻣﺎل‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺑﻧﻰ‬ ‫واﻟواﻗﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺗرﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﻋن‬ ‫ﻗوة‬ ‫ﺗﺣﻣل‬ ) ‫ﺟﮭد‬ ( ‫اﻟﺗرﺑﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺳﻣو‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ﺑﮭﺎ‬ . ·  ‫ﯾﺟب‬ ‫اﻻھﺗﻣﺎم‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻷﺳﺎﺳﺎت‬ ‫ﻋﻧد‬ ‫إﻧﺷﺎﺋﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﺣﯾث‬ ‫إن‬ ‫اﺧﺗﻼل‬ ‫اﻷﺳﺎس‬ ‫ﯾﺧﺗل‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻣﺑﻧﻰ‬ ‫ﺟﻣﯾﻌﮫ‬ ، ‫وﯾﻌﺗﺑر‬ ‫أي‬ ‫ﻓرق‬ ‫ھﺑوط‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻷﺳﺎﺳﺎت‬ ‫ﯾزﯾد‬ ‫ﻋن‬ 1.5 ‫ﺳم‬ ‫ﯾﺣدث‬ ‫ﻋﻧﮫ‬ ‫ﻧﺗﺎﺋﺞ‬ ‫ﺳﯾﺋﺔ‬ ‫إذا‬ ‫ﻟم‬ ‫ﯾؤﺧذ‬ ‫ھذا‬ ‫اﻟﻔرق‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻻﻋﺗﺑﺎر‬ ‫ﻋﻧد‬ ‫ﺗﺻﻣﯾم‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺑﻧﻰ‬ ‫وأﺳﺎﺳﺎﺗﮫ‬ .  ‫ﯾﺟب‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﯾﻛون‬ ‫ﺗوزﯾﻊ‬ ‫اﻷﺣﻣﺎل‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺟﻣﯾﻊ‬ ‫ﻣﺳطﺢ‬ ‫اﻷرض‬ ‫اﻟﻣﻘﺎم‬ ‫ﻋﻠﯾﮭﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻣﻧﺷﺄ‬ ‫ﺗوزﯾﻌﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻧ‬ ،‫ﺎ‬ً‫ﻣ‬‫ﺗظ‬ ‫ﺑﻣﻌﻧﻰ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﯾﻛون‬ ‫ﺗﺣﻣﯾل‬ ‫وﺣدة‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺳﺎﺣﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﺳطﺢ‬ ‫اﻷرض‬ ‫ًﺎ‬‫ﯾ‬‫ﻣﺗﺳﺎو‬ ‫ًﺎ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﺗﻘرﯾ‬ .  ‫ﯾﺟب‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﯾؤﺧذ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻻﻋﺗﺑﺎر‬ ‫ﺷدة‬ ‫اﻟرﯾﺎح‬ ‫واﻟدواﻣﺎت‬ ‫واﻷﻣواج‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺻﻣﯾم‬ ‫اﻷﺳﺎس‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻣﻧﺷﺂت‬ ‫واﻗﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻣﯾﺎه‬ ‫اﻟﺟﺎرﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺛل‬ ‫دﻋﺎﻣﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﻛﺑﺎري‬ ‫واﻟﻘﻧﺎطر‬ ‫ﺣﺗﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﺗﺣﻣل‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ‬ . ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻻﺣﻣﺎل‬ ‫اﻻﺳﺎﺳﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﺣﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻻﺣﻣﺎل‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺎﻛﯾﻧﺎت‬ ‫اﺣﻣﺎل‬ ‫واھﺗزازھﺎ‬ ‫اﻻﺷﺧﺎص‬ ‫اوزان‬ ‫اﻷدوات‬ ‫اﺣﻣﺎل‬ ‫اﻻﺛﺎث‬ ‫وأﺟﮭزة‬ ‫اﻟزﻻزل‬ ‫اﺣﻣﺎل‬ ‫اﻟرﯾﺎح‬ ‫اﺣﻣﺎل‬ ‫اﻟﻣﯾﺗﺔ‬ ‫اﻻﺣﻣﺎل‬ ‫وﻗوة‬ ‫اﻟﺗرﺑﺔ‬ ‫وزن‬ ‫دﻓﻌﮭﺎ‬ ‫اﻟذاﺗﻲ‬ ‫اﻟوزن‬ ‫اﻻﻧﺷﺎﺋﯾ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻌﻧﺎﺻر‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺛﺎﺑﺗﺔ‬ ‫اﻻوزان‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺣﻣوﻟﺔ‬ ‫اﻻﺳﺎﺳﺎت‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻻﺣﻣﺎل‬ LOADS ON FOUNDATION
‫أوﻻ‬ : ‫ﻣﺗطﻠﺑﺎت‬ ‫ﺗﺣدﯾد‬ ‫ﻋدد‬ ‫اﻟﺟﺳﺎت‬ :  ‫اﻟﻣواﻗﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻣراﻧﯾﺔ‬ : ‫ﺗﺧطط‬ ‫اﻟﺟﺳﺎت‬ ‫اﻻﺳﺗرﺷﺎدﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺷﺑﻛﮫ‬ 200 × 200 ‫م‬ ‫اﻟﻲ‬ 400 × 400 ‫م‬ ‫وﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟﮫ‬ ‫اﻷﺑﺣﺎث‬ ‫اﻟﺗﻔﺻﯾﻠﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﯾزداد‬ ‫ﻋدد‬ ‫اﻟﺟﺳﺎت‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺣﺻول‬ ‫ﻋﻠب‬ ‫ﻗطﺎﻋﺎت‬ ‫ﺟﯾ‬ ‫وﻟوﺟﯾﺔ‬ ‫دﻗﯾﻘﮫ‬ .  ‫ﻣواﻗﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﺑﻧﺎء‬ ‫اﻟﻣﻌﺗﺎدة‬ : ‫ﯾﺗم‬ ‫اﺧﺗﺑﺎر‬ ‫اﻟﺟﺳﺎت‬ ‫ﺑﺻﻔﮫ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻣﮫ‬ ‫ﺑواﻗﻊ‬ ‫ﺟﺳﮫ‬ ‫ﻟﻛل‬ 300 ‫م‬ 2 ‫وﻻ‬ ‫ﯾﻘل‬ ‫ﻋددھﺎ‬ ‫ﻋن‬ ‫ﺟﺳﺗﯾن‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟﮫ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﯾﻛون‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺳطﺢ‬ ‫ﻣن‬ 100 ‫اﻟﻲ‬ 300 ‫م‬ 2 , ‫أﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟﮫ‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺑﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺗﻲ‬ ‫ﯾﻘل‬ ‫ﻣﺳطﺣﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﻋن‬ 100 ‫م‬ 2 ‫ﻓﯾﻛﺗﻔﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﻣل‬ ‫ﺟﺳﮫ‬ ‫واﺣده‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫اﻻﺳﺗرﺷﺎد‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺟﺳﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺟﺎو‬ ‫رة‬ ‫إذا‬ ‫أﻣﻛن‬ ‫ذﻟك‬ ‫وإﻻ‬ ‫ﻓﯾﺗم‬ ‫ﻋﻣل‬ ‫ﺟﺳﺗﯾن‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ،‫اﻷﻗل‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟﮫ‬ ‫اﻟﻣﻧﺷﺄت‬ ‫ذات‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺳطﺣﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﻛ‬ ‫ﺑﯾرة‬ ‫ﯾﺗﺣدد‬ ‫ﻋدد‬ ‫اﻟﺟﺳﺎت‬ ‫ﺑواﻗﻊ‬ ‫ﺟﺳﮫ‬ ‫ﻟﻛل‬ ‫ﻣن‬ 300 ‫اﻟﻲ‬ 500 ‫م‬ 2 ‫وذﻟك‬ ‫ﺣﺳب‬ ‫اﻟﻣﻌﻠوﻣﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺗوﻓرة‬ ‫ﻋن‬ ‫طﺑﯾﻌﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺗرﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻣﻧطﻘﺔ‬ . ‫ﺛﺎﻧﯾﺎ‬ : ‫ﻣﺗطﻠﺑﺎت‬ ‫ﺗﺣدﯾد‬ ‫أﻋﻣﺎق‬ ‫اﻟﺟﺳﺎت‬ :  ‫اﻟﻣواﻗﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻣراﻧﯾﺔ‬ : ‫ﯾﺗم‬ ‫ﻋﻣل‬ ‫اﻟﺟﺳﺎت‬ ‫ﺑﻌﻣﻖ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﯾﻘل‬ ‫ﻋن‬ 10 ‫م‬ ‫ﻛﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﯾﺗم‬ ‫ﻋﻣل‬ ‫ﺣﻔر‬ ‫اﺳﺗﻛﺷﺎﻓﯾﮫ‬ ‫ﻣﻔﺗوﺣﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺄﻋﻣﺎق‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺗﻘل‬ ‫ﻋن‬ 5 ‫م‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫أﻣﻛن‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺣﺻول‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻋﯾﻧﺎت‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟﺗﮭﺎ‬ ‫اﻟطﺑﯾﻌﯾﺔ‬ ‫وﯾﻌﻣل‬ ‫ﺟﺳﺎت‬ ‫ﻋﻣﯾﻘﮫ‬ ‫ﺑواﻗﻊ‬ 10 % ‫ﻣن‬ ‫ﻋدد‬ ‫اﻟﺟﺳﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﻣطﻠوﺑﺔ‬ .  ‫ﻣواﻗﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﺑﻧﺎء‬ ‫اﻟﻣﻌﺗﺎدة‬ : ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺟﻣﯾﻊ‬ ‫اﻷﺣوال‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺗﻘل‬ ‫أﻋﻣﺎق‬ ‫اﻟﺟﺳﺎت‬ ‫ﻋن‬ 10 ‫م‬ ‫وﺗزداد‬ ‫أﻋﻣﺎق‬ ‫اﻟﺟﺳﺎت‬ ‫طﺑﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﻟطﺑﯾﻌﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺗرﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻣوﻗﻊ‬ ‫وطﺑﯾﻌﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻣﻧﺷﺄ‬ ‫وأﺣﻣﺎﻟﮫ‬ ‫وﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟﮫ‬ ‫اﻻﺳﺎﺳﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻣﯾﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺛل‬ ‫اﻟﺧوازﯾﻖ‬ ‫ﯾﺟب‬ ‫ان‬ ‫ﺗﺻل‬ ‫ﻋﻣﻖ‬ ‫اﻟﺟﺳﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﻲ‬ 5 ‫ﻣﺗر‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻻﻗل‬ ‫ﻋن‬ ‫اﻟﻧﮭﺎﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺗوﻗﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﻻرﺗﻛﺎز‬ ‫اﻟﺧوازﯾﻖ‬ . ) ‫اﻟﻣرﺟﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﻛود‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺻري‬ ‫ﻟﻣﯾﻛﺎﻧﯾﻛﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺗرﺑﺔ‬ ‫وﺗﺻﻣﯾم‬ ‫وﺗﻧﻔﯾذ‬ ‫اﻷﺳﺎﺳﺎت‬ ( ‫ﻣﺗطﻠﺑﺎت‬ ‫ﺗﺣدﯾد‬ ‫ﻋدد‬ ‫وأﻋﻣﺎق‬ ‫اﻟﺟﺳﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﻣوﻗﻊ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺟﺳﺎت‬ ‫أﻣﺎﻛن‬ ‫ﺗوزﯾﻊ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻣوﻗﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﺟﺳﺎت‬ ‫ﻋﻣل‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧدم‬ ‫اﻟﺣﻔﺎر‬
‫ﺗﻘرﯾر‬ ‫اﻟﺗرﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻣﻖ‬ ‫اﻟﺗﺄﺳﯾس‬ ‫إﺟﮭﺎد‬ ‫اﻟﺗرﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﻧوع‬ ‫ﺗوﺻﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻻﺳﺎس‬ ‫ﻟطﺑ‬ ‫وﻓﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺗﺄﺳﯾس‬ ‫اﻟﻣﻧﺎﺳب‬ ‫اﻟﻣﻧﺳوب‬ ‫ﯾﻌﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺗرﺑﺔ‬ ‫وﺗﻛوﯾن‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫واﻟﺗﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﮭﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺳﻣوح‬ ‫اﻟﺗرﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺣﻣل‬ ‫ﻗوة‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺑﻧﻰ‬ ‫أﺳﺎس‬ ‫ﯾﺗﺧطﺎھﺎ‬ ‫ان‬ ‫ﯾﺟب‬ ‫اﻟﺑﻧﺎء‬ ‫ﯾﻣﻛن‬ ‫اﻟذي‬ ‫اﻷﺳﺎس‬ ‫ﺑﻧوع‬ ‫ﺗوﺻﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﮫ‬
‫اﻻﺳﺎﺳﺎت‬ ‫ﻋﻣﯾﻘﺔ‬ ‫اﺳﺎﺳﺎت‬ ‫ﺧﺎزوﻗﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﺳﺗﺎﺋر‬ ‫ﻗﯾﺳوﻧﺎت‬ ‫ﺧوازﯾﻖ‬ ‫ﺧرﺳﺎﻧﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻣوﻗﻊ‬ ‫ﻣﺻﺑوﺑﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺻب‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺑﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﻣرﻛﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻌدﻧﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﺧﺷﺑﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﺳﻛﻧدراﻧﻲ‬ ‫اﺑﺎر‬ ‫ﺳطﺣﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﺳﺎﺳﺎت‬ ‫ﺳﺎﻧدة‬ ‫ﺣواﺋط‬ ‫ﻟﺑﺷﺔ‬ ‫ﺷرﯾطﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻗواﻋد‬ ‫ﻣﻧﻔﺻﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻗواﻋد‬ ‫أﻧواع‬ ‫اﻻﺳــﺎﺳــﺎت‬
‫اﻟﻘواﻋد‬ ‫اﻟﻣﻧﻔﺻﻠﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻣﻧﻔﺻﻠﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺎﻋدة‬ ) ‫اﻟﻣﻧﻔرد‬ ‫اﻻﺳﺎس‬ ( Isolated Footing ‫وھﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺎﻋدة‬ ‫اﻟﺗﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺣﻣل‬ ‫ﻋﻣود‬ ‫واﺣد‬ ‫وﯾﻣﻛن‬ ‫ان‬ ‫ﺗﻛون‬ ‫ﻣرﺑﻌﺔ‬ ‫او‬ ‫ﻣﺳﺗطﯾﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺣﺳب‬ ‫ﻗط‬ ‫ﺎع‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻣود‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺣﻣول‬ ،‫ﻋﻠﯾﮭﺎ‬ ‫وﯾﻛون‬ ‫ﻟﮭﺎ‬ ‫طﺑﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺳﻠﯾﺢ‬ ‫ﺳﻔﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻻﺗﺟﺎھﯾن‬ ‫اﻟﻣﻧﻔﺻﻠﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻘواﻋد‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻠﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻋدة‬ ‫ﺟﺎر‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻋدة‬ ‫ﻣﺷﺗرﻛﮫ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻋدة‬ ‫ﻣﻧﻔﺻﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻋدة‬ ‫ﻣﯾده‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻣود‬ ‫ﻣﺳﻠﺣﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻋدة‬ / 40 ‫ﺳم‬ ‫ﻋﺎدﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻋدة‬ / 25 ‫ﺳم‬ ‫ﻧظﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻋدة‬ / 12 ‫ﺳم‬
‫اﻟﻘواﻋد‬ ‫اﻟﻣﻧﻔﺻﻠﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺷﺗرﻛﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺎﻋدة‬ Combined Footing ‫وھﻲ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻋدة‬ ‫ﻣﺷﺗرﻛﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺣﻣل‬ ‫ﻋﻣودﯾن‬ ‫ﻧﺗﯾﺟﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﺗداﺧل‬ ‫ﻗواﻋدھﻣﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻣﻧﻔردة‬ ‫وﺑﺎﻟﺗ‬ ‫ﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﺗم‬ ‫ﻋﻣل‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻋدة‬ ‫واﺣدة‬ ‫وﯾﻣﻛن‬ ‫ان‬ ‫ﺗﻛون‬ ‫ﻣﺳﺗطﯾل‬ ‫او‬ ‫ﺷﺑﮫ‬ ‫ﻣﻧﺣرف‬ ‫ﻣﯾده‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻣود‬ ‫ﻣﺳﻠﺣﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻋدة‬ / 40 ‫ﺳم‬ ‫ﻋﺎدﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻋدة‬ / 25 ‫ﺳم‬ ‫ﻧظﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻋدة‬ / 12 ‫ﺳم‬
‫اﻟﻘواﻋد‬ ‫اﻟﻣﻧﻔﺻﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺷداد‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﺟﺎر‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻋدة‬ Strap beam in Footing ‫وھﻲ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻋدة‬ ‫ﻣﺷﺗرﻛﺔ‬ ‫او‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻋدة‬ ‫ﻣﻧﻔﺻﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻣرﺗﺑطﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻋدة‬ ‫ﻣﺟﺎورة‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺳﺗﺧدام‬ ‫ﺷداد‬ ‫ﻷﻧﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫طرف‬ ‫ارض‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺷروع‬ ‫وﻻ‬ ‫ﯾﻣﻛن‬ ‫ﻋﻣل‬ ‫اﻣﺗداد‬ ‫ﻟﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫ﻧﺎﺣﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺟﺎر‬ ‫وﻟذﻟك‬ ‫ﯾﻛون‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻣود‬ ‫ﻓﯾﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﻏﯾر‬ ‫ﻣﺗﻣوﺿﻊ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻣرﻛز‬ ، ‫وﻋﻠﯾﮫ‬ ‫ﯾﺗم‬ ‫رﺑطﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺄﻗرب‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻋدة‬ ‫ﻟﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ‬ ‫اﻻﻧﻘﻼب‬ ‫ﻣﯾده‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻣود‬ ‫ﻣﺳﻠﺣﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻋدة‬ / 40 ‫ﺳم‬ ‫ﻋﺎدﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻋدة‬ / 25 ‫ﺳم‬ ‫ﻧظﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻋدة‬ / 12 ‫ﺳم‬
‫اﻟﻘواﻋد‬ ‫اﻟﻣﻧﻔﺻﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻠﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﻗواﻋد‬ Cantilever Footing ‫وﺗﺳﺗﺧدم‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫وﺟود‬ ‫ﻧﻘطﺔ‬ ‫ﺿﻌف‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺳطﺢ‬ ‫اﻷﺳﺎﺳﺎت‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﯾراد‬ ‫اﻟﺗﺄﺳﯾس‬ ‫ﻋﻠﯾﮭ‬ ،‫ﺎ‬ ‫وﺗﺻﻠﺢ‬ ‫ﻋﺎدة‬ ‫ﻟﻸﺣﻣﺎل‬ ‫اﻟﻐﯾرة‬ ‫ﻣﺛل‬ ‫أﺣﻣﺎل‬ ‫اﻷﺳوار‬ ‫أو‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺑﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺣدودة‬ ‫اﻻرﺗﻔﺎع‬ . ‫ﻣﯾده‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻣود‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻣود‬ ‫ﻣﺳﻠﺣﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻋدة‬ / 40 ‫ﺳم‬ ‫ﻋﺎدﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻋدة‬ / 25 ‫ﺳم‬ ‫ﻧظﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻋدة‬ / 12 ‫ﺳم‬
‫اﻟﻔرق‬ ‫ﺑﯾن‬ ‫اﻟﻣﯾده‬ ‫واﻟﺳﻣل‬ ‫واﻟﺷداد‬ ‫اﻟﺷداد‬ Strap Beam ‫اﻟﻣﯾدة‬ Tie Beams ‫اﻟﺳﻣل‬ Semelles ‫ﻋﻣود‬ ‫ﺑﯾن‬ ‫ﯾرﺑط‬ ‫إﻧﮫ‬ ‫ﺣﯾث‬ ‫أھم‬ ‫وﻟﻛﻧﮫ‬ ،‫اﻟﻣﯾدة‬ ‫ﻧﻔس‬ ‫اﻟﺷداد‬ ‫ﺗﺻﻣﯾم‬ ‫وﯾﺟب‬ ،‫اﻟداﺧﻠﯾﺔ‬ ‫واﻷﻋﻣدة‬ ‫اﻟﺟﺎر‬ ‫ﻋﻠﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟواﻗﻌﺔ‬ ‫اﻷﺣﻣﺎل‬ ‫وﺣﺳﺎب‬ ‫ﺑداﯾﺗ‬ ‫وﺗﻛون‬ ‫اﻟﺑﻌض‬ ‫ﺑﺑﻌﺿﮭﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻘواﻋد‬ ‫ﺗرﺑط‬ ‫ﻛﻣرة‬ ‫ﮭﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺎﻋدة‬ ‫ﻧﮭﺎﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫وﻧﮭﺎﯾﺗﮭﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺳﻠﺣﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺎﻋدة‬ ‫ﺑداﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺳﻠﺣﺔ‬ ) ‫ﻋن‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻣﻖ‬ ‫ﯾﻘل‬ ‫ﻻ‬ 1/8 ‫اﻟﺑﺣر‬ ( ‫اﻟﻣﺳﻠﺣﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺎﻋدة‬ ‫ﻣﺳﺗوي‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫أﻋﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺳﺗوي‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﯾﻛون‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻣود‬ ‫وﻣﺗﺻل‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺎﻋدة‬ ‫أﻋﻠﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺳﻣل‬ ‫ﯾﻛون‬ ‫ﺣﯾث‬ ‫اﻟﺷﻛل‬  ‫ﺗﺳﺗﺧدم‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻗواﻋد‬ ‫اﻟﺟﺎر‬ ‫ﻟﺣل‬ ‫ﻣﺷﻛﻠﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻼﻣر‬ ‫ﻛزﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺎﻋدة‬ .  ‫ﺗﺳﺗﺧدم‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺗرﺑﺔ‬ ‫اﻟطﻔﻠﺔ‬ ‫أو‬ ‫اﻟﺗرﺑﺔ‬ ‫اﻟط‬ ‫ﯾﻧﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺿﻌﯾﻔﺔ‬ .  ‫رﺑط‬ ‫اﻟﻘواﻋد‬ ‫اﻟﻣﻧﻔﺻﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺑﻌﺿﮭﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺑﻌض‬ ‫ﺣ‬ ‫ﺗﻰ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﯾﺣدث‬ ‫ھﺑوط‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺎﻋدة‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫اﻟﻘواﻋد‬ .  ‫ﺗﺳﺗﺧدم‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺗرﺑﺔ‬ ‫اﻟطﯾﻧﯾﺔ‬ .  ‫ﺣﻣل‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺑﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺗﻲ‬ ‫ﻓوﻗﮭﺎ‬ ‫وﻧﻘل‬ ‫أﺣﻣﺎﻟﮭﺎ‬ ‫إﻟﻰ‬ ‫اﻷﻋﻣدة‬ .  ‫ﺳﺗﺧدم‬ُ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻷﻋﻣدة‬ ‫اﻟطوﯾﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﺗﻘﻠﯾل‬ ‫اﻟط‬ ‫ول‬ ‫اﻟﺣر‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻌﻣود‬ ‫وﻣﻧﻊ‬ ‫ﺣدوث‬ ‫اﻧﺑﻌﺎج‬ . ‫اﻻﺳﺗﺧدام‬  ‫اﻟﻼﻣرﻛ‬ ‫ﻟﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﻛﺑﯾر‬ ‫ﯾﻛون‬ ‫اﻟﺷداد‬ ‫ﺗﺳﻠﯾﺢ‬ ‫زﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺎﻋد‬ ‫طرف‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﯾﻛون‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻣود‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﻋن‬ ‫اﻟﻧﺎﺗﺟﺔ‬ ‫ة‬ .  ‫اﻟﺗﺳ‬ ‫وﯾﻛون‬ ‫اﻟرﺋﯾﺳﻲ‬ ‫ھو‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻠوي‬ ‫اﻟﺗﺳﻠﯾﺢ‬ ‫ﻠﯾﺢ‬ ‫ﻛﺛﯾف‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻠوي‬ .  ‫ﻧﮭﺎﯾﺗ‬ ‫وﺣﺗﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺎﻋدة‬ ‫ﺑداﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫ﻣﻧﺳوﺑﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﯾﻛون‬ ‫ﮭﺎ‬ ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﺗﻘرﯾﺑ‬ ‫ﻛﺑﯾر‬ ‫ﯾﻛون‬ ‫وﻋرﺿﮭﺎ‬ 50 cm .  ‫ﻣﺗﻣﺎﺛل‬ ‫واﻟﺳﻔﻠﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻠوي‬ ‫ﺗﺳﻠﯾﺣﮭﺎ‬ .  ‫رﺑﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﯾﻣﺗد‬ ‫واﻟﺳﻔﻠﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻠوي‬ ‫اﻟﺗﺳﻠﯾﺢ‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫اﻟﺑﺣر‬ ‫اﻟﺟﮭﺗﯾن‬ .  ‫اﻟﻘﺎﻋدة‬ ‫داﺧل‬ ‫اﻟﻛﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫ﺗﺳﺗﻣر‬ .  ‫اﻟﻣﯾدة‬ ‫ﻋرض‬ ‫ﯾﻛون‬ ‫ﻋﺎدة‬ 30 cm ، ‫وارﺗﻔﺎﻋﮭﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺳﻠﺣﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺎﻋدة‬ ‫ارﺗﻔﺎع‬ ‫ﻧﻔس‬ .  ‫وزﻧﮭﺎ‬ ‫ھﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺳﻣل‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟواﻗﻌﺔ‬ ‫اﻷﺣﻣﺎل‬ ‫ﻓوﻗﮭﺎ‬ ‫اﻟذي‬ ‫اﻟﺣﺎﺋط‬ ‫اﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ‬ .  ‫اﻟﻛﻣرات‬ ‫ﺗﺳﻠﯾﺢ‬ ‫ﻣﺛل‬ ‫ﯾﻛون‬ ‫اﻟﺳﻣل‬ ‫ﺗﺳﻠﯾﺢ‬ ،‫اﻟﻌﺎدي‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺗ‬ ‫ﻣﺳﺎوي‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻠوي‬ ‫اﻟﺗﺳﻠﯾﺢ‬ ‫ﯾﻛون‬ ‫ﺑﺣﯾث‬ ‫ﺳﻠﯾﺢ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫اﻟﺗﺳﻠﯾﺢ‬ ‫ﯾﻛون‬ ‫وﻋﺎدة‬ ‫ﻧﺻﻔﺔ‬ ‫أو‬ ‫اﻟﺳﻔﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻌﻠوي‬ ‫واﻟﺳﻔﻠﻲ‬ 4 T16.  ‫اﻟﺳﻣل‬ ‫ﻋرض‬ ‫ﯾﻛون‬ ‫ﻋﺎدة‬ 30 cm. ‫اﻟﻘطﺎع‬ ‫واﻟﺗﺳﻠﯾﺢ‬
‫اﻟﻔرق‬ ‫ﺑﯾن‬ ‫اﻟﻣﯾده‬ ‫واﻟﺳﻣل‬ ‫واﻟﺷداد‬ ‫ﻋﺎدﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻋدة‬ / 25 ‫ﺳم‬ ‫ﻧظﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻋدة‬ / 12 ‫ﺳم‬ ‫ﻣﺳﻠﺣﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻋدة‬ / 40 ‫ﺳم‬ ‫ﻣﯾده‬ / ‫ﺳﻔﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﺳﻣل‬ ‫ﺷداد‬ ‫ﻣﯾده‬ / ‫ﻋﻠوي‬ ‫ﺳﻣل‬
‫اﻟﻘواﻋد‬ ‫اﻟﺷرﯾطﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺳﻣﻰ‬ ‫أﯾﺿﺎ‬ ‫أﺳﺎﺳﺎت‬ ،‫ﻣﺳﺗﻣرة‬ ‫وﺗﺗم‬ ‫ﻋن‬ ‫طرﯾﻖ‬ ‫ﺣﻔر‬ ‫ﺧﻧدق‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻷرض‬ ‫ﻟﻛل‬ ‫ﺣﺎﺋط‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫ﺣواﺋ‬ ‫ط‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺑﻧﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺣﺎﻣﻠﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺣواﺋط‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻣﺑﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺳطﺣﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻘواﻋد‬ ‫أﺳﺎﺳﺎت‬ ‫ﺗﺻﻣﯾم‬ ‫ﻣﺑﺎدئ‬ ‫اﻟﺣﺎﻣﻠﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺣواﺋط‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻣﺑﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺳطﺣﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻸﺳﺎﺳﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺧﺗﻠﻔﺔ‬ ‫اﻷﻧواع‬
‫ﻋﻧد‬ ‫زﯾﺎدة‬ ‫أﺣﻣﺎل‬ ‫اﻟﻣﻧﺷﺄ‬ ‫أو‬ ‫ﻋدد‬ ‫أدواره‬ ‫أو‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻧت‬ ‫اﻟﺗرﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﺿﻌﯾﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﻟدرﺟﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺗﺿﻲ‬ ‫ﺣﻔر‬ ‫ﺣواﻟﻲ‬ % 60 ‫أو‬ ‫أﻛﺛر‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫ﺳطﺢ‬ ‫اﻷرض‬ ‫ﻟﻌﻣل‬ ‫اﻟﻘواﻋد‬ ‫اﻟﻣﻧﻔﺻﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﯾﻔﺿل‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ھذه‬ ‫اﻟﺣﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻣل‬ ‫ﻟﺑﺷﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻣوﻣﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﺣﻔر‬ ‫اﻷرض‬ ‫ﻛﻠﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﻣﻧﺳوب‬ ‫طﺑﻘﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺗﺄﺳﯾس‬ ‫ﺛم‬ ‫ﻋﻣل‬ ‫أﺳﺎس‬ ‫واﺣد‬ ‫ﻣﺷﺗرك‬ ‫ﻟﺟﻣﯾﻊ‬ ‫اﻷﻋﻣدة‬ ‫ﯾوزع‬ ‫اﻷﺣﻣﺎل‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫اﻟﻣﻧﺷﺄ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺗرﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺷﻛل‬ ‫ﯾﻘرب‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ،‫ﻣﻧﺗظم‬ ‫وﺑﺎﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﯾﺻﺑﺢ‬ ‫اﻗﺗﺻﺎدﯾﺎ‬ ‫اﺳﺗﺧدام‬ ‫ھذا‬ ‫اﻟﻧوع‬ ‫ﻟﺗوﻓﯾره‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﺳﺗﺧدام‬ ‫اﻟﺷدة‬ ‫اﻟﺧﺷﺑﯾﺔ‬ ‫وﻛذﻟك‬ ‫ﻣﺻﻧﻌﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﺣدﯾد‬ ‫اﻟﺗﺳﻠﯾﺢ‬ . ‫اﻟﺗﺄﺳﯾس‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻠﺑﺷﺎت‬ Raft Foundation ‫واﻟﻣﺳﻠﺣﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺎدﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺧرﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫ﻟﺑﺷﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺣواﺋط‬ ‫اﻟﺳﺎﻧدة‬ ‫ﺗﺳﺗﺧدم‬ ‫ھذه‬ ‫اﻟﺣواﺋط‬ ‫ﻋﻧدﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﯾﻛون‬ ‫ﻣطﻠوب‬ ‫إﻧﺷﺎء‬ ‫ﻣﺑﻧﻰ‬ ‫ﯾﺧﺗﻠف‬ ‫ﻣﻧﺳوب‬ ‫اﻻﺳﺗﺧدام‬ ‫ﻓﯾﮫ‬ ‫ﻋن‬ ‫ﻣﻧﺳوب‬ ‫اﻷرض‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺣﯾطﺔ‬ ‫ﻛﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫أﻧﻔﺎق‬ ‫اﻟﺳﯾﺎرات‬ ‫أو‬ ‫ﻹﻧﺷﺎء‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟﻛﺑﺎري‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺟﺎري‬ ،‫اﻟﻣﺎﺋﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﺣﯾث‬ ‫إن‬ ‫ھذا‬ ‫اﻟﺣﺎﺋط‬ ‫ﯾﻘوم‬ ‫ﺑﺳﻧد‬ ‫اﻟﺗرﺑﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺟﺎورة‬ ‫ذات‬ ‫اﻟﻣﻧﺳوب‬ ‫اﻟﻣرﺗﻔﻊ‬ ‫ﻋن‬ ‫ﻣﻧﺳوب‬ ‫اﻟﻣﯾﺎه‬ ‫اﻟﻣوﺟود‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻣﺟرى‬ ،‫اﻟﻣﺎﺋﻲ‬ ‫وھذا‬ ‫اﻟﻧوع‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫اﻷﺳﺎﺳﺎت‬ ‫ﯾﺗم‬ ‫ﺗﺻﻣﯾﻣﮫ‬ ‫أﺳﺎﺳﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﺗﺣﻣل‬ ‫اﻷﺣﻣﺎل‬ ‫اﻟﺟﺎﻧﺑﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺗرﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﻛﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﯾﻣﻛن‬ ‫اﺳﺗﺧدام‬ ‫اﻟﺣواﺋط‬ ‫اﻟﺳﺎﻧدة‬ ‫ﻟﺗﺣﻣل‬ ‫اﻷﺣﻣﺎل‬ ‫اﻟرأﺳﯾﺔ‬ ‫إذا‬ ‫ﻟزم‬ ‫اﻷﻣر‬ ‫ﻋﻠﯾﮭﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻣؤﺛرة‬ ‫اﻟرﺋﯾﺳﯾﺔ‬ ‫واﻟﻘوى‬ ‫اﻟﺳﺎﻧدة‬ ‫اﻟﺣواﺋط‬ ‫ﺗﻔﺎﺻﯾل‬
‫اﻟﺗﻣرﯾن‬ ‫اﻻول‬ ‫وﻓﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻣﺧطط‬ ‫اﻟﻣرﻓﻖ‬ ‫ﻣطﻠوب‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﯾﻠﻲ‬ :  ‫ﻋﻣل‬ ‫ﻣﺧطط‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻘواﻋد‬ ‫وﻓﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﺗوزﯾﻊ‬ ‫اﻻﻋﻣدة‬ ‫اﻟﻣرﻓﻖ‬ ‫ﺑﻣﻘﯾﺎس‬ ‫رﺳم‬ 1:50 .  ‫ﻋﻣل‬ ‫ﻣﺳﻘط‬ ‫اﻓﻘﻲ‬ ‫وﻗطﺎع‬ ‫ﺗﻔﺻﯾﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﻣﻘﯾﺎس‬ ‫رﺳم‬ 1:20 ‫ﻟﻠﺗﻔﺻﯾﻠﯾﺔ‬ ‫رﻗم‬ 1 .  ‫ﻋﻣل‬ ‫ﻗطﺎع‬ ‫ﺗﻔﺻﯾﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﻣﻘﯾﺎس‬ ‫رﺳم‬ 1:20 ‫ﻟﻠﺗﻔﺻﯾﻠﯾﺔ‬ ‫رﻗم‬ 2 . DETAIL 01 DETAIL 02
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=53W6Vxkilwo  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9GPyCnDaeM4  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MzvpJLIkQng ‫ﻣراﺟﻊ‬ ‫وﻓﯾدﯾوھﺎت‬ ‫ﻣﺳﺎﻋدة‬  ‫اﻟﺳﯾد‬ ،‫اﻟﻘﺻﺑﻲ‬ ) . 1997 .( ‫اﻟﺳطﺣﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻷﺳﺎﺳﺎت‬ ‫ھﻧدﺳﺔ‬ . ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺎھرة‬ ‫واﻟﺗوزﯾﻊ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻧﺷر‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻠﻣﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻛﺗب‬ ‫دار‬ .  ‫اﻟﺳﯾد‬ ،‫اﻟﻘﺻﺑﻲ‬ ) . 2015 .( ‫اﻟﺗرﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﯾﻛﺎﻧﯾﻛﺎ‬ . ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺎھرة‬ ‫واﻟﺗوزﯾﻊ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻧﺷر‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻠﻣﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻛﺗب‬ ‫دار‬ .  Das, B. M. (2004). Principles of foundation engineering. Pacific Grove, CA: Thomson/Brooks/Cole

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