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The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
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El Ciclo Económico de Kalecki através de un análisis matemático caótico
Conferencia 24.septiembre.2013 Seminario de Comlejidad y Economía
"El Ciclo Económico de Kalecki através de un análisis matemático caótico"
Mtra Nancy Müller Duran
Informe escuelas
Grupo 1: Kalecki, Neoestructuralismo, Escuela Monetarista, Consenso de Washington, FMI, BM. Estudiantes de pregrado FCE UCE.
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1) Este documento describe la vida y obra del economista polaco Michal Kalecki, pionero en la macroeconomía que desarrolló principios similares a los de Keynes antes que él.
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3) Estudios recientes apoyan más la teoría de Marx que la de Kalecki sobre la relación entre beneficios e inversión en las crisis capitalistas.
Microeconomía Post-Keynesiana
El documento describe las diferencias entre la microeconomía neoclásica y post-keynesiana. La microeconomía post-keynesiana se basa en estudios empíricos que definen supuestos más realistas sobre el comportamiento de empresas y consumidores. Representa una visión alternativa a la competencia perfecta, maximización de ganancias y sustituibilidad de factores propuesta por la teoría neoclásica.
Keynesianismo y Post-keynesianismo
Presentación sobre el Keynesianismo:
- Biografía de Keynes
- Keynesianismo
- Postkeynesianismo
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Sala i-martín1994 barro
La Unión Europea ha acordado un embargo petrolero contra Rusia en respuesta a la invasión de Ucrania. El embargo prohibirá las importaciones marítimas de petróleo ruso a la UE y pondrá fin a las entregas a través de oleoductos dentro de seis meses. Esta medida forma parte de un sexto paquete de sanciones de la UE destinadas a aumentar la presión económica sobre Moscú y privar al Kremlin de fondos para financiar su guerra.
Weisskopf1983 cycle
This paper proposes a theoretical model to distinguish between "reproductive cycles" and "nonreproductive cycles" and explain their relationship to long economic expansions and crises. The authors define a reproductive cycle as one where a economic downturn restores conditions for rapid economic growth, while a nonreproductive cycle requires fundamental changes to institutions. They argue long expansions are characterized by reproductive cycles that sustain profitability, while long crises feature nonreproductive cycles that lead to stagnation until a new social structure of accumulation is established. The authors present evidence that business cycles function differently depending on whether it is an expansion or crisis period of the long swing in economic activity.
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El Ciclo Económico de Kalecki através de un análisis matemático caótico
Conferencia 24.septiembre.2013 Seminario de Comlejidad y Economía
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Mtra Nancy Müller Duran
Informe escuelas
Grupo 1: Kalecki, Neoestructuralismo, Escuela Monetarista, Consenso de Washington, FMI, BM. Estudiantes de pregrado FCE UCE.
Presentacion escuelas
Grupo 1: Kalecki, Neoestructuralismo, Escuela Monetarista, Consenso de Washington, FMI, BM. Estudiantes de pregrado FCE UCE
Modelo economico de michal kalecki
1) Este documento describe la vida y obra del economista polaco Michal Kalecki, pionero en la macroeconomía que desarrolló principios similares a los de Keynes antes que él.
2) Kalecki propuso la "ecuación de Kalecki" que vincula los salarios, beneficios, consumo e inversión.
3) Estudios recientes apoyan más la teoría de Marx que la de Kalecki sobre la relación entre beneficios e inversión en las crisis capitalistas.
Microeconomía Post-Keynesiana
El documento describe las diferencias entre la microeconomía neoclásica y post-keynesiana. La microeconomía post-keynesiana se basa en estudios empíricos que definen supuestos más realistas sobre el comportamiento de empresas y consumidores. Representa una visión alternativa a la competencia perfecta, maximización de ganancias y sustituibilidad de factores propuesta por la teoría neoclásica.
Keynesianismo y Post-keynesianismo
Presentación sobre el Keynesianismo:
- Biografía de Keynes
- Keynesianismo
- Postkeynesianismo
- Keynesianismo en Venezuela
Sala i-martín1994 barro
La Unión Europea ha acordado un embargo petrolero contra Rusia en respuesta a la invasión de Ucrania. El embargo prohibirá las importaciones marítimas de petróleo ruso a la UE y pondrá fin a las entregas a través de oleoductos dentro de seis meses. Esta medida forma parte de un sexto paquete de sanciones de la UE destinadas a aumentar la presión económica sobre Moscú y privar al Kremlin de fondos para financiar su guerra.
Weisskopf1983 cycle
This paper proposes a theoretical model to distinguish between "reproductive cycles" and "nonreproductive cycles" and explain their relationship to long economic expansions and crises. The authors define a reproductive cycle as one where a economic downturn restores conditions for rapid economic growth, while a nonreproductive cycle requires fundamental changes to institutions. They argue long expansions are characterized by reproductive cycles that sustain profitability, while long crises feature nonreproductive cycles that lead to stagnation until a new social structure of accumulation is established. The authors present evidence that business cycles function differently depending on whether it is an expansion or crisis period of the long swing in economic activity.
Weisskopf1983
This document presents an alternative account of the productivity slowdown in the United States since the mid-1960s. It argues that declining work intensity and lagging business innovation, which have been overlooked by conventional economic analyses, provide crucial clues. The authors develop a "social" model of productivity growth integrating technical and social factors. An econometric test shows their model can account for almost all of the productivity slowdown. The analysis raises issues for further research but provides a promising approach to solving the puzzle.
Solow1957
- The document discusses using an aggregate production function to isolate the effects of technical change on output over time.
- It presents a method for estimating an index of technical change (A(t)) based on time series data for output per worker, capital per worker, and the share of capital, using the assumption that factors are paid their marginal products.
- The method is applied to U.S. data from 1909-1949 to generate an estimated index of technical change, which increased steadily over that period.
Sala i-martín1994
La Unión Europea ha acordado un paquete de sanciones contra Rusia por su invasión de Ucrania. Las sanciones incluyen restricciones a las transacciones con bancos rusos clave y la prohibición de la venta de aviones y equipos a Rusia. Los líderes de la UE esperan que las sanciones aumenten la presión económica sobre Rusia y la disuadan de continuar su agresión contra Ucrania.
Romer1986
This document summarizes an article titled "Increasing Returns and Long-Run Growth" by Paul M. Romer. It proposes an economic growth model where knowledge is assumed to have increasing marginal productivity, unlike standard models that assume diminishing returns. The key aspects of the model are: 1) Knowledge exhibits increasing returns in production but decreasing returns in creation; 2) Knowledge spillovers create externalities; 3) The model can generate unbounded long-run growth without exogenous technological change. The model aims to explain how long-run growth rates may increase over time and initial conditions can have permanent effects, challenging standard neoclassical assumptions.
Young1928
This document discusses the concept of increasing returns and economic progress. It begins by noting that while economists have developed complex models to analyze industries with increasing returns, these models can obscure more general aspects of the phenomena. It argues that the growth of indirect or roundabout production methods, enabled by greater specialization and division of labor, is a key source of increasing returns. However, the extent of these returns depends on the size of the market, as larger markets allow for greater specialization and use of capital-intensive production methods. While rationalization may improve efficiency, the fundamental driver of economic progress is the expansion of markets that comes from overall economic growth and development.
Sala i-martín1994 barro
La Unión Europea ha acordado un paquete de sanciones contra Rusia por su invasión de Ucrania. Las sanciones incluyen restricciones a las transacciones con bancos rusos clave y la prohibición de la venta de aviones y equipos a Rusia. Los líderes de la UE esperan que las sanciones aumenten la presión económica sobre Rusia y la disuadan de continuar su agresión contra Ucrania.
Nelson winter1982
This document summarizes a paper by Richard R. Nelson and Sidney G. Winter titled "The Schumpeterian Tradeoff Revisited". It discusses Joseph Schumpeter's view that competition between firms involves research and development and innovation, and that technological progress provides greater long-term gains to society than competitive pricing. It also discusses the "Schumpeterian Hypothesis" that market power and large firms are necessary for rapid technological advancement, representing a tradeoff between static efficiency and dynamic innovation. The document outlines the authors' model of Schumpeterian competition and how it examines the relationship between technological change, market structure, and industry performance under different conditions.
Lucas1988
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help alleviate symptoms of mental illness and boost overall mental well-being.
Kaldor1955
This document is a response by Nicholas Kaldor to criticism from Professor Wright regarding Kaldor's previous work on economic methodology and models of business cycles. Kaldor argues that Wright misunderstood the purpose of analytical models, which is to isolate causal factors, not prove hypotheses as absolutely "true". Kaldor also defends using simplified assumptions and examples to illustrate essential features, noting more realistic assumptions were introduced later. While acknowledging room for improvement, Kaldor maintains Wright failed to demonstrate any logical flaws or inconsistencies in the work.
Romer1986
This document summarizes an article titled "Increasing Returns and Long-Run Growth" by Paul M. Romer. It proposes an alternative model of long-run economic growth where knowledge, rather than physical capital, is the main driver of growth. Knowledge exhibits increasing marginal returns in production but decreasing returns in research and development. This allows for perpetual economic growth without limits in a competitive market equilibrium framework. The model overturns conventional assumptions that growth rates decrease and countries converge over time by introducing externalities from new knowledge and increasing rather than diminishing returns to knowledge accumulation.
Dutt1992 indian
This document summarizes an academic paper about the origins of uneven economic development between India and Britain from the 17th century to Indian independence in 1947. It presents a theoretical model showing how small initial differences in capital accumulation between two regions can lead to increasing specialization through trade, with one region industrializing while the other declines. It argues this helps explain India's relative economic stagnation under British colonial rule from 1757-1947, as British policies disrupted India's manufacturing industries and shifted its trade to primary goods exports and imports of British manufactures. While various factors contributed, these policies may have exacerbated India's deindustrialization according to the theoretical framework presented. The document considers some counterarguments but maintains British rule likely reduced India's
Domar1946
This document summarizes a paper about the relationship between capital accumulation, the rate of economic growth, and employment. It makes the following key points:
1) For a capitalist economy to maintain full employment, national income must grow at a rate that matches the combined rate of growth of the labor force and productivity.
2) Investment increases both productive capacity and generates income, so examining growth from the investment perspective may help determine the equilibrium growth rate needed.
3) If investment proceeds at rate I per year, and each $1 invested increases productive capacity by amount s, then new projects will increase potential output by Is annually. However, the overall economy's capacity may increase by less if new projects require transferring labor from
Canning1988
This document summarizes an academic paper that examines how increasing returns to scale in industry can allow for unlimited economic growth even with diminishing returns in agriculture. It presents a model of an economy with three sectors: agriculture, manufacturing, and investment goods. Agriculture has constant returns to scale while manufacturing and investment goods have increasing returns at the plant level. The model analyzes short, medium, and long run equilibriums under different assumptions about factor supplies and returns to scale. The key finding is that large enough increasing returns in investment goods can outweigh decreasing returns in agriculture, allowing overall growth without constraints from agricultural productivity.
De lacroix2002
This book provides an in-depth treatment of the overlapping generations model in economics incorporating production. It analyzes competitive equilibria and dynamics, optimal allocations, and various policy issues. The first chapter investigates existence, uniqueness, and stability of equilibrium as well as capital dynamics. The second chapter analyzes optimality of allocations using value functions and conditions. Later chapters discuss policy issues like transfers, pensions, spending, and debt sustainability. The book emphasizes global dynamics, general preferences and technologies, and tools for policy analysis involving intergenerational transfers.
Jorgenson griliches1967
This document summarizes a paper that aims to test the hypothesis that accurately measured real product and real factor input growth can fully explain observed total factor productivity growth. It defines key economic concepts like production functions, real product, real factor input, and total factor productivity. It also outlines the authors' methodology for developing a system of social accounts to more accurately measure real product and real factor input, thereby providing an empirical test of the hypothesis.
Dutt1992
This document provides a critical analysis of Thirlwall's formal presentation of Kaldor's model of growth and development. It develops its own formal Kaldorian model with two sectors (agriculture and industry) and analyzes the underlying dynamics and equilibrium conditions. The key points made are:
1) Thirlwall's specification of the industrial sector assumes non-competitive pricing through markups, which is inconsistent with the rest of the model that assumes perfect competition.
2) The model assumes full capacity utilization in both sectors, which is also inconsistent with Kalecki's markup pricing theory that Thirlwall references.
3) The paper argues the model's dynamics and stability cannot be properly analyzed using
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- The document discusses using an aggregate production function to isolate the effects of technical change on output over time.
- It presents a method for estimating an index of technical change (A(t)) based on time series data for output per worker, capital per worker, and the share of capital, using the assumption that factors are paid their marginal products.
- The method is applied to U.S. data from 1909-1949 to generate an estimated index of technical change, which increased steadily over that period.
Sala i-martín1994
La Unión Europea ha acordado un paquete de sanciones contra Rusia por su invasión de Ucrania. Las sanciones incluyen restricciones a las transacciones con bancos rusos clave y la prohibición de la venta de aviones y equipos a Rusia. Los líderes de la UE esperan que las sanciones aumenten la presión económica sobre Rusia y la disuadan de continuar su agresión contra Ucrania.
Romer1986
This document summarizes an article titled "Increasing Returns and Long-Run Growth" by Paul M. Romer. It proposes an economic growth model where knowledge is assumed to have increasing marginal productivity, unlike standard models that assume diminishing returns. The key aspects of the model are: 1) Knowledge exhibits increasing returns in production but decreasing returns in creation; 2) Knowledge spillovers create externalities; 3) The model can generate unbounded long-run growth without exogenous technological change. The model aims to explain how long-run growth rates may increase over time and initial conditions can have permanent effects, challenging standard neoclassical assumptions.
Young1928
This document discusses the concept of increasing returns and economic progress. It begins by noting that while economists have developed complex models to analyze industries with increasing returns, these models can obscure more general aspects of the phenomena. It argues that the growth of indirect or roundabout production methods, enabled by greater specialization and division of labor, is a key source of increasing returns. However, the extent of these returns depends on the size of the market, as larger markets allow for greater specialization and use of capital-intensive production methods. While rationalization may improve efficiency, the fundamental driver of economic progress is the expansion of markets that comes from overall economic growth and development.
Sala i-martín1994 barro
La Unión Europea ha acordado un paquete de sanciones contra Rusia por su invasión de Ucrania. Las sanciones incluyen restricciones a las transacciones con bancos rusos clave y la prohibición de la venta de aviones y equipos a Rusia. Los líderes de la UE esperan que las sanciones aumenten la presión económica sobre Rusia y la disuadan de continuar su agresión contra Ucrania.
Nelson winter1982
This document summarizes a paper by Richard R. Nelson and Sidney G. Winter titled "The Schumpeterian Tradeoff Revisited". It discusses Joseph Schumpeter's view that competition between firms involves research and development and innovation, and that technological progress provides greater long-term gains to society than competitive pricing. It also discusses the "Schumpeterian Hypothesis" that market power and large firms are necessary for rapid technological advancement, representing a tradeoff between static efficiency and dynamic innovation. The document outlines the authors' model of Schumpeterian competition and how it examines the relationship between technological change, market structure, and industry performance under different conditions.
Lucas1988
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help alleviate symptoms of mental illness and boost overall mental well-being.
Kaldor1955
This document is a response by Nicholas Kaldor to criticism from Professor Wright regarding Kaldor's previous work on economic methodology and models of business cycles. Kaldor argues that Wright misunderstood the purpose of analytical models, which is to isolate causal factors, not prove hypotheses as absolutely "true". Kaldor also defends using simplified assumptions and examples to illustrate essential features, noting more realistic assumptions were introduced later. While acknowledging room for improvement, Kaldor maintains Wright failed to demonstrate any logical flaws or inconsistencies in the work.
Romer1986
This document summarizes an article titled "Increasing Returns and Long-Run Growth" by Paul M. Romer. It proposes an alternative model of long-run economic growth where knowledge, rather than physical capital, is the main driver of growth. Knowledge exhibits increasing marginal returns in production but decreasing returns in research and development. This allows for perpetual economic growth without limits in a competitive market equilibrium framework. The model overturns conventional assumptions that growth rates decrease and countries converge over time by introducing externalities from new knowledge and increasing rather than diminishing returns to knowledge accumulation.
Dutt1992 indian
This document summarizes an academic paper about the origins of uneven economic development between India and Britain from the 17th century to Indian independence in 1947. It presents a theoretical model showing how small initial differences in capital accumulation between two regions can lead to increasing specialization through trade, with one region industrializing while the other declines. It argues this helps explain India's relative economic stagnation under British colonial rule from 1757-1947, as British policies disrupted India's manufacturing industries and shifted its trade to primary goods exports and imports of British manufactures. While various factors contributed, these policies may have exacerbated India's deindustrialization according to the theoretical framework presented. The document considers some counterarguments but maintains British rule likely reduced India's
Domar1946
This document summarizes a paper about the relationship between capital accumulation, the rate of economic growth, and employment. It makes the following key points:
1) For a capitalist economy to maintain full employment, national income must grow at a rate that matches the combined rate of growth of the labor force and productivity.
2) Investment increases both productive capacity and generates income, so examining growth from the investment perspective may help determine the equilibrium growth rate needed.
3) If investment proceeds at rate I per year, and each $1 invested increases productive capacity by amount s, then new projects will increase potential output by Is annually. However, the overall economy's capacity may increase by less if new projects require transferring labor from
Canning1988
This document summarizes an academic paper that examines how increasing returns to scale in industry can allow for unlimited economic growth even with diminishing returns in agriculture. It presents a model of an economy with three sectors: agriculture, manufacturing, and investment goods. Agriculture has constant returns to scale while manufacturing and investment goods have increasing returns at the plant level. The model analyzes short, medium, and long run equilibriums under different assumptions about factor supplies and returns to scale. The key finding is that large enough increasing returns in investment goods can outweigh decreasing returns in agriculture, allowing overall growth without constraints from agricultural productivity.
De lacroix2002
This book provides an in-depth treatment of the overlapping generations model in economics incorporating production. It analyzes competitive equilibria and dynamics, optimal allocations, and various policy issues. The first chapter investigates existence, uniqueness, and stability of equilibrium as well as capital dynamics. The second chapter analyzes optimality of allocations using value functions and conditions. Later chapters discuss policy issues like transfers, pensions, spending, and debt sustainability. The book emphasizes global dynamics, general preferences and technologies, and tools for policy analysis involving intergenerational transfers.
Jorgenson griliches1967
This document summarizes a paper that aims to test the hypothesis that accurately measured real product and real factor input growth can fully explain observed total factor productivity growth. It defines key economic concepts like production functions, real product, real factor input, and total factor productivity. It also outlines the authors' methodology for developing a system of social accounts to more accurately measure real product and real factor input, thereby providing an empirical test of the hypothesis.
Dutt1992
This document provides a critical analysis of Thirlwall's formal presentation of Kaldor's model of growth and development. It develops its own formal Kaldorian model with two sectors (agriculture and industry) and analyzes the underlying dynamics and equilibrium conditions. The key points made are:
1) Thirlwall's specification of the industrial sector assumes non-competitive pricing through markups, which is inconsistent with the rest of the model that assumes perfect competition.
2) The model assumes full capacity utilization in both sectors, which is also inconsistent with Kalecki's markup pricing theory that Thirlwall references.
3) The paper argues the model's dynamics and stability cannot be properly analyzed using