2. A rotor machine is an electro-mechanical stream
cipher device used for encrypting and decrypting secret
messages.
Rotor machines were the cryptographic state-of-the-art for a
prominent period of history; they were in widespread use in
the 1920s–1970s.
The most famous example is the German Enigma machine,
whose messages were deciphered by the Allies during World
War II, producing intelligence code-named Ultra.
3.
4. Asubstitution cipher is a method of encrypting by which units of plaintext
are replaced with ciphertext,
According to a fixed system; the "units" may be single letters pairs of
letters, triplets of letters.