our salivary glands lubricate your mouth, help you swallow, aid in digestion and help protect your teeth against harmful bacteria. You have three major types of salivary glands, including your sublingual, submandibular and parotid.

1. SALIVARY GLANDS

2. FUNCTIONS OF SALIVA
1. Protection
2. Buffering
3. Maintenance of tooth integrity
4. Digestion
5. Defense(antimicrobial action)
6. Taste
7. Tissue Repair

3. 1.PROTECTION
 Washing action:
(1) removal of bacteria, toxins, and
debris
(2) decrease action of acidogenic
bacteria
 Salivary pellicle (protein receptors)
 Lubrication

4. 2. BUFFERING
 Bicarbonate
 Phosphate

5. 3. TOOTH INTEGRITY
 Post-eruptive enamel maturation
 Repair, remineralization → Calcium,
Phosphorus

6. 4. DIGESTION
 Bolus formation
 Digestion of starch into glucose → amylase

7. 5. DEFENSE
(Bacteriostatic)
 Mucins
 Amylase
 Lysozyme
 Lactoferrin
 Peroxidase
 Immunoglobulins

8. 6. TASTE
 Transport of taste substances
 Protection of taste receptor
 Solvent

9. 6. TISSUE REPAIR
 Epithelial regeneration → growth
factors
 Wound healing

10. STRUCTURE OF SALIVARY GLANDS
 Salivary glands consist of
-series of branched ducts
-terminating in spherical or tubular
secretory end pieces or acini
 Analogy: Bunch of Grapes
Stems- ducts
Grapes- secretory end pieces

11. STRUCTURE OF SALIVARY GLANDS
 Each gland is divided into
lobes and lobules by means of
connective tissue septa
1. Intercalated ducts (smallest)
(intralobular)
2. Striated ducts (intralobular)
3. Excretory ducts (interlobular)

12. STRUCTURE OF SALIVARY GLANDS
 The basic functional unit of salivary
gland is terminal secretory unit called –
acini
-Serous cells
-Mucous cells
-Myoepithelial cells
 Central lumen- star shaped  Ductal
system
 Mucous acini > Serous acini

13. SECRETORY CELLS
1. SEROUS CELLS
 Spherical form, narrow lumen
 Rich in zymogen granules
 More protein rich than mucous
 Synthesis, secretion and storage of
proteins and glycoproteins

14. SECRETORY CELLS
2. MUCOUS CELLS
 Tubular and/or polygonal configuration
with a larger central lumen
 More carbohydrate rich than protein
 Synthesis, secretion and storage of
mucin

15. SECRETORY CELLS
3. MUCOSEROUS CELLS
 Serous + Mucous
 Serous Demilunes of Gianuzzi

16. Secretory cells release their thin, watery secretions
into a small lumen in the center of the acinus.
From there, the fluid drains into intercalated ducts,
then intralobular ducts that anastomose to form
larger interlobular ducts located in the surrounding
connective tissue

17. DUCTS
1. INTERCALATED DUCTS
 Lined by single layer of cuboidal cells
with a relatively clear appearing
cytoplasm
 In Electron Microscopic studies, the
intercalated duct cells resemble serous
cells.

18. DUCTS
1. INTERCALATED DUCTS
 Functions:
1. They modify saliva through secretory and
resorptive processes. They contribute to
substances like lactoferrin.
2. Intercalated ducts also houses
undifferentiated cells which can undergo
differentiation and replace damage cells in
the end pieces or striated ducts.

19. DUCTS
2. STRIATED DUCTS
 Lined by tall columnar epithelial cells
with centrally placed nuclei.
 The cytoplasm is eosinophilic and show
prominent striations at the basal end of
the cells, perpendicular to basal surface.

20. DUCTS
2. STRIATED DUCTS
 EMstudies: basal cytoplasm of the
striated duct cells show deep infoldings
of the plasma membrane and many
large mitochondria usually radially
oriented are located between the
infoldings indicating that the cell is
involved in active transport.

21. DUCTS
2. STRIATED DUCTS
 Functions:
1. These are site of absorption of sodium,
chloride and excretion of potassium and
bicarbonate.

22. DUCTS
3. EXCRETORY DUCTS
 As the excretory duct enlarges it
contains two layers:
o Mucosa
o Connective tissue adventitia
 Does not modify salivary secretion

23. DUCTS
3. EXCRETORY DUCTS
 The Mucosal epithelium is of
pseudostratified columnar epithelium
occasionally goblet and ciliated cells are
seen.
 The Ductal epithelium slowly undergoes
transformation to cuboidal and finally to
stratified squamous epithelium

24. GENERAL SECRETION OF SALIVA
 Sodium and potassium ions are
equivalent
 Iodide ions are present at an
increased concentration
 Chloride ions are present at a
decreased concentration
 Bicarbonate is present at the same
concentration

25. DUCTAL MODIFICATION OF
SALIVA
 Sodium concentration decreases
 Potassium concentration
increases
 Bicarbonate concentration
decreases at rest and increases
when stimulated

26. DUCTAL MODIFICATION OF
SALIVA
Resting saliva
 Low volume
 Very hypotonic
 Neutral or slightly acidic
 Few enzymes

27. DUCTAL MODIFICATION OF
SALIVA
Stimulated saliva
 High volume
 Less hypotonic than resting
saliva
 Alkaline
 Many enzymes

28. MAJOR SALIVARY
GLANDS

29. Parotid Gland
 Largest gland
 From zygomatic process to the
angle of the mandible
 Watery saliva
 Stensen’s duct
 CNIX

30. Submandibular Gland
 Submandibular triangle, below
mylohyoid ms. near the inner
surface of the angle of the mandible
 Mixed predominantly serous
 Wharton’s duct
 CNVII

31. Sublingual Gland
 Beneath the submucosa of the anterior
part of the floor of the mouth
 Above mylohyoid ms.
 Mixed but predominantly mucous
 Bartholin’s duct
 CNVII

32. MINOR
SALIVARY
GLANDS

33. LABIAL & BUCCAL PALATINE ANTERIOR LINGUAL POSTERIOR
LINGUAL
Glands of root of
tongue
POSTERIOR LINGUAL
Glands of Von Ebner
Location LIPS AND CHEEKS POSTERO-LATERAL ZONE
OF HARD PALATE AND
SUBMUCOSA OF SOFT
PALATE
NEAR THE TIP OF THE
TONGUE
- -
Duct
Opening
SURFACE OF LIPS
AND CHEEKS
- VENTRAL SURFACE OF
THE TONGUE
DORSAL SURFACE
OF TONGUE
CANAL SURROUNDING
CIRCUMVALLATE PAPILLA
Nature MIXED BUT
PREDOMINANTLY
MUCOUS
PURELY MUCOUS MIXED BUT
PREDOMINANTL Y
MUCOUS
PURELY MUCOUS PURELY SEROUS

34. SALIVARY GLANDS
MAJOR SALIVARY GLAND
1. Large glands extraorally located & is
bilateral
2. Contains three general structure of
salivary gland: Secretory cell, duct
system, connective tissue capsule
MINOR SALIVARY GLAND
1. Small group secretory cell
2. Just beneath oral epithelium at
submucosa level
3. No duct system but have short ducts
4. No connective tissue capsule
5. Have secretory cell
6. Named according to location in the
oral cavity

35. CONTROL OF SALIVARY
SECRETION

36.  Superior cervical ganglion
-Decreased production of saliva by acinar
cells
-Increased protein secretion
-Decreased blood flow to the glands
1. Sympathetic Innervation

37.  Facial and Glossopharyngeal nerve
-Acinar cells increase secretion of saliva
-Duct cells increase HCO3 secretion
-Co-transmitters result in increased blood
flow to the salivary glands
-Contraction of myoepithelium to increase
the rate of expulsion of saliva
1. Parasympathetic Innervation

39. 1. Smell + Taste activate higher centers of the brain
2. Cause salivary nucleus to activate parasympathetic nerves that release Ach
which acts at muscarinic receptors to increase saliva secretion (low protein,
high fluid volume)
Superior salivatory nucleus -> facial nerve -> Submandibular & sublingual
Inferior salivatory nucleus -> glossopharyngeal nerve -> parotid gland
3. Sympathetic nerves release NE which act at B adrenergic receptor to
increase saliva secretion (protein rich, low volume)
 ***Saliva secretion starts when neurotransmitters are attached on the cell surface
receptors of the acinar cells. Acinar cells contain numerous receptors capable of reacting
with several neurotransmitters. The vast majority of acinar cells possess cholinergic
(muscarinic) receptors. The neurotransmittory substance is acetylcholine, which acts on the
cholinergic or muscarinic receptors. Norepinephrine acts as a postganglial sympathetic
neurotransmitter.

40. WHAT ARE THE
FACTORS AFFECTING
SALIVARY FLOW?

41. FACTORS AFFECTING SALIVARY FLOW
1. Food

42. FACTORS AFFECTING SALIVARY FLOW
2. Anesthetization of the oral
mucosa

43. FACTORS AFFECTING SALIVARY FLOW
3. Mastication

44. FACTORS AFFECTING SALIVARY FLOW
4. The sort and the flavor of the
food

45. FACTORS AFFECTING SALIVARY FLOW
5. Water

46. FACTORS AFFECTING SALIVARY FLOW
6. Age

47. END