1. The document describes a study that synthesized silver nanoparticles using green tea leaf extracts through a green chemistry approach. Various characterization techniques were used to analyze the synthesized silver nanoparticles, including UV-Vis spectroscopy, FTIR, SEM, and HPLC.
2. UV-Vis spectroscopy showed a distinct peak at 420nm, confirming the formation of silver nanoparticles. FTIR analysis identified the functional groups involved in reducing and capping the nanoparticles. SEM analysis revealed the particles were spherical and ranged in size from 5-100nm. HPLC was used to identify compounds present in the green tea extracts.
3. The synthesized silver nanoparticles showed good antimicrobial activity against E. coli and Staphylococcus aureus,
Poster Presentation_Dr AD van Eyk_2016_white text_blank_pptxSikhumbuzile Sibanda
This study compared the antioxidant and anticancer properties of various tea extracts. The organic extracts of all teas showed inhibition of human colon cancer cell growth, with chamomile tea having the highest effect. Rooibos tea extracts showed the highest antioxidant activity. Microscopy revealed changes in cell morphology and growth with tea treatment. Total phenolic content was highest in black and green tea, while flavonoid content was lowest in green tea. Preliminary analysis identified various phytochemicals in the tea extracts.
Poster Presentation_Dr AD van Eyk_2016_white text_blank_pptxPhokwane Maloba
This study compared the antioxidant and anticancer properties of various tea extracts. The teas tested included green, black, rooibos, ginger, and chamomile teas. Aqueous and organic extracts of each tea were prepared and their antioxidant activities, effects on colon cancer cell growth, phytochemical profiles, and phenolic/flavonoid content were analyzed. The results showed that rooibos tea extracts had the highest antioxidant activity. Chamomile tea inhibited cancer cell growth the most, followed by rooibos, green, ginger, and black teas. Total phenolic content was highest in black and green teas, while flavonoid content was lowest in green tea. The study identified differences in
1) The study investigated the polyphenolic content of rose hip (Rosa canina L.) tea extracts obtained using ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) and Soxhlet extraction with different solvents.
2) The highest extract yield was obtained using UAE with water at 619.37 mg/g dried matter. The highest total phenolic content was obtained using Soxhlet extraction with a 50% methanol mixture at 59.69 mg gallic acid equivalent/g dried matter.
3) UAE and Soxhlet extraction with various solvents, including water, ethanol, methanol, and mixtures, were tested on three commercial brands of rose hip tea. Total phenolic content and extract yields
This study analyzed the antioxidant and acetylcholinesterase inhibitory properties of tea grown with different agricultural practices. Tea extracts from organically grown tea (using vermicompost and vermiwash) showed higher total phenolic content and stronger free radical scavenging activity compared to conventionally grown tea (using inorganic fertilizers), as measured by DPPH, FRAP, and ABTS assays. The study also found significant acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity in tea extracts, with the strongest inhibition seen in organically grown tea extracts.
This document discusses a study on the antibacterial activity of green tea (Camellia sinensis). It provides background on the origin and composition of green tea. The study isolated several bacteria from the environment and tested green tea extracts against them. Methanolic extracts showed activity against Bacillus, streptococci, and staphylococcus but little activity against Proteus and Pseudomonas. The antimicrobial activity of green tea is attributed to polyphenols and catechins contained in the leaves. Daily green tea consumption can help eliminate harmful bacteria.
Studies of in vitro antioxidant and cytotoxic activities of extracts and isol...Alexander Decker
This study evaluated the in vitro antioxidant and cytotoxic activities of extracts and isolated compounds from Parinari curatellifolia. The ethyl acetate and methanol extracts showed moderate antioxidant activity in the DPPH radical scavenging assay, with IC50 values of 13.47 μg/mL and 5.667 μg/mL, respectively. In cytotoxicity testing against cervical cancer cells (HeLa cell line), the extracts and pure compounds displayed dose-dependent cytotoxic effects. The ethyl acetate extract and compounds C7 and C8 showed the most potent cytotoxic activities, with IC50 values below 100 μg/mL. The results provide support for the traditional use of P. curatellifolia in cancer treatment and indicate that further investigation
IOSRPHR(www.iosrphr.org) IOSR Journal of Pharmacyiosrphr_editor
This document summarizes a study on the pharmacological and phytochemical screening of the ethanol extract of Litsea monopetala leaves. Key findings include:
1. Preliminary phytochemical screening of the crude ethanol extract found the presence of alkaloids, tannins, steroids, flavonoids and reducing sugars.
2. In vitro antimicrobial assays found the extract showed varying degrees of antibacterial activity against 11 pathogenic bacteria, and antifungal activity against 7 fungi. The growth of Pityrosporum ovale and Cryptococcus neoformans were strongly inhibited.
3. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) testing found the extract exhibited mild to strong MICs against the test micro
IOSRPHR(www.iosrphr.org) IOSR Journal of Pharmacyiosrphr_editor
This document summarizes a study on the pharmacological and phytochemical screening of the ethanol extract of Litsea monopetala leaves. Key findings include:
1. Preliminary phytochemical screening of the crude ethanol extract found the presence of alkaloids, tannins, steroids, flavonoids and reducing sugars.
2. In vitro antimicrobial assays found the extract showed varying degrees of antibacterial activity against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, as well as antifungal activity against several fungi species, with zone of inhibition ranging from 10-14mm.
3. The extract also exhibited mild to strong minimum inhibitory concentration against test microorganisms. In vitro tests found the
Poster Presentation_Dr AD van Eyk_2016_white text_blank_pptxSikhumbuzile Sibanda
This study compared the antioxidant and anticancer properties of various tea extracts. The organic extracts of all teas showed inhibition of human colon cancer cell growth, with chamomile tea having the highest effect. Rooibos tea extracts showed the highest antioxidant activity. Microscopy revealed changes in cell morphology and growth with tea treatment. Total phenolic content was highest in black and green tea, while flavonoid content was lowest in green tea. Preliminary analysis identified various phytochemicals in the tea extracts.
Poster Presentation_Dr AD van Eyk_2016_white text_blank_pptxPhokwane Maloba
This study compared the antioxidant and anticancer properties of various tea extracts. The teas tested included green, black, rooibos, ginger, and chamomile teas. Aqueous and organic extracts of each tea were prepared and their antioxidant activities, effects on colon cancer cell growth, phytochemical profiles, and phenolic/flavonoid content were analyzed. The results showed that rooibos tea extracts had the highest antioxidant activity. Chamomile tea inhibited cancer cell growth the most, followed by rooibos, green, ginger, and black teas. Total phenolic content was highest in black and green teas, while flavonoid content was lowest in green tea. The study identified differences in
1) The study investigated the polyphenolic content of rose hip (Rosa canina L.) tea extracts obtained using ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) and Soxhlet extraction with different solvents.
2) The highest extract yield was obtained using UAE with water at 619.37 mg/g dried matter. The highest total phenolic content was obtained using Soxhlet extraction with a 50% methanol mixture at 59.69 mg gallic acid equivalent/g dried matter.
3) UAE and Soxhlet extraction with various solvents, including water, ethanol, methanol, and mixtures, were tested on three commercial brands of rose hip tea. Total phenolic content and extract yields
This study analyzed the antioxidant and acetylcholinesterase inhibitory properties of tea grown with different agricultural practices. Tea extracts from organically grown tea (using vermicompost and vermiwash) showed higher total phenolic content and stronger free radical scavenging activity compared to conventionally grown tea (using inorganic fertilizers), as measured by DPPH, FRAP, and ABTS assays. The study also found significant acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity in tea extracts, with the strongest inhibition seen in organically grown tea extracts.
This document discusses a study on the antibacterial activity of green tea (Camellia sinensis). It provides background on the origin and composition of green tea. The study isolated several bacteria from the environment and tested green tea extracts against them. Methanolic extracts showed activity against Bacillus, streptococci, and staphylococcus but little activity against Proteus and Pseudomonas. The antimicrobial activity of green tea is attributed to polyphenols and catechins contained in the leaves. Daily green tea consumption can help eliminate harmful bacteria.
Studies of in vitro antioxidant and cytotoxic activities of extracts and isol...Alexander Decker
This study evaluated the in vitro antioxidant and cytotoxic activities of extracts and isolated compounds from Parinari curatellifolia. The ethyl acetate and methanol extracts showed moderate antioxidant activity in the DPPH radical scavenging assay, with IC50 values of 13.47 μg/mL and 5.667 μg/mL, respectively. In cytotoxicity testing against cervical cancer cells (HeLa cell line), the extracts and pure compounds displayed dose-dependent cytotoxic effects. The ethyl acetate extract and compounds C7 and C8 showed the most potent cytotoxic activities, with IC50 values below 100 μg/mL. The results provide support for the traditional use of P. curatellifolia in cancer treatment and indicate that further investigation
IOSRPHR(www.iosrphr.org) IOSR Journal of Pharmacyiosrphr_editor
This document summarizes a study on the pharmacological and phytochemical screening of the ethanol extract of Litsea monopetala leaves. Key findings include:
1. Preliminary phytochemical screening of the crude ethanol extract found the presence of alkaloids, tannins, steroids, flavonoids and reducing sugars.
2. In vitro antimicrobial assays found the extract showed varying degrees of antibacterial activity against 11 pathogenic bacteria, and antifungal activity against 7 fungi. The growth of Pityrosporum ovale and Cryptococcus neoformans were strongly inhibited.
3. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) testing found the extract exhibited mild to strong MICs against the test micro
IOSRPHR(www.iosrphr.org) IOSR Journal of Pharmacyiosrphr_editor
This document summarizes a study on the pharmacological and phytochemical screening of the ethanol extract of Litsea monopetala leaves. Key findings include:
1. Preliminary phytochemical screening of the crude ethanol extract found the presence of alkaloids, tannins, steroids, flavonoids and reducing sugars.
2. In vitro antimicrobial assays found the extract showed varying degrees of antibacterial activity against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, as well as antifungal activity against several fungi species, with zone of inhibition ranging from 10-14mm.
3. The extract also exhibited mild to strong minimum inhibitory concentration against test microorganisms. In vitro tests found the
This research article describes the isolation and identification of compounds from the leaves of Eupatorium triplinerve, including coumarins, flavonoids, and steroids. Ten compounds were isolated and identified using NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. Two coumarins, ayapanin and ayapin, were found to inhibit the enzyme alpha-glucosidase. Ayapanin, ayapin, and a thymoquinol derivative showed 40%, 46%, and 81% inhibition of alpha-glucosidase, respectively, indicating their potential as antidiabetic compounds. This is the first report of certain water-soluble compounds and coumarins from E. triplinerve.
Evaluation of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl Scavenging Activity and Phytochem...BRNSS Publication Hub
Mukia maderaspatana belongs to the family Cucurbitaceae is an important plant described in Ayurveda. This plant is used for the treatment of a number of ailments such as urinary disorder and cardiac problems. The leaf of M. maderaspatana was extracted with different organic solvents in increasing order of polarity. The results of the preliminary investigation revealed the presence of alkaloids, steroids, flavonoids, terpenoids, tannins, glycosides, and saponins. Antioxidant activity was assessed using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay. The results of antioxidant activity indicate that the methanolic and petroleum ether extracts of the leaf of M. maderaspatana possess significant scavenging activity against DPPH (ethanolic solvent and methanolic solvent of 300 μg/ml each). This study revealed that the methanolic extracts of M. maderaspatana have demonstrated significant antioxidant activity.
The document describes a study evaluating the antioxidant and phytochemical properties of Mukia maderaspatana leaves. Preliminary phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of flavonoids, saponins, glycosides, steroids, and phenolic compounds in the methanolic and petroleum ether extracts. Antioxidant activity was assessed using DPPH radical scavenging assays. The methanolic extract showed the highest scavenging activity at a concentration of 300 μg/ml, demonstrating significant antioxidant potential. Overall, the study found that M. maderaspatana leaf extracts contain phytochemicals and exhibit antioxidant effects, supporting traditional uses of the plant.
The document evaluates the antioxidant activity and phytochemical analysis of Mukia maderaspatana leaves. Preliminary analysis revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, glycosides, steroids, phenols, and tannins in the leaves. Antioxidant activity was assessed using DPPH radical scavenging assays. Methanolic and petroleum ether extracts showed significant scavenging activity against DPPH in a concentration-dependent manner. The methanolic extract exhibited the highest antioxidant activity, suggesting M. maderaspatana leaves may be a potential source of natural antioxidants.
Phytochemical screening and antioxidant activity of clove mistletoe leaf extr...iosrphr_editor
Clove mistletoe (Dendrophthoe pentandra (L.) Miq) is one of the semi-parasitic plants belonging to the Loranthaceae family. Clove mistletoe leaf extracts have many biological activities such as antibacterial, antioxidant and antidiabetes. The purpose of this study was to determine the content of secondary metabolites in clove mistletoe leaf extracts through phytochemical screening and determine its antioxidant activity through DPPH free radical scavenging. Samples were tested include water and ethanol 70 % extracts, as well as n-hexane, ethyl acetate and ethanol fractions. Phytochemical screening showed that all samples containing tannins and flavonoids but no alkaloids. The highest total phenol contents was ethyl acetate fraction namely 358.4 mg GAE/ g. The best antioxidant activity was water extract, ethanol 70 % extract and ethyl acetate fraction. Therefore, clove mistletoe leaf extracts are potential source for antioxidant.
Phytochemical screening and antioxidant activity of clove mistletoe leaf extr...iosrphr_editor
Clove mistletoe (Dendrophthoe pentandra (L.) Miq) is one of the semi-parasitic plants belonging to the Loranthaceae family. Clove mistletoe leaf extracts have many biological activities such as antibacterial, antioxidant and antidiabetes. The purpose of this study was to determine the content of secondary metabolites in clove mistletoe leaf extracts through phytochemical screening and determine its antioxidant activity through DPPH free radical scavenging. Samples were tested include water and ethanol 70 % extracts, as well as n-hexane, ethyl acetate and ethanol fractions. Phytochemical screening showed that all samples containing tannins and flavonoids but no alkaloids. The highest total phenol contents was ethyl acetate fraction namely 358.4 mg GAE/ g. The best antioxidant activity was water extract, ethanol 70 % extract and ethyl acetate fraction. Therefore, clove mistletoe leaf extracts are potential source for antioxidant.
Comparative Assessment of Total Polyphenols and Antioxidant Activity of Comme...AnuragSingh1049
Green Tea, made from Camellia sinensis plant leaves, is one of the most popular drinks in the world. For the past decades, scientists have studied this plant in terms of potential health benefits. Research has shown that green tea helps prevent stroke, malignancy and infections. In this paper, antioxidant activity and total phenol content of 4 samples of green tea from local Tuzla stores were investigated, of which two were of foreign origin. The antioxidant activity of the samples was analyzed using FRAP and DPPH methods. The obtained results show that the highest content of total phenols and the largest antioxidant capacity has a sample of foreign origin. The content of total phenols in the samples ranges from 60.01 to 79.34 mg GAE/g. The highest FRAP value is 3.34 mmol/g. The antioxidant capacity was also confirmed by the DPPH method. The IC50 value ranges from 0.014 to 0.030 mg/mL.
Phytochemical Screening, Isolation & Characterization of the compounds from e...Saptarshi Das
This document describes research on the isolation and characterization of compounds from the seeds of Annona squamosa. The objectives were to extract compounds from the seeds, perform phytochemical screening of the extracts, and isolate and evaluate the chemical structure of any cardiac glycosides present. The methodology included extraction of the seeds using solvents, phytochemical analysis, thin layer chromatography, column chromatography, and various spectroscopic techniques. Analysis indicated the presence of cardiac glycosides and characterization suggested the isolated compound was a bufadienolide with a probable structure similar to other known cardiac glycosides.
Hirotoind Technologies stands out as the epitome of excellence in the digital marketing realm, earning its reputation as the best digital marketing agency with a proven track record of delivering unparalleled results.At Hirotoind Technologies, digital marketing reaches new heights with cutting-edge strategies and a dynamic team that seamlessly integrates creativity and technology to propel businesses to unprecedented success.Unleashing the power of innovation, Hirotoind Technologies emerges as the go-to digital marketing agency, offering bespoke solutions that transcend traditional boundaries and redefine industry standards.Elevate your brand presence with Hirotoind Technologies, where a strategic blend of data-driven insights, personalized campaigns, and unmatched expertise converge to establish it as the foremost choice for digital marketing solutions.
Elevate your online presence with the best digital marketing agency, specializing in cutting-edge strategies to maximize your brand's visibility and engagement .Unleash the power of tailored campaigns and data-driven solutions as you partner with the top digital marketing agency, dedicated to driving measurable results and surpassing industry standards. Experience unparalleled growth with the best digital marketing agency, leveraging a team of experts skilled in SEO, social media, content creation, and innovative digital advertising techniques.Trust in the expertise of the premier digital marketing agency to craft a customized roadmap for your brand's success, combining creativity and analytics for a comprehensive and effective online marketing strategy.
Elevate your brand's online presence with Hirotoind Technologies, a leading social media marketing agency that specializes in crafting strategic campaigns tailored to your business goals. At Hirotoind Technologies, we redefine digital engagement through our expertise in social media marketing, delivering measurable results that drive brand awareness, customer engagement, and business growth.Experience the power of social media amplification with Hirotoind Technologies. Our agency combines creativity and data-driven insights to create compelling campaigns that resonate with your target audience and foster meaningful connections. Unlock the full potential of your brand's social media presence with Hirotoind Technologies.
Hirotoind Technologies stands as a premier digital marketing company, leveraging cutting-edge strategies to propel businesses to online success. Elevate your brand's online presence with Hirotoind Technologies, a digital marketing company committed to driving measurable results through innovative campaigns. At Hirotoind Technologies, we redefine digital marketing by crafting bespoke solutions that seamlessly integrate SEO, social media, and content strategies for maximum impact. Hirotoind Technologies emerges as the catalyst for your digital growth, offering a comprehensive suite of services designed to amplify your brand, engage your audience, and accelerate your online success.
Welcome to Hirotoind Technologies, where innovation meets excellence. Explore a world of cutting-edge solutions tailored to elevate your digital presence and propel your business to new heights. At Hirotoind Technologies, we blend creativity with technology to deliver unmatched digital solutions. Navigate through our website to discover how our expertise can transform your online landscape. Hirotoind Technologies is your gateway to a digital future. As you browse through our site, witness a diverse portfolio of services that showcase our commitment to driving innovation and achieving unparalleled results. Dive into the world of Hirotoind Technologies – your strategic partner for all things digital. Our website is a testament to our dedication to providing top-notch solutions that redefine the possibilities for your online presence.
Elevate your digital presence with Hirotoind Technologies, your trusted online marketing agency, where innovative strategies meet cutting-edge technology to propel your brand to new heights. Unleash the power of online success with Hirotoind Technologies, an adapt online marketing agency dedicated to crafting tailored strategies that resonate with your audience and drive measurable results. Unleash the power of online success with Hirotoind Technologies, an adept online marketing agency dedicated to crafting tailored strategies that resonate with your audience and drive measurable results. Hirotoind Technologies is your strategic partner in the digital landscape, an online marketing agency committed to steering your business towards success through dynamic campaigns, strategic insights, and unparalleled expertise.
Elevate your brand's online presence with Hirotoind Technologies, a leading digital advertising agency. We specialize in crafting innovative strategies that harness the power of digital platforms to drive targeted traffic and maximize your online visibility. At Hirotoind Technologies, we redefine digital advertising by seamlessly blending creativity and technology, delivering results-driven campaigns that captivate audiences and drive measurable growth for your business. Trust Hirotoind Technologies to be your digital advertising partner, where innovation meets expertise. Our dedicated team crafts bespoke solutions to amplify your brand message across diverse digital channels, ensuring a lasting impact on your target audience. Experience the future of digital marketing with Hirotoind Technologies, where our passion for innovation converges with proven strategies to propel your brand to new heights.
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Elevate your brand's digital presence with Hirotoind Technologies, a leading online marketing company dedicated to crafting strategic campaigns tailored to your business goals. Hirotoind Technologies specializes in driving online success, offering comprehensive solutions that encompass SEO, social media management, and targeted advertising to maximize your company's visibility. Transform your business landscape with Hirotoind Technologies, where expert marketers converge to provide cutting-edge online marketing services designed to enhance your brand's competitiveness. At Hirotoind Technologies, we redefine online marketing by blending creativity and data-driven insights, delivering customized solutions that propel your business forward in the digital realm.
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This research article describes the isolation and identification of compounds from the leaves of Eupatorium triplinerve, including coumarins, flavonoids, and steroids. Ten compounds were isolated and identified using NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. Two coumarins, ayapanin and ayapin, were found to inhibit the enzyme alpha-glucosidase. Ayapanin, ayapin, and a thymoquinol derivative showed 40%, 46%, and 81% inhibition of alpha-glucosidase, respectively, indicating their potential as antidiabetic compounds. This is the first report of certain water-soluble compounds and coumarins from E. triplinerve.
Evaluation of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl Scavenging Activity and Phytochem...BRNSS Publication Hub
Mukia maderaspatana belongs to the family Cucurbitaceae is an important plant described in Ayurveda. This plant is used for the treatment of a number of ailments such as urinary disorder and cardiac problems. The leaf of M. maderaspatana was extracted with different organic solvents in increasing order of polarity. The results of the preliminary investigation revealed the presence of alkaloids, steroids, flavonoids, terpenoids, tannins, glycosides, and saponins. Antioxidant activity was assessed using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay. The results of antioxidant activity indicate that the methanolic and petroleum ether extracts of the leaf of M. maderaspatana possess significant scavenging activity against DPPH (ethanolic solvent and methanolic solvent of 300 μg/ml each). This study revealed that the methanolic extracts of M. maderaspatana have demonstrated significant antioxidant activity.
The document describes a study evaluating the antioxidant and phytochemical properties of Mukia maderaspatana leaves. Preliminary phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of flavonoids, saponins, glycosides, steroids, and phenolic compounds in the methanolic and petroleum ether extracts. Antioxidant activity was assessed using DPPH radical scavenging assays. The methanolic extract showed the highest scavenging activity at a concentration of 300 μg/ml, demonstrating significant antioxidant potential. Overall, the study found that M. maderaspatana leaf extracts contain phytochemicals and exhibit antioxidant effects, supporting traditional uses of the plant.
The document evaluates the antioxidant activity and phytochemical analysis of Mukia maderaspatana leaves. Preliminary analysis revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, glycosides, steroids, phenols, and tannins in the leaves. Antioxidant activity was assessed using DPPH radical scavenging assays. Methanolic and petroleum ether extracts showed significant scavenging activity against DPPH in a concentration-dependent manner. The methanolic extract exhibited the highest antioxidant activity, suggesting M. maderaspatana leaves may be a potential source of natural antioxidants.
Phytochemical screening and antioxidant activity of clove mistletoe leaf extr...iosrphr_editor
Clove mistletoe (Dendrophthoe pentandra (L.) Miq) is one of the semi-parasitic plants belonging to the Loranthaceae family. Clove mistletoe leaf extracts have many biological activities such as antibacterial, antioxidant and antidiabetes. The purpose of this study was to determine the content of secondary metabolites in clove mistletoe leaf extracts through phytochemical screening and determine its antioxidant activity through DPPH free radical scavenging. Samples were tested include water and ethanol 70 % extracts, as well as n-hexane, ethyl acetate and ethanol fractions. Phytochemical screening showed that all samples containing tannins and flavonoids but no alkaloids. The highest total phenol contents was ethyl acetate fraction namely 358.4 mg GAE/ g. The best antioxidant activity was water extract, ethanol 70 % extract and ethyl acetate fraction. Therefore, clove mistletoe leaf extracts are potential source for antioxidant.
Phytochemical screening and antioxidant activity of clove mistletoe leaf extr...iosrphr_editor
Clove mistletoe (Dendrophthoe pentandra (L.) Miq) is one of the semi-parasitic plants belonging to the Loranthaceae family. Clove mistletoe leaf extracts have many biological activities such as antibacterial, antioxidant and antidiabetes. The purpose of this study was to determine the content of secondary metabolites in clove mistletoe leaf extracts through phytochemical screening and determine its antioxidant activity through DPPH free radical scavenging. Samples were tested include water and ethanol 70 % extracts, as well as n-hexane, ethyl acetate and ethanol fractions. Phytochemical screening showed that all samples containing tannins and flavonoids but no alkaloids. The highest total phenol contents was ethyl acetate fraction namely 358.4 mg GAE/ g. The best antioxidant activity was water extract, ethanol 70 % extract and ethyl acetate fraction. Therefore, clove mistletoe leaf extracts are potential source for antioxidant.
Comparative Assessment of Total Polyphenols and Antioxidant Activity of Comme...AnuragSingh1049
Green Tea, made from Camellia sinensis plant leaves, is one of the most popular drinks in the world. For the past decades, scientists have studied this plant in terms of potential health benefits. Research has shown that green tea helps prevent stroke, malignancy and infections. In this paper, antioxidant activity and total phenol content of 4 samples of green tea from local Tuzla stores were investigated, of which two were of foreign origin. The antioxidant activity of the samples was analyzed using FRAP and DPPH methods. The obtained results show that the highest content of total phenols and the largest antioxidant capacity has a sample of foreign origin. The content of total phenols in the samples ranges from 60.01 to 79.34 mg GAE/g. The highest FRAP value is 3.34 mmol/g. The antioxidant capacity was also confirmed by the DPPH method. The IC50 value ranges from 0.014 to 0.030 mg/mL.
Phytochemical Screening, Isolation & Characterization of the compounds from e...Saptarshi Das
This document describes research on the isolation and characterization of compounds from the seeds of Annona squamosa. The objectives were to extract compounds from the seeds, perform phytochemical screening of the extracts, and isolate and evaluate the chemical structure of any cardiac glycosides present. The methodology included extraction of the seeds using solvents, phytochemical analysis, thin layer chromatography, column chromatography, and various spectroscopic techniques. Analysis indicated the presence of cardiac glycosides and characterization suggested the isolated compound was a bufadienolide with a probable structure similar to other known cardiac glycosides.
Hirotoind Technologies stands out as the epitome of excellence in the digital marketing realm, earning its reputation as the best digital marketing agency with a proven track record of delivering unparalleled results.At Hirotoind Technologies, digital marketing reaches new heights with cutting-edge strategies and a dynamic team that seamlessly integrates creativity and technology to propel businesses to unprecedented success.Unleashing the power of innovation, Hirotoind Technologies emerges as the go-to digital marketing agency, offering bespoke solutions that transcend traditional boundaries and redefine industry standards.Elevate your brand presence with Hirotoind Technologies, where a strategic blend of data-driven insights, personalized campaigns, and unmatched expertise converge to establish it as the foremost choice for digital marketing solutions.
Elevate your online presence with the best digital marketing agency, specializing in cutting-edge strategies to maximize your brand's visibility and engagement .Unleash the power of tailored campaigns and data-driven solutions as you partner with the top digital marketing agency, dedicated to driving measurable results and surpassing industry standards. Experience unparalleled growth with the best digital marketing agency, leveraging a team of experts skilled in SEO, social media, content creation, and innovative digital advertising techniques.Trust in the expertise of the premier digital marketing agency to craft a customized roadmap for your brand's success, combining creativity and analytics for a comprehensive and effective online marketing strategy.
Elevate your brand's online presence with Hirotoind Technologies, a leading social media marketing agency that specializes in crafting strategic campaigns tailored to your business goals. At Hirotoind Technologies, we redefine digital engagement through our expertise in social media marketing, delivering measurable results that drive brand awareness, customer engagement, and business growth.Experience the power of social media amplification with Hirotoind Technologies. Our agency combines creativity and data-driven insights to create compelling campaigns that resonate with your target audience and foster meaningful connections. Unlock the full potential of your brand's social media presence with Hirotoind Technologies.
Hirotoind Technologies stands as a premier digital marketing company, leveraging cutting-edge strategies to propel businesses to online success. Elevate your brand's online presence with Hirotoind Technologies, a digital marketing company committed to driving measurable results through innovative campaigns. At Hirotoind Technologies, we redefine digital marketing by crafting bespoke solutions that seamlessly integrate SEO, social media, and content strategies for maximum impact. Hirotoind Technologies emerges as the catalyst for your digital growth, offering a comprehensive suite of services designed to amplify your brand, engage your audience, and accelerate your online success.
Welcome to Hirotoind Technologies, where innovation meets excellence. Explore a world of cutting-edge solutions tailored to elevate your digital presence and propel your business to new heights. At Hirotoind Technologies, we blend creativity with technology to deliver unmatched digital solutions. Navigate through our website to discover how our expertise can transform your online landscape. Hirotoind Technologies is your gateway to a digital future. As you browse through our site, witness a diverse portfolio of services that showcase our commitment to driving innovation and achieving unparalleled results. Dive into the world of Hirotoind Technologies – your strategic partner for all things digital. Our website is a testament to our dedication to providing top-notch solutions that redefine the possibilities for your online presence.
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1. ISSN 2277-2685
IJPSL/May. 2023/ Vol-13/Issue-2/1-15
B. Swapna et. al International Journal of Pharmacetical Sciences Letters
Biological Synthesis and Characterization of Silver Nanoparticles
of Camelia Sinenesis and Evaluation of Its Biological Activity
B. Swapna*1
K.B. Chandrasekhar2,
D. Madhuri3
, G. Sumathi4
1. Research Scholar, Department of Chemistry, Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University Anantapuramu.
Anantapur, Andhra Pradesh, India.
2. Vice Chancellor of Krishna University & Professor in Chemistry; Machilipatnam, Andhrapradesh. India.
3. Creative Educational Society’s College of Pharmacy, Kurnool, Andhrapradesh.
4. Ananthalakshmi Institute of Technology, Anantapuramu.
Corresponding Author: B. Swapna
Email: 303swapna@gmail.com
Abstract
Green tea leaf aqueous extracts of varying volumes (5ml, 10ml, 15ml, 20ml, 25ml) are
outlined for the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using a 1Mm silver nitrate solution.
UV-visible absorption spectroscopy, FTIR, SEM, and HPLC are utilized to evaluate
synthesized nanoparticles. The synthesis was predicated on the phenomenon of surface
plasmon resonance, as determined by UV- spectra at 200-400 nm, which confirmed the
presence of silver nanoparticles. The Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectrum confirms
the presence of Amine, Alcohol, Aldehyde, Aromatic, C-H bending, and C-O bending
functional groups as concentrations of green tea leaf extracts increase. The Scanning Electron
Microscopy (SEM) analysis reveals a helical structure of silver nanoparticles ranging in size
from 5 to 100 nm, which exhibits good antioxidant and antimicrobial properties against
pathogens such as E. coli and Staphylococcus aureus, as well as good antimicrobial activity.
Key words: Green tea leaf aqueous extract, Silver Nanoparticles, UV-VIS, FTIR, SEM,
HPLC, Antioxidant activity and antimicrobial activity.
2. B. Swapna et. al International Journal of Pharmacetical Sciences Letters
1. Introduction
Globally, green tea is one of the most consumed beverages in the culinary industry. Its
consumption has been firmly linked to preventive medicine, as numerous studies have
reported significant health advantages. Such as digestion-enhancing, anti-inflammatory,
antimicrobial, and antioxidant properties. Acceleration of the metabolic rate, regulation of
triglyceride levels, and prevention of the distress caused by obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular
disease, and cancer. (1,2). These benefits are a direct result of the polyphenol content of tea,
which acts as an antioxidant by reducing oxidative stress in cells and lipid peroxidation,
among other mechanisms of action. (3). Thus, new quality standards have become more
stringent by requiring multiple and effective polyphenols characterization techniques,
including high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), ultraviolet-visible, scanning
electron microscopy (SEM), and Fourier transform infrared resonance spectroscopy (FTIR)
(4, 5). These methods have demonstrated reliability and precision. However, operation costs
and analyte management are expensive and time-consuming. Due to the presence of alkaloids
(caffeine) and catechin derivatives, green tea has diverse pharmacological effects (6-8). Due
to its antioxidant photoprotection, ageing and antiwrinkle, skin whitening, skin infection, hair
growth, and antidandruff properties, green tea is extensively used in cosmetic formulations.
Ongoing research aims to enhance or uncover the potential biomedical benefits of green tea.
(15). The advantages of plant extracts in nanomaterials synthesis are as follows: (a) they are
very inexpensive; (b) they are readily available; (c) there is no danger of contamination; and
(d) extract preparation does not require expertise, intensive labor, or complicated equipment.
In this context, a number of studies have demonstrated that plant extract-directed, antibiotics-
incorporated nanomaterials and nanoclusters exhibit potent antimicrobial activity against a
variety of microorganisms. (16-23). The analysis of scanning electron microscopy (SEM)
reveals the helical structure of silver nanoparticles ranging in size from 5 to 100 nm, which
exhibits excellent antioxidant and antimicrobial properties against pathogens such as E. coli
and Staphylococcus aureus, as well as good antimicrobial activity.
Green tea (Camelia sinenesis) Unfermented tea is green tea. Tea is an infusion of leaves that
has been ingested as a beverage for centuries and is valued for its medicinal qualities.
Alkaloids, saponins, tannins, catechin, and polyphenols were identified through a
phytochemical analysis of tea (24). Numerous microorganisms are susceptible to the
antimicrobial effects of tea leaves. Green tea contains between 30 and 40 percent of
polyphenols that can be extracted with water. According to previous research, four
3. B. Swapna et. al International Journal of Pharmacetical Sciences Letters
polyphenol compounds, Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), Epicatechin gallate (ECG),
Epigallocatechin (EGC), and Epicatechin (EC), are potent antioxidants (25). Recent interest
has been drawn to the use of plant extracts as a reducing and encapsulating agent for metallic
nanoparticles due to the protocol's speed, simplicity, environmental friendliness, and
economic viability. (26-28). In contrast, biogenic or biological routes to synthesize metallic
nanoparticles, such as silver nanoparticles, are becoming an economically viable alternative
in the field of green chemistry (29,26,30). Biogenic synthesis of metallic nanoparticles is
known to be straightforward, environmentally benign, cost-effective, and scalable.
Phytochemicals and aqueous environments additionally supplant chemical compounds and
organic solvents, respectively. (31). For the synthesis of metallic nanoparticles, plant extracts
such as seed powder, fruit, bran, rind, bark, flower, and leaf are currently utilized. The
presence of phenolic compounds, amino acids, and vitamins confers medicinal value upon
plant extract. (27-32). The green tea plant (Camellia sinensis) is an abundant source of
polyphenolic compounds. Green tea is primarily composed of the reducing and capping
agents’ epigallocatechin, epigallocatechin-3-gallate, epicatechin, and eoicatechin-3-gallate
(33,34,35). This plant is a member of the Theaceae family and is abundant in bioactive
phytochemicals that make it an effective antiseptic, anticancer, and antimicrobial agent. (36).
Green tea's chemical composition is complex and incompletely defined. Polyphenols,
specifically flavonoids such as catechins, catechin gallates, and proanthocyanins, are the most
prevalent constituents of green tea. The fresh leaves contain caffeine (approximately 3.5% of
the total dry weight or about 50mg/cup when brewed), the bromine (0.15-0.2%), theophylline
(0.02-0.045%) and other methyl xanthene’s, lignin (6.5%), organic acids (1.5%), chlorophyll
(0.5%), and free amino acids (1-5.5%), in addition to the unique amino acid theanine (4%),
numerous flavor compounds are also present in much lower amounts. Many of the biological
benefits of green tea have been attributed to the catechin fraction, which accounts for up to 30
percent of the leaf's dry weight. (37).
A) Epicatechin B) Epigallocatechingallate
4. B. Swapna et. al International Journal of Pharmacetical Sciences Letters
Figure 1: Structure of Epicatechin and Epigallocatechingallate.
Antibacterial activity of nanoparticles against various bacterial isolates was demonstrated at
concentrations that were non-toxic to mammalian cells. Using plant leaf extracts, this study
confirms previous findings regarding the biosynthesis of nanometals with potent antibacterial
properties and high biocompatibility.
Taxonomic profile:
Taxonomy of Camelia sinenesis
Kingdom Plantae
Phylum Spermatophyta
Subphylum Angiospermae
Class Dicotyledonae
Order Theales
Family Theaceae
Genus Camelia
Species Camelia sinenesis
Kingdom Plantae
2. MATERIALS AND METHODS
2(a) Plant collection
Fresh green tea leaves were procured from the Mangalore plantation for this experiment.
Supermarket green tea leaves and green tea particles were purchased. Air-dried, chopped, and
pulverized into powder were the fresh green tea leaves. Green tea leaves and green tea
particles were directly brewed.
Figure 2: Dried green tea leaf
5. B. Swapna et. al International Journal of Pharmacetical Sciences Letters
2(b) Aqueous extraction
In a 250ml sterile conical flask, 10g of each of the pulverized leaves were extracted by
soaking for two days in 100 ml of distilled water. The filtrates were then concentrated using
rotavapor, placed in universal flasks, and chilled to 4oC prior to use. As a preliminary
investigation, aqueous extraction was conducted.
Figure 3: Aqueous Extraction of Pulverized green tea leaves.
2(c) Methanol Etraction:
Ten grams of powdered samples of each were successively extracted with 70% and 50%
methanol to generate crude extracts containing a broad spectrum of active compounds. The
extracts were made by macerating plant material with solvents for two days in a shaker. The
respective extracts were filtered through Whatmann No. 1 filter paper and desiccated in
rotavapor at temperatures below 450°C under reduced pressure to produce a dense residue.
2(d) Test Organism:
This experiment's pathogens were obtained from Kurnool Medical College. Both Escherichia
coli and Streptococcus aureus are bacterial strains. The bacterial strains were maintained by
6. B. Swapna et. al International Journal of Pharmacetical Sciences Letters
weekly transfer into nutrient broth, and the fungal strains were maintained in Sabouraud's
dextrose broth.
2(e) Minimum inhibitory concentration:
The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of crude extracts was determined using the broth
dilution method. In sterile test containers, 5 milliliters of sterile nutrient were added to a
loopful of test bacterial strains. Increasing concentrations of leaf extract were introduced to
each test tube (20l, 40l, 60l, 80l, 100l). The contents of the containers are gently shaken to
ensure that the leaves extract is thoroughly mixed. The test containers were incubated for 24
hours at 370C. A control tube containing no test organisms was maintained.
2(f) Synthesis of Silver nanoparticles:
Using a pipette, 60 ml of green tea extract was transferred to a volumetric flask, diluted to ml,
and homogenized by hand. The resulting solution was made alkaline by adding a minute
amount of potassium carbonate (K2CO3) until the PH reached 10 (pH=10). Then, 20 ml of the
silver nitrate stock solution was added all at once. It can be seen below in Figure 4.
Figure 4: Synthesis of Ag-NP (Silver Nanoparticles) from reaction between AgNO3 and
green tea extract.
3. Characterization of silver Nanoparticles
7. B. Swapna et. al International Journal of Pharmacetical Sciences Letters
Various techniques, including colour change, UV- Visible Spectroscopy, Scanning Electron
Microscopy (SEM), Infrared Spectroscopy, and High-Performance Liquid Chromatography,
were used to characterize the synthesized silver nanoparticles (HPLC).
3(a) Formation of Silver nanoparticles:
The colour change was observed visually in the Erlenmeyer flask containing green tea extract
and AgNO3 solution.
3(b) UV-Visible Spectroscopy:
Uv-Visible Spectroscopy confirmed the reduction of silver ions in the colloidal solution. A
small sample of Ag Nps was placed in a quartz cuvette and scanned between 200 and 400 nm
using distilled water as a reference. After adding green tea extract to AgNO3 solution, the
UV-Vis absorption spectrum of the sample was measured using a Perkin Elmer
Spectrophotometer at various times (5, 10, 15, 20, 25 min) and concentrations (20l, 40 l, 60 l,
80 l, 100 l).
3(c) Scanning Electron Microscopy:
By means of scanning electron microscopy, the surface morphology of silver nanoparticles
was observed. After 4 hours of reaction, the sample was prepared by centrifuging colloidal
solution at 12000rpm for 4 minutes. The particle was dispersed in deionized water before
being centrifuged once more. The procedure was repeated four times before being completed
with an acetone cleaning. To create the suspension, purified silver nanoparticles were
sonicated for 10 minutes. A very small amount of the sample was deposited on glass plates
and then allowed to dry at room temperature to produce the thin coatings. The sample was
exposed to light until it was thoroughly dry. The produced sample was analyzed with the
Zeiss 700 Scanning Electron Microscope using SEM.
3(d) Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy
Three-dimensional transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy: For the infrared Fourier
transform spectroscopy analysis, the residual solution was centrifuged at 10,000 revolutions
per minute for 10 minutes. To eliminate any residual free biomass, the resulting suspension
was resuspended in 1 mL of sterile distillated water. After purification, the suspension was
8. B. Swapna et. al International Journal of Pharmacetical Sciences Letters
freeze-dried to produce powder. Mixing dried Ag NPs with potassium bromide (KBr) and
recording the spectra with a Perkin Elmer Spectrum.
3(e) High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)
When dissolved in acetone, the sample exhibited a broad retention peak at 10.233 and 9.097
minutes. A climax of low intensity was observed at 2.21 and 11.398 minutes.
4. Results
4(a) UV Spectroscopy:
UV-Visible spectrometers are commonly used to confirm the formation of AgNps in a
colloidal solution by observing metallic nanoparticles' surface phenomena. This optical
property is sensitive to the nanoparticles' size, shape, concentration, and agglomeration state.
(40) The change from a yellowish to a brownish hue indicates the formation of AgNps, as
depicted in fig. The UV scan of the silver nanoparticles in green tea solution revealed a
distinct Gaussian-shaped peak at 21nm.
Figure 5: UV-Visible Spectra of AgNPs
4(b) FTIR analysis:
The FTIR spectra of desiccated green tea AgNPs and green tea extracts are illustrated. In
Figure 6. By correlating the absorption bands to the corresponding compounds, the
photochemical constituents involved in the reduction and capping of AgNPs were studied.
Green tea extract exhibited distinct peaks at 3308, 2983, 2851, 1655, 1383, 1106, 1038,
9. B. Swapna et. al International Journal of Pharmacetical Sciences Letters
and 969 cm -1. The broad band at 3308 cm -1 is attributable to the O-H stretching of
alcohol in polyphenols and the N-H stretching of amines. The broad bands at 2983 cm -1
and 2851 cm -1 are the result of C-H stretching in alkanes and O-H stretching in
carboxylic acids, respectively. The peaks at 1106 and 1038 cm -1 correspond to C-O-C
stretching, and the peak at 969 cm -1 corresponds to C=C bending. Green tea aqueous
extract phytochemical analysis reveals the presence of polyphenols including gallic acid
(GA), Gallocatechin (GC), Catechin (CE), epigallocatechin, protein, flavonoid, saponin,
and glycosides. Green tea AgNPs exhibit peaks at 2919, 1609, 1244, 1017, and 753 cm-1
in their FTIR spectra. The peaks at 2919 cm -1 and 1609 cm -1, respectively, correspond
to (C-H) stretching and N-H bending. By comparing the FTIR spectra of green tea and
green tea AgNPs, variations in their chemical constituents can be identified. The peaks at
1244 and 1017 cm-1 can be attributed to C-O stretching and C=O ketone stretching,
respectively, while the peak at 753 cm-1 corresponds to C-H bending.
Figure 6: FTIR analysis of AgNPs
4(c) SEM analysis
The SEM images of silver nanoparticles in green tea with varying sizes 70 nm is
predominately dispersed as aggregates. The nanoparticles were not in direct contact with one
another within the aggregates, which can be attributed to the stabilizing effect of the extract's
10. B. Swapna et. al International Journal of Pharmacetical Sciences Letters
encapsulating agents. It is known that these phytochemicals actively reduce and stabilize
metal nanoparticles (41).
Figure 7: Scanning Electron Microscope analysis of AgNPs.
4(d) HPLC analysis:
Figure 8: Graph representation of HPLC analysis
11. B. Swapna et. al International Journal of Pharmacetical Sciences Letters
Table 2: Various peaks and their different characteristics
4(f) Antibacterial activity
Several studies have documented the antibacterial properties of green tea silver nanoparticles
(42-45).
5. Discussion
The straightforward and practical photosynthetic method became an alternative to chemical
and physical processes. In green synthesis, it was believed that the plant extract functions as a
reducing and stabilizing agent for the production of metal nanoparticles. Such consistent and
environmentally friendly technologies help to boost the synthesis and application of
nanoparticles that are food for. (46). Various natural products, such as green tea (Camellia
sinensis) (47), starch (48), lemon grass leaves extract, and leguminous shrub (Sesbania
drummondii), have been used to synthesize green silver nanoparticles (49). Silver
nanoparticles in the range of 70 nm can be produced with less leaf extract and without the
addition of chemicals and physical processes such as centrifugation, sonication, and
annealing (50). In this study, we describe a straightforward one-step method for the synthesis
of silver nanoparticles by the reduction of aqueous silver ions with green tea extract at room
temperature without the use of an additive that prevents silver nanoparticle aggregation.
Through the reduction of silver ions, green-tea-capped silver nanoparticles have been created.
When the aqueous extract and silver nitrate solution were combined, the colour of the extract
12. B. Swapna et. al International Journal of Pharmacetical Sciences Letters
began to change. The dark brown colour of silver nanoparticles in aqueous solution was
previously known. A yellowish-brown hue in the reaction vessels indicated the formation of
silver nanoparticles (51). Due to the excitation of surface Plasmon resonance, a colour change
occurred, which may be indicative of the formation of silver nanoparticles (48). The UV-Vis
spectra revealed a maximal absorbance at 217nm, which increased with incubation time of
silver nitrate with plant extract. Observations suggested that the reduction of Ag+
ions
occurred extracellularly. It was previously reported that absorbance at approximatelynm is a
characteristic of silver particles (52). The SEM analysis of the brown colour stable samples
revealed the formation of silver nanoparticles, which were well dispersed in samples treated
with silver nitrate. Since the silver colloidal particles possessed a negative charge due to the
adsorbed ions, one can deduce that a repulsive force precluded particle aggregation.
Numerous researchers have cited the biosynthesis of nanoparticles using plant extract as an
example of a biosynthesis reaction. Synthesis of spherical silver nanoparticles at ambient
conditions using a purified compound extracted from henna leaf (53). Using C. sinensis
extract from green tea as reducing and stabilizing agents, gold and silver nanoparticles can be
produced in aqueous solution under ambient conditions (52).
6. Conclusion
Using green tea extracts, we have proposed an environmentally benign method for the
synthesis of silver nanoparticles. This basic, efficient, and environmentally friendly silver
nanoparticle synthesis can be utilized in a variety of biomedical and biotechnological
applications. The outcome demonstrated that green tea extract can be utilized in the synthesis
of silver nanoparticles. UV-Visible spectroscopy confirms the formation of silver
nanoparticles, and SEM measurements of the nanoparticles' crystalline nature and average
particle size demonstrate the formation of nanoparticles without aggregation. The synthesis of
silver nanoparticles utilized an environmentally friendly method that minimized the addition
of hazardous residues to the environment. The synthesized nanoparticles were 5-100 nm in
size, crystalline, and exhibited an absorption spectrum at 217 nm, as determined by a variety
of techniques.
13. B. Swapna et. al International Journal of Pharmacetical Sciences Letters
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