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Selenide Alternative in Practice - Implementation & Lessons learned [SeleniumCamp 2016]

This document describes an alternative to the Selenide web test automation tool called Selenide Alternative. It discusses lessons learned from implementing the alternative tool, including using a more concise API, implicit waits, assertion waits, and handling dynamic elements. The alternative aims to improve on Selenide by using object-oriented programming, modular design, and lazy proxy elements to dynamically find and wait for elements.

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Selenide Alternative in Practice Implementation & Lessons Learned
Preface…
Implementation & Lessons Learned Selenide Alternative in Practice
Selenide
Selenide = ?
Selenide = Effective web test automation tool = tool to automate web UI tests logic not browser (it should be already automated;)
Selenide = Effective web test automation tool = tool to automate web UI tests logic not browser concise API … … …
Selenide = Effective web test automation tool = tool to automate web UI tests logic not browser concise API waiting search … …
Selenide = Effective web test automation tool = tool to automate web UI tests logic not browser concise API waiting search waiting asserts …
Selenide = Effective web test automation tool = tool to automate web UI tests logic not browser concise API waiting search waiting asserts dynamic elements
Selenide = Effective web test automation tool = tool to automate web UI tests logic not browser concise API waiting search waiting asserts dynamic elements
Selenide Alternative? concise API waiting search waiting asserts dynamic elements
Selenide Alternative? concise API waiting search waiting asserts dynamic elements How should it work?
Selenide Alternative? concise API waiting search waiting asserts dynamic elements How should it work? How to build?
With examples in
Proviso Partial sacrificing DRY, privatisation, etc. for simplification of examples
Concise API
driver.find_element(By.XPATH, "//*[contains(text(),'task')]")
 # vs 
 s(by_xpath("//*[contains(text(),'task')]"))
 # vs 
 s(with_text('task'))
driver.find_element(By.XPATH, "//*[contains(text(),'task')]")
 # vs 
 s(by_xpath("//*[contains(text(),'task')]"))
 # vs 
 s(with_text('task')) DRY locator helpers
driver.find_element(By.XPATH, "//*[contains(text(),'task')]")
 # vs 
 s(by_xpath("//*[contains(text(),'task')]"))
 # vs 
 s(with_text('task'))
driver.find_element(By.XPATH, "//*[contains(text(),'task')]")
 # vs 
 s(by_xpath("//*[contains(text(),'task')]"))
 # vs 
 s(with_text('task')) OOP
driver.find_element(By.XPATH, "//*[contains(text(),'task')]")
 # vs 
 s(by_xpath("//*[contains(text(),'task')]"))
 # vs 
 s(with_text('task')) from selenium import webdriver driver = webdriver.Firefox() # ... OOP
driver.find_element(By.XPATH, "//*[contains(text(),'task')]")
 # vs 
 s(by_xpath("//*[contains(text(),'task')]"))
 # vs 
 s(with_text('task')) Modular from selenium import webdriver driver = webdriver.Firefox() # ... OOP
driver.find_element(By.XPATH, "//*[contains(text(),'task')]")
 # vs 
 s(by_xpath("//*[contains(text(),'task')]"))
 # vs 
 s(with_text('task')) Modular from selenium import webdriver driver = webdriver.Firefox() # ... from selene.tools import set_driver, s set_driver(webdriver.Firefox()) # ... OOP
driver.find_element(By.XPATH, "//*[contains(text(),'task')]") # vs 
 s(by_xpath("//*[contains(text(),'task')]")).
 # vs 
 s(with_text('task')) Modular OOP from selenium import webdriver driver = webdriver.Firefox() driver.get(‘http://todomvc4tasj.herokuapp.com’) from selene.tools import set_driver, s set_driver(webdriver.Firefox()) visit(‘http://todomvc4tasj.herokuapp.com’)
driver.find_element(By.XPATH, "//*[contains(text(),'task')]") # vs 
 s(by_xpath("//*[contains(text(),'task')]")).
 # vs 
 s(with_text('task')) Functions over Methods for main actions from selenium import webdriver driver = webdriver.Firefox() driver.get(‘http://todomvc4tasj.herokuapp.com’) from selene.tools import set_driver, s set_driver(webdriver.Firefox()) visit(‘http://todomvc4tasj.herokuapp.com’)
s(by_css(‘#new-todo’)) # vs/or
 s('#new-todo') Convenient defaults

 driver.find_element_by_css_selector('#new-todo').clear()
 driver.find_element_by_css_selector(‘#new-todo’) .send_keys(‘task') 
 # vs 
 s(‘#new-todo’).clear().send_keys(‘task’)

 driver.find_element_by_css_selector('#new-todo').clear()
 driver.find_element_by_css_selector(‘#new-todo’) .send_keys(‘task') 
 # vs 
 s(‘#new-todo’).clear().send_keys(‘task’) Chainable methods

 driver.find_element_by_css_selector('#new-todo')
 .send_keys('task', Keys.ENTER)
 # vs 
 s('#new-todo').send_keys('task').press_enter()

 driver.find_element_by_css_selector('#new-todo')
 .send_keys('task', Keys.ENTER)
 # vs 
 s('#new-todo').send_keys('task').press_enter() “Short-cut” methods
s(‘#new-todo’).clear().send_keys(‘task’) 
 # vs 
 s(‘#new-todo’).set(‘task’) “Short-cut” methods
Built in Explicit Waits aka Waiting Asserts WebDriverWait(driver, 4).until( element_to_be_clickable(by_css('#new-todo')))
 
 # vs
 
 s('#new-todo').should_be(clickable)

 new_todo = by_css('#new-todo')
 
 visit('http://todomvc4tasj.herokuapp.com')
 
 s(new_todo).set('task 1').press_enter()
 # ...
 s(new_todo).set('task 2').press_enter()
 
 # vs
 
 new_todo = s('#new-todo')
 
 visit('http://todomvc4tasj.herokuapp.com')
 
 new_todo.set('task 1').press_enter()
 # ...
 new_todo.set('task 2').press_enter()

 new_todo = by_css('#new-todo')
 
 visit('http://todomvc4tasj.herokuapp.com')
 
 s(new_todo).set('task 1').press_enter()
 # ...
 s(new_todo).set('task 2').press_enter()
 
 # vs
 
 new_todo = s('#new-todo')
 
 visit('http://todomvc4tasj.herokuapp.com')
 
 new_todo.set('task 1').press_enter()
 # ...
 new_todo.set('task 2').press_enter()

 new_todo = by_css('#new-todo')
 
 visit('http://todomvc4tasj.herokuapp.com')
 
 s(new_todo).set('task 1').press_enter()
 # ...
 s(new_todo).set('task 2').press_enter()
 
 # vs
 
 new_todo = s('#new-todo')
 
 visit('http://todomvc4tasj.herokuapp.com')
 
 new_todo.set('task 1').press_enter()
 # ...
 new_todo.set('task 2').press_enter() ?
Dynamic Elements
Dynamic Elements aka Lazy Proxy Elements
new_todo = s('#new-todo')
def s(css_selector_or_locator):
 return SElement(css_selector_or_locator) Element Factory
class SElement(...):
 def __init__(self, css_selector_or_locator, context=...):
 self.locator = parse(css_selector_or_locator) # ...
 
 def finder(self):
 return self.context.find_element(*self.locator) def assure(self, condition):
 wait_for(self, condition, timeout)
 return self def do(self, command):
 self.assure(visible)
 command(self.finder()) return self 
 def click(self):
 return self.do(lambda element: element.click())
class SElement(...):
 def __init__(self, css_selector_or_locator, context=...):
 self.locator = parse(css_selector_or_locator) # ...
 
 def finder(self):
 return self.context.find_element(*self.locator) def assure(self, condition):
 wait_for(self, condition, timeout)
 return self def do(self, command):
 self.assure(visible)
 command(self.finder()) return self 
 def click(self):
 return self.do(lambda element: element.click())
class SElement(...):
 def __init__(self, css_selector_or_locator, context=...):
 self.locator = parse(css_selector_or_locator) # ...
 
 def finder(self):
 return self.context.find_element(*self.locator) def assure(self, condition):
 wait_for(self, condition, timeout)
 return self def do(self, command):
 self.assure(visible)
 command(self.finder()) return self 
 def click(self):
 return self.do(lambda element: element.click())
class SElement(...):
 def __init__(self, css_selector_or_locator, context=...):
 self.locator = parse(css_selector_or_locator) # ...
 
 def finder(self):
 return self.context.find_element(*self.locator) def assure(self, condition):
 wait_for(self, condition, timeout)
 return self def do(self, command):
 self.assure(visible)
 command(self.finder()) return self 
 def click(self):
 return self.do(lambda element: element.click())
class SElement(...):
 def __init__(self, css_selector_or_locator, context=...):
 self.locator = parse(css_selector_or_locator) # ...
 
 def finder(self):
 return self.context.find_element(*self.locator) def assure(self, condition):
 wait_for(self, condition, config.timeout)
 return self def do(self, command):
 self.assure(visible)
 command(self.finder()) return self 
 def click(self):
 return self.do(lambda element: element.click())
class SElement(...):
 def __init__(self, css_selector_or_locator, context=...):
 self.locator = parse(css_selector_or_locator) # ...
 
 def finder(self):
 return self.context.find_element(*self.locator) def assure(self, condition):
 wait_for(self, condition, config.timeout)
 return self def do(self, command):
 self.assure(visible)
 command(self.finder()) return self 
 def click(self):
 return self.do(lambda element: element.click()) “waiting search”
class SElement(...):
 def __init__(self, css_selector_or_locator, context=...):
 self.locator = parse(css_selector_or_locator) # ...
 
 def finder(self):
 return self.context.find_element(*self.locator) def assure(self, condition):
 wait_for(self, condition, config.timeout)
 return self def do(self, command):
 self.assure(visible)
 command(self.finder()) return self 
 def click(self):
 return self.do(lambda element: element.click()) “waiting assert”

 def wait_for(entity, condition, timeout):
 # ...
 
 end_time = time.time() + timeout
 while True:
 try:
 value = condition(entity)
 if value is not None:
 return value
 except (WebDriverException,) as exc:
 # ...
 time.sleep(config.poll_during_waits)
 if time.time() > end_time:
 break
 raise TimeoutException(
 """
 failed while waiting %s seconds
 to assert %s%s
 """ % (timeout, condition.__class__.__name__, str(condition), ...)

 def wait_for(entity, condition, timeout):
 # ...
 
 end_time = time.time() + timeout
 while True:
 try:
 value = condition(entity)
 if value is not None:
 return value
 except (WebDriverException,) as exc:
 # ...
 time.sleep(config.poll_during_waits)
 if time.time() > end_time:
 break
 raise TimeoutException(
 """
 failed while waiting %s seconds
 to assert %s%s
 """ % (timeout, condition.__class__.__name__, str(condition), ...)

 def wait_for(entity, condition, timeout):
 # ...
 
 end_time = time.time() + timeout
 while True:
 try:
 value = condition(entity)
 if value is not None:
 return value
 except (WebDriverException,) as exc:
 # ...
 time.sleep(config.poll_during_waits)
 if time.time() > end_time:
 break
 raise TimeoutException(
 """
 failed while waiting %s seconds
 to assert %s%s
 """ % (timeout, method.__class__.__name__, str(condition), ...)

 def wait_for(entity, condition, timeout):
 # ...
 
 end_time = time.time() + timeout
 while True:
 try:
 value = condition(entity)
 if value is not None:
 return value
 except (WebDriverException,) as exc:
 # ...
 time.sleep(config.poll_during_waits)
 if time.time() > end_time:
 break
 raise TimeoutException(
 """
 failed while waiting %s seconds
 to assert %s%s
 """ % (timeout, method.__class__.__name__, str(condition), ...)
class Visible(object):
 
 def __call__(self, selement): self.selement = selement
 found = selement.finder()
 return found if found.is_displayed() else None
 
 def __str__(self):
 return """
 for element found by: %s...
 """ % (self.selement.locator, …) 
 visible = Visible()
class Visible(object):
 
 def __call__(self, selement): self.selement = selement
 found = selement.finder()
 return found if found.is_displayed() else None
 
 def __str__(self):
 return """
 for element found by: %s...
 """ % (self.selement.locator, …) 
 visible = Visible()
class Visible(object):
 
 def __call__(self, webelement): self.selement = selement
 found = selement.finder()
 return webelement.is_displayed()
 
 def __str__(self):
 return """
 for element found by: %s...
 """ % (self.selement.locator, …) 
 visible = Visible() Original jSelenide style with selement.finder() being moved to wait_for
class Visible(object):
 
 def __call__(self, webelement): self.selement = selement
 found = selement.finder()
 return webelement.is_displayed()
 
 def __str__(self):
 return """
 for element found by: %s...
 """ % (self.selement.locator, …) 
 visible = Visible() Original jSelenide style with selement.finder() being moved to wait_for more simple
 and secure
 but 
 less powerful
class SElement(...):
 def __init__(self, css_selector_or_locator, context=...):
 self.locator = parse(css_selector_or_locator) # ...
 
 def finder(self):
 return self.context.find_element(*self.locator) def assure(self, condition):
 wait_for(self, condition, config.timeout)
 return self def do(self, command):
 self.assure(visible)
 command(self.finder()) return self 
 def click(self):
 return self.do(lambda element: element.click())
class SElement(...):
 def __init__(self, css_selector_or_locator, context=...):
 self.locator = parse(css_selector_or_locator) # ...
 
 def finder(self):
 return self.context.find_element(*self.locator) def assure(self, condition):
 wait_for(self, condition, config.timeout)
 return self 
 insist = assure
 should = assure
 should_be = assure
 should_have = assure
 def click(self):
 return self.do(lambda element: element.click())
Speed?
class SElement(...):
 def __init__(self, css_selector_or_locator, context=...):
 self.locator = parse(css_selector_or_locator) # ...
 
 def finder(self):
 return self.context.find_element(*self.locator) def assure(self, condition):
 wait_for(self, condition, config.timeout)
 return self def do(self, command):
 self.assure(visible)
 command(self.finder()) return self 
 def click(self):
 return self.do(lambda element: element.click()) redundant finder call

 def finder(self):
 return self.context.find_element(*self.locator) def refind(self):
 self.found = self.finder()
 return self.found def assure(self, condition):
 self.found = wait_for(self, condition, config.timeout)
 return self def do(self, command):
 self.assure(visible)
 command()
 return self 
 def click(self):
 return self.do(lambda: self.found.click()) reusing self.found

 def finder(self):
 return self.context.find_element(*self.locator) def refind(self):
 self.found = self.finder()
 return self.found def assure(self, condition):
 self.found = wait_for(self, condition, config.timeout)
 return self def do(self, command):
 self.assure(visible)
 command()
 return self 
 def click(self):
 return self.do(lambda: self.found.click()) even when not needed wait always
def refind(self):
 self.found = self.finder()
 return self.found def assure(self, condition):
 self.found = wait_for(self, condition, config.timeout)
 return self def do(self, command):
 try:
 self.refind()
 command()
 except (WebDriverException):
 self.assure(visible)
 command()
 return self 
 def click(self):
 return self.do(lambda: self.found.click()) smarter:)
def refind(self):
 self.found = self.finder()
 return self.found def assure(self, condition):
 self.found = wait_for(self, condition, config.timeout)
 return self def do(self, command):
 try:
 self.refind()
 command()
 except (WebDriverException):
 self.assure(visible)
 command()
 return self 
 def click(self):
 return self.do(lambda: self.found.click()) smarter:) Makes Selene as fast as Selenium “with research” :)
def refind(self):
 self.found = self.finder()
 return self.found def assure(self, condition):
 self.found = wait_for(self, condition, config.timeout)
 return self def do(self, command):
 try:
 self.refind()
 command()
 except (WebDriverException):
 self.assure(visible)
 command()
 return self 
 def click(self):
 return self.do(lambda: self.found.click())
def refind(self):
 self.found = self.finder()
 return self.found def assure(self, condition):
 self.found = wait_for(self, condition, config.timeout)
 return self def do(self, command):
 try:
 self.refind()
 command()
 except (WebDriverException):
 self.assure(visible)
 command()
 return self 
 def click(self):
 return self.do(lambda: self.found.click()) What if I sometimes…
 I want “raw selenium” speed?

 def cash(self):
 self.is_cached = True
 self.finder = lambda: self.found
 return self f def do(self, command):
 try: if not self.is_cached:
 self.refind()
 command()
 # ...
 self.assure(visible)
 command()
 return self 
 def click(self):
 return self.do(lambda: self.found.click()) Introducing simple cashing

 def cash(self):
 self.is_cached = True
 self.finder = lambda: self.found
 return self f def do(self, command):
 try: if not self.is_cached:
 self.refind()
 command()
 # ...
 self.assure(visible)
 command()
 return self 
 def click(self):
 return self.do(lambda: self.found.click()) Introducing simple cashing Making Selene almost as fast as raw Selenium :)
Proof Demo
Total Laziness
todo_list = s('#todo-list') 
 active_tasks = todo_list.find_all(‘.active’) 
 first_completed_task = todo_list.find(‘.completed')
 
 visit('http://todomvc4tasj.herokuapp.com')
 # ... Usage
tasks = ss(‘#todo-list>li') 
 first_task = tasks.get(1) 
 task_a = tasks.find(exact_text(“a")) 
 visible_tasks = tasks.filter(visible)
 
 visit('http://todomvc4tasj.herokuapp.com')
 # ... Usage
visible_tasks = ss(‘#todo-list>li').filter(visible)
 
 visit('http://todomvc4tasj.herokuapp.com')
 # ...
def ss(css_selector_or_locator):
 return SElementsCollection(css_selector_or_locator)
class SElementsCollection(...):
 def __init__(self, css_selector_or_locator, ..., ...,):
 self.locator = parse(css_selector_or_locator)
 ...
 
 def finder(self):
 return ...
 
 def filter(self, condition):
 return ... ...
class SElementsCollection(...):
 def __init__(self, css_selector_or_locator, ..., ...,):
 self.locator = parse(css_selector_or_locator)
 ...
 
 def finder(self):
 return ...
 
 def filter(self, condition):
 return ... ...
locator = lambda index: '%s[%s]' % (self.locator, index)
 webelements = self.context.find_elements(*self.locator)
 return [SElement(locator(index)).cash_with(element)
 for index, element in enumerate(webelements)] SElementsCollection#finder
locator = lambda index: '%s[%s]' % (self.locator, index)
 webelements = self.context.find_elements(*self.locator)
 return [SElement(locator(index)).cash_with(element)
 for index, element in enumerate(webelements)] SElementsCollection#finder
locator = lambda index: '%s[%s]' % (self.locator, index)
 webelements = self.context.find_elements(*self.locator)
 return [SElement(locator(index)).cash_with(element)
 for index, element in enumerate(webelements)] SElementsCollection#finder
class SElementsCollection(...):
 def __init__(self, css_selector_or_locator, ..., ...,):
 self.locator = parse(css_selector_or_locator)
 ...
 
 def finder(self):
 return ...
 
 def filter(self, condition):
 return FilteredSElementsCollection(self, condition) ...
class FilteredSElementsCollection(SElementsCollection):
 def __init__(self, selements_collection, condition):
 self.coll = selements_collection
 self.condition = condition
 # ...
 
 def finder(self):
 filtered_elements = ...
 return filtered_elements
class FilteredSElementsCollection(SElementsCollection):
 def __init__(self, selements_collection, condition):
 self.coll = selements_collection
 self.condition = condition
 # ...
 
 def finder(self):
 filtered_elements = ...
 return filtered_elements
class FilteredSElementsCollection(SElementsCollection):
 def __init__(self, selements_collection, condition):
 self.coll = selements_collection
 self.condition = condition
 # ...
 
 def finder(self):
 filtered_elements = ...
 return filtered_elements
self.coll = selements_collection
 self.condition = condition
 locator = "(%s).filter(%s)" % (
 self.coll.locator,
 self.condition.__class__.__name__)
 SElementsCollection.__init__(self, ('selene', locator))
 # ... FilteredSElementsCollection#__init__
self.coll = selements_collection
 self.condition = condition
 locator = "(%s).filter(%s)" % (
 self.coll.locator,
 self.condition.__class__.__name__)
 SElementsCollection.__init__(self, ('selene', locator))
 # ... FilteredSElementsCollection#__init__
filtered_elements = [selement for selement in self.coll
 if self.condition(selement)] 
 return filtered_elements FilteredSElementsCollection#finder
Meta-programming?
class SElement(...):
 def __init__(self, ..., context=...): # … def finder(self):
 return self.context.find_element(*self.locator) # ...
 
 class SElementsCollection(...):
 def __init__(self, ..., context=..., selement_class=…): # ...
 # ...
def __init__(self, ..., context=RootSElement()):
class RootSElement(object):
 def __getattr__(self, item):
 return getattr(selene.tools.get_driver(), item) The most innocent example :)
def __getattr__(self, item):
 return self.do(lambda: getattr(self.found, item)) # VS def click(self):
 return self.do(lambda: self.found.click())
 
 def submit(self):
 return self.do(lambda: self.found.submit())
 
 def clear(self):
 return self.do(lambda: self.found.clear()) ... Proxying vs Overriding
def __getattr__(self, item):
 return self.do(lambda: getattr(self.found, item)) # VS def click(self):
 return self.do(lambda: self.found.click())
 
 def submit(self):
 return self.do(lambda: self.found.submit())
 
 def clear(self):
 return self.do(lambda: self.found.clear()) ... Proxying vs Overriding
Widgets
class Task(SElement):
 def delete(self):
 self.hover()
 self.s(".destroy").click()
 
 
 def test_custom_selement():
 given_active("a", "b")
 Task("#todo-list>li:nth-child(1)").delete() Just works :)
class Task(SElement):
 def delete(self):
 self.hover()
 self.s(".destroy").click()
 
 
 def test_custom_selement():
 given_active("a", "b")
 Task("#todo-list>li:nth-child(1)").delete() Just works :)
Because… class SElement(...):
 def __init__(self, ..., context=RootSElement()):
 #...
 def finder(self):
 return self.context.find_element(*self.locator)
 
 def s(self, css_selector_or_locator):
 return SElement(css_selector_or_locator, context=self) #...
Because… class SElement(...):
 def __init__(self, ..., context=RootSElement()):
 #...
 def finder(self):
 return self.context.find_element(*self.locator)
 
 def s(self, css_selector_or_locator):
 return SElement(css_selector_or_locator, context=self) #...
Collection of widgets class Task(SElement):
 def delete(self):
 self.hover()
 self.s(".destroy").click()
 
 def test_selements_collection_of_custom_selements():
 given_active("a", "b", "c")
 for task in ss("#todo-list>li", of=Task): task.delete() ss("#todo-list>li", of=Task).should_be(empty)
Collection of widgets class Task(SElement):
 def delete(self):
 self.hover()
 self.s(".destroy").click()
 
 def test_selements_collection_of_custom_selements():
 given_active("a", "b", "c")
 for task in ss("#todo-list>li", of=Task): task.delete() ss("#todo-list>li", of=Task).should_be(empty)
class SElementsCollection(...): 
 def __init__(self, ..., ...):
 ...
 ...
 ...
 
 def finder(self): ...
 return [ SElement(locator(index)).cash_with(element)
 for index, element in enumerate(webelements)]
 ... recalling basic implementation…
class SElementsCollection(...): 
 def __init__(self, ..., ..., of=SElement):
 ...
 self.wrapper_class = of
 ...
 
 def finder(self): ...
 return [ self.wrapper_class(locator(index)).cash_with(element)
 for index, element in enumerate(webelements)]
 ... needs more…
and sometimes even much more… including meta-programming…
Collection of widgets: selection of one of them visible_tasks = ss("#todo-list>li", of=Task).filter(visible) ... ...
 task = visible_tasks.find(exact_text("a")): task.delete() ...
class SElementsCollectionElementByCondition(SElement):
 def __init__(self, selements_collection, condition):
 self.coll = selements_collection
 self.condition = condition
 locator = "(%s).found_by(%s)" % (
 self.coll.locator,
 self.condition.__class__.__name__)
 ...
 
 def finder(self):
 for selement in self.coll:
 if self.condition(selement):
 return selement.found find(exact_text("a")) =>
self.coll = selements_collection
 self.condition = condition
 locator = "(%s).found_by(%s)" % (
 self.coll.locator,
 self.condition.__class__.__name__)
 SElementsCollectionElementByCondition.__init__(self, (“selene”, locator))
 ... SElementsCollectionElementByCondition#__init__
self.coll = selements_collection
 self.condition = condition
 locator = "(%s).found_by(%s)" % (
 self.coll.locator,
 self.condition.__class__.__name__)
 SElementsCollectionElementByCondition.__init__(self, (“selene”, locator))
 extend(self, self.coll.wrapper_class, ("selene", locator)) SElementsCollectionElementByCondition#__init__
def extend(obj, cls, *init_args, **init_kwargs):
 obj.__class__ = type(obj.__class__.__name__, (obj.__class__, cls), {})
 cls.__init__(obj, *init_args, **init_kwargs) Dynamic class extension
def extend(obj, cls, *init_args, **init_kwargs):
 obj.__class__ = type(obj.__class__.__name__, (obj.__class__, cls), {})
 cls.__init__(obj, *init_args, **init_kwargs) Dynamic class extension
def extend(obj, cls, *init_args, **init_kwargs):
 obj.__class__ = type(obj.__class__.__name__, (obj.__class__, cls), {})
 cls.__init__(obj, *init_args, **init_kwargs) Dynamic class extension e.g. to initialise probable widget’s subelements
class Task(SElement):
 def init(self):
 self.destroy_button = self.s(".destroy")
 ...
 
 ...
 task = ss("#todo-list>li", of=Task).find(text("a")): task.hover() task.destroy_button.click() ... like in this example ;)
__init__ vs init ? o_O
class SElement(...):
 def __init__(self): ...
 if hasattr(self, 'init'):
 self.init() __init__ vs init ? o_O
Proxying vs dynamic extension SElement(...) def __getattr__(self, item):
 return self.do(lambda: getattr(self.found, item)) SElementsCollectionElementByCondition(SElement) __init__ extend(self, self.coll.wrapper_class, ('selene', locator)) # VS SElement(...) def __getattr__(self, item):
 return self.do(lambda: getattr(self.found, item)) SElementsCollectionElementByCondition(SElement) __init__ extend(self, self.coll.wrapper_class, ('selene', locator))
Install & Docs
$ pip install selene
https://github.com/yashaka/selene
visit(‘/questions_and_answers') 
 s('#question').set('<YOUR QUESTION>’).press_enter() 
 ss('.answer').should_not_be(empty)
github.com/yashaka github.com/yashaka/selene yashaka@gmail.com @yashaka Thank You

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