The document outlines the drug discovery process, focusing on genomics and microarray techniques, including their role in identifying gene expressions relevant to drug development. It covers the steps involved in drug discovery, various types of microarrays, and the analysis of genetic data to facilitate personalized medicine. Additionally, it discusses the technical aspects of microarrays and the significance of their application in understanding disease mechanisms.

1. BY
MOHAMED ABUSALIH

2. 1.INTRODUCTION
2.PROCESS OF DRUG DISCOVERY
3.MICRO ARRAY TECHNIQUES
4.MICRO ARRAY ANALYSIS IN DRUG DISCOVERY
5.STEPS INVOLVED IN MICRO ARRAY TECHNIQUES
MOHAMED ABUSALI
DEPARTMENT OF PHARMACOLOGY2

3. 1.INTRODUCTION
A. Target selection is one of the drug discovery Process, In which genomics is one of the
B. target selection.
C. Genomics are explained as the study of genomes(group of gene sequences are called
genome). Genomics is used to study about genes and their functions.
D. Drugs can make by gene bases, it’s otherwise called personalized medicine.
E. Microarray techniques(DNA chips) is undergone the genomics studies.
F. Microarray techniques is one of the gene sequencing technique, which is used to
identifying the expression of the gene on to the matrix.
G. Samples or probes are immobilized on to the matrix.
H. Microarray technique can be divided into two types
• Nuclicacid micro array
• Tissue micro array
MOHAMED ABUSALI
DEPARTMENT OF PHARMACOLOGY3

4. 2.PROCESS OF DRUG DISCOVERY
A. Drug discovery is the process of identifying or finding of new chemical entity.
B. Drug discovery process takes upto 12years from initial synthesis to approval of NDA.
STEPS INVOLVED IN DRUG DISCOVERYAND DEVELOPMENT
MOHAMED ABUSALI
DEPARTMENT OF PHARMACOLOGY4

5. 3.MICRO ARRAY TECHNIQUES
A. Microarray techniques(DNA chips) is undergone the genomics studies.
B. Microarray techniques is one of the gene sequencing technique, which is used to
identifying the expression of the gene on to the matrix.
C. Samples or probes are immobilized on to the matrix.
D. Microarray technique can be divided into two types
• Nuclicacid micro array
• Tissue micro array
I.IDENTIFYING COMPARISON FOR NEW NUCLICACID SEQUENCES
•Blast (basic local allignment search tool)
•Which, one of the site having all DNA data bases(gene liberary),we can compare the
Gene sequence with known data base sequence.
MOHAMED ABUSALI
DEPARTMENT OF PHARMACOLOGY5

6. NUCLICACID MICROARRAY
A. Nucleic acid microarrays (genome chips) are generated by arraying nucleotide
‘probes’ onto a support matrix.
B. Various technologies are used to generate themicroarrays.The supporting matrix is
usually a glass microscope slide but nylon, silicon and nitrocellulose membranes
have also been used.
C. cDNA, DNA or oligonucleotides and are printed onto the support matrix using
robotics or may be built directly onto the array using photolithography7 or by using
D. an inkjet printing technique.
E. They can be further subdivided into three categories:
• cDNA microarray
• single nucleotide polymorphism(SNP)
• comparitive genome hypridization(CGH)
MOHAMED ABUSALI
DEPARTMENT OF PHARMACOLOGY6

7.  cDNA micro array
Large-scale parallel measurement of whole genome messenger RNA expression is
possible using high-density arrays of cDNA or oligonucleotides
MOHAMED ABUSALI
DEPARTMENT OF PHARMACOLOGY7

8.  SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE POLYMORPHISM(SNP)
•A genetic variation that is observed at a frequency of >1% in a population
•SNPs are singlebase pair positions in genomic DNA at which different sequence
alternatives(alleles) exist wherein the least frequent allele has an abundance of 1% or
greater.
•Arrays can make specially for SNP.
MOHAMED ABUSALI
DEPARTMENT OF PHARMACOLOGY8

9.  COMPARITIVE GENOME HYPBIDIZATION(CGH)
Researchers use a microarray technique called Comparative Genomic Hybridisation (CGH)
to look for genomic gains and losses or for a change in the number of copies of a particular
gene involved in a disease state.
MOHAMED ABUSALI
DEPARTMENT OF PHARMACOLOGY9

10. 4.MICRO ARRAY ANALYSIS IN DRUG DISCOVREY
Sample aquisition
(cell/tissue)
RNA isolaton
Target amplification
&
Labelling with cy5,cy3
Hybridization
Array scan and data analysis
Select target analysis drug responce
Gene identify molecular
signatures
MOHAMED ABUSALI
DEPARTMENT OF PHARMACOLOGY10

11. SIGNIFICANTS
GREEN - In normal cells only
RED - Diseased cells only
MOHAMED ABUSALI
DEPARTMENT OF PHARMACOLOGY11

12. 5.STEPS INVOVLED IN MICROARRAY TECHNIQUE
Print or purchase preprinted DNA microarray
Collect cancerous cells and normal colon cells from a patient
Isolate mRNA from two types of cells
Use reverse transcriptase to synthesize cDNA from MRNA
Label cDNA
Mix the labeled cDNA’S together
Hybridize the microarray with labelled CDNA’S
Incubation
Remove unbond (unhybridized) cDNA’S
Scan to make the microarray
Computer merging of images
Analyse the result of the gene expression only
MOHAMED ABUSALI
DEPARTMENT OF PHARMACOLOGY12

13. MOHAMED ABUSALI
DEPARTMENT OF PHARMACOLOGY13
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Review completed : 02-01-12.
O. Sheils*, S. Finn* and etal., mini-symposium: advances in laboratory practice
Nucleic acid microarrays: an overview,Current Diagnostic Pathology (2003) 9, 155--158
c 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All righ.
Richard Fisler ,The Role of Microarray Technology in Pharmaceutical Development and
Diagnostics,Winter 2006/7.
Siqun Wang etal.,Microarray Analysis in Drug Discovery and Clinical Applications.