This document summarizes a lunch meeting organized by CUTS International Geneva on emerging issues and their implications for developing countries. It discusses several emerging issues like the rise of emerging economies, commodity prices, innovation, and their opportunities and challenges. The meeting highlighted the need for developing countries to engage in regional integration, promote sustainable development, and strengthen participation in WTO bodies. It also presented findings from CUTS' PACT EAC project on harnessing trade's potential to address food insecurity in East Africa by addressing policy gaps. Participants discussed challenges like limited resources for technical staff and ways to enhance support for non-resident WTO members.
This document discusses ways to deal comprehensively with developing countries' debt through MDG 8 Target 8D. It outlines how national debt decreases developing countries' access to credit and makes them vulnerable to economic shocks. Solutions discussed include the World Trade Organization, Doha Development Agenda, and Heavily Indebted Poor Countries initiative. The HIPC initiative has provided over $80 billion in debt relief to developing countries. Turkey is highlighted as an example of a country increasing its aid to least developed countries.
The 2014 Annual Report is split into three main sections. The first contains a message from the WTO Director-General. The second section provides a brief overview of 2013 and some background information on the WTO, while the third has more in-depth information.
This document is a summary of the 2015 Aid for Trade at a Glance report published jointly by the OECD and WTO. It discusses how high trade costs inhibit developing countries from fully exploiting market access opportunities and integrating into the global economy. The key sources of trade costs identified are border procedures, transport infrastructure, and non-tariff measures including standards. While trade costs alone do not determine development pathways, they are a major factor in why some countries struggle to grow and diversify. Reducing trade costs is especially important for least developed countries and small and medium enterprises. The WTO Agreement on Trade Facilitation is highlighted as an important step towards lowering trade costs. Aid for trade disbursements are helping to reduce trade
This Working Paper was published by United Nations University Maastricht Economic and social Research Institute on Innovation and Technology (UNU-MERIT). It seeks to provide insights about the main characteristics of innovative firms and to gather new evidence with regard to the nature of the innovation process in the Latin American and Caribbean region. This Paper analyses data from a number of CARICOM countries.
SEPTEMBER 2013
Where next for the development agenda?
With only days before the UN General Assembly debates the post-2015 development agenda, DACnews explores key related issues: a “ZEN” approach to post-2015, as well as the limitations of the current MDG framework and key ways to move forward (feature article). This issue of DACnews also covers important discussions of tax and development at the G8 Summit in Lough Erne, as well as the Fourth Global Review of Aid for Trade. Finally, it looks at the “how” of building resilience on the ground.
G20 and G8 endorse OECD work on tax and development
G20 logoAt the G20 Leaders' Summit in St. Petersburg (5-6 September 2013), leaders “fully endorse(d) the ambitious and comprehensive Action Plan – originated in the OECD – aimed at addressing base erosion and profit shifting” (paragraph 50). They also endorsed OECD’s work on tax transparency (para 51), calling on the global community to work with OECD to help developing countries benefit from these initiatives. Tax Inspectors without Borders initiative, a new OECD initiative aimed at sharing knowledge and increasing domestic capacities in developing countries in the tax area was highlighted (para 52).
The article discusses the ongoing negotiations of the WTO Doha Round, which have been stalled for 10 years. Some argue the round is dead and should be abandoned to avoid further damaging the WTO's credibility, while others remain optimistic. The article aims to present a broad view of the situation at the WTO and recommendations for the upcoming WTO Ministerial Conference in December 2011. It provides background on debates prior to launching the Doha Round and analyzes outputs and outcomes so far in changing global conditions.
The Panel on Defining the Future of Trade was established in 2012. The Panel was mandated to: “….examine and analyse challenges to global trade opening in the 21st century” against the background of profound transformations occurring in the world economy, looking “at the drivers of today’s and tomorrow’s trade, […] at trade patterns and at what it means to open global trade in the 21st century, bearing in mind the role of trade in contributing to sustainable development, growth, jobs and poverty alleviation.” This is the Report of the Panel.
Globalization refers to the increasing integration of economies, cultures and political systems. It is driven by advances in technology and transportation as well as reductions in trade barriers. There are economic, social and political dimensions of globalization. While it provides benefits like cheaper goods, increased investment and cultural sharing, it also poses challenges such as unequal wealth distribution, exploitation of cheap labor and increased commodity prices. Companies can enter foreign markets through various strategies like exports, joint ventures, mergers and acquisitions. Pepsi's entry into India in the late 1980s demonstrated the challenges of navigating politics and regulations to establish operations in a new market.
This document discusses ways to deal comprehensively with developing countries' debt through MDG 8 Target 8D. It outlines how national debt decreases developing countries' access to credit and makes them vulnerable to economic shocks. Solutions discussed include the World Trade Organization, Doha Development Agenda, and Heavily Indebted Poor Countries initiative. The HIPC initiative has provided over $80 billion in debt relief to developing countries. Turkey is highlighted as an example of a country increasing its aid to least developed countries.
The 2014 Annual Report is split into three main sections. The first contains a message from the WTO Director-General. The second section provides a brief overview of 2013 and some background information on the WTO, while the third has more in-depth information.
This document is a summary of the 2015 Aid for Trade at a Glance report published jointly by the OECD and WTO. It discusses how high trade costs inhibit developing countries from fully exploiting market access opportunities and integrating into the global economy. The key sources of trade costs identified are border procedures, transport infrastructure, and non-tariff measures including standards. While trade costs alone do not determine development pathways, they are a major factor in why some countries struggle to grow and diversify. Reducing trade costs is especially important for least developed countries and small and medium enterprises. The WTO Agreement on Trade Facilitation is highlighted as an important step towards lowering trade costs. Aid for trade disbursements are helping to reduce trade
This Working Paper was published by United Nations University Maastricht Economic and social Research Institute on Innovation and Technology (UNU-MERIT). It seeks to provide insights about the main characteristics of innovative firms and to gather new evidence with regard to the nature of the innovation process in the Latin American and Caribbean region. This Paper analyses data from a number of CARICOM countries.
SEPTEMBER 2013
Where next for the development agenda?
With only days before the UN General Assembly debates the post-2015 development agenda, DACnews explores key related issues: a “ZEN” approach to post-2015, as well as the limitations of the current MDG framework and key ways to move forward (feature article). This issue of DACnews also covers important discussions of tax and development at the G8 Summit in Lough Erne, as well as the Fourth Global Review of Aid for Trade. Finally, it looks at the “how” of building resilience on the ground.
G20 and G8 endorse OECD work on tax and development
G20 logoAt the G20 Leaders' Summit in St. Petersburg (5-6 September 2013), leaders “fully endorse(d) the ambitious and comprehensive Action Plan – originated in the OECD – aimed at addressing base erosion and profit shifting” (paragraph 50). They also endorsed OECD’s work on tax transparency (para 51), calling on the global community to work with OECD to help developing countries benefit from these initiatives. Tax Inspectors without Borders initiative, a new OECD initiative aimed at sharing knowledge and increasing domestic capacities in developing countries in the tax area was highlighted (para 52).
The article discusses the ongoing negotiations of the WTO Doha Round, which have been stalled for 10 years. Some argue the round is dead and should be abandoned to avoid further damaging the WTO's credibility, while others remain optimistic. The article aims to present a broad view of the situation at the WTO and recommendations for the upcoming WTO Ministerial Conference in December 2011. It provides background on debates prior to launching the Doha Round and analyzes outputs and outcomes so far in changing global conditions.
The Panel on Defining the Future of Trade was established in 2012. The Panel was mandated to: “….examine and analyse challenges to global trade opening in the 21st century” against the background of profound transformations occurring in the world economy, looking “at the drivers of today’s and tomorrow’s trade, […] at trade patterns and at what it means to open global trade in the 21st century, bearing in mind the role of trade in contributing to sustainable development, growth, jobs and poverty alleviation.” This is the Report of the Panel.
Globalization refers to the increasing integration of economies, cultures and political systems. It is driven by advances in technology and transportation as well as reductions in trade barriers. There are economic, social and political dimensions of globalization. While it provides benefits like cheaper goods, increased investment and cultural sharing, it also poses challenges such as unequal wealth distribution, exploitation of cheap labor and increased commodity prices. Companies can enter foreign markets through various strategies like exports, joint ventures, mergers and acquisitions. Pepsi's entry into India in the late 1980s demonstrated the challenges of navigating politics and regulations to establish operations in a new market.
US and World Trade in Services - ISSIP Economics Community of Interest - 4/30/15Stephen Kwan
This presentation provides an overview of the US service sector and its trade in services with other countries. It discusses that the service sector now employs over 80% of the US workforce and has seen significant employment growth. The US runs a large trade surplus in services, exporting over $700 billion in services annually, with its largest trading partners being Canada, Europe, and Asia. However, global trade talks have stalled and countries are pursuing more bilateral and regional trade agreements to reduce barriers in services.
The document provides information about the G20, including its objectives to coordinate policy between members, establish financial regulations, and modernize international financial architecture. It discusses the G20's membership, which includes 19 countries and the EU and represents around 90% of global GDP and 80% of global trade. The document also outlines Australia's 2014 G20 presidency priorities of promoting economic growth, employment, and making the global economy more resilient. It introduces the G20 Foundation as an independent platform to develop a framework for better global governance and discusses some of its initiatives like the Green Growth Forum to promote sustainable development ideas. In the end, it provides recommendations on steps needed to stabilize Ukraine's situation and facilitate its transition.
ECONOMIC PARTNERSHIP AGREEMENTS: COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE AGRICULTURAL PR...Ira Kristina Lumban Tobing
This document provides a comparative analysis of the agricultural provisions in Economic Partnership Agreements (EPAs) between the European Union and several African, Caribbean, and Pacific countries and regions. It finds that while the loss of EU trade preferences was a key motivation for many ACP countries to sign EPAs, the potential gains from improved market access have been limited. The analysis shows that ACP agricultural market liberalization commitments vary significantly across EPAs, with some requiring heavy frontloading of tariff cuts and others excluding many sensitive agricultural products. Implementation of EPAs' trade rules and provisions could affect current agricultural policies and special treatment in some regions. The document examines implications for regional integration efforts and agricultural development across different ACP configurations.
This document discusses the relationship between international trade and the transition to a green economy. It explores how greening trade can help achieve sustainable development goals. The report focuses on six economic sectors that are promising for a green transition: agriculture, fisheries, forests, manufacturing, renewable energy, and tourism. It aims to identify trade opportunities and policies that can facilitate seizing opportunities from greening these sectors, especially for developing countries.
The document summarizes the Horasis Global Meeting that took place from April 6-9, 2019 in Cascais, Portugal. The meeting brought together over 800 delegates from 70 countries to discuss catalyzing the benefits of globalization. Key topics included governing a world out of balance, the rise of populism, Brexit, Portugal's economic recovery, and building start-up nations. Speakers included the presidents of Namibia and Armenia as well as various ministers and former heads of government. The goal of the meeting was to develop a roadmap for building global inspiration and exchange across issues related to globalization.
This document discusses perspectives on the potential impact of the EPA (Economic Partnership Agreement) between the Caribbean and the EU on Caribbean development. It provides background on Caribbean integration efforts and debates surrounding trade liberalization and development. Several experts are cited who question whether trade liberalization alone can stimulate development in small Caribbean states. The document examines different meanings of "development" and debates around defining and measuring development beyond just economic growth indicators. It seeks to understand discourses on the EPA's impact and implications for Caribbean stakeholders as implementation proceeds.
This document discusses many open questions regarding establishing a post-2012 framework for international cooperation on climate change. It questions what the future of the Kyoto Protocol will be, whether new emission reduction goals and timelines are needed, how to fairly allocate responsibilities between developed and developing countries, how to mobilize sufficient financing for mitigation and adaptation, and what form any new agreements should take.
From Doha to Bali: Assessing the Bali Deliverables after 12 long years of mul...Simon Lacey
This is a lecture I prepared recently in anticipation of the WTO Ministerial Conference to be held from 3 to 6 December on Bali. It discusses the history of the Doha Round to date and offers a preliminary evaluation of the likely outcomes from the Ministerial meeting.
This document discusses the role of multinational companies in India. It begins by defining multinational companies as enterprises with services across multiple countries globally. It then outlines some of the key roles multinational companies play in developing countries like India, such as filling savings, trade, revenue, and technological gaps. While multinationals can provide benefits like capital, jobs, and skills, they may also concentrate resources in modern sectors, undermine local entrepreneurship, influence government policies, and produce goods that are inappropriate for local needs. Overall, the document analyzes both the positive and negative impacts of multinational corporations on economic development.
This document discusses how population aging and increased longevity can create new markets and drive economic growth in the 21st century. It notes that major global companies have recognized aging as a strategic driver of commercial goals and a way to attract talent. While talk of "crisis" is common, many see aging as a powerful market opportunity if the right strategic framework is put in place. Both private sector innovation and supportive public policies will be needed to fully capture the opportunities of aging populations and create environments where people can enjoy long and active lives.
The document is an introduction to the World Economic Forum's report "The Global Enabling Trade Report 2014". It discusses the report's focus on measuring countries' trade facilitation performance and identifying obstacles to trade. It also acknowledges the data providers that contributed to the report.
A diverse range of people – from ministers to business leaders to farm managers – came together at the Global Forum on Inclusive Trade for Least Developed Countries (LDCs). The Forum, which was held from 13 to 14 June 2018 at the World Trade Organization (WTO), fostered practical solutions, offered results- oriented theoretical discussions, presented on-the-ground successes, and supported an innovative call to ramp up actions on inclusive trade for LDCs.
- Identify a range of international trade opportunities in various key economic sectors associated
with the transition to a green economy;
- Identify policies and measures that may act as facilitators and overcome hindrances to seizing
trade opportunities arising from the transition to a green economy; and
- Assist governments, the private sector and other stakeholders to build capacity to take advantage
of sustainable trade opportunities at the national, regional or international level.
The United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) is the UN body dealing with trade, investment, and development issues. It was established in 1964 and has 194 member countries. UNCTAD aims to help developing countries make informed decisions to reduce global economic inequality and promote sustainable development. It undertakes research, provides a forum for discussions, and offers technical assistance on issues related to trade, investment, technology, and the specific needs of developing, landlocked, small island, and least developed nations.
Globalization has led to increased interdependence between nations through the free movement of goods, services, capital and labor. Key factors driving globalization include reductions in transportation and communication costs as well as technological advancements. While globalization offers economic opportunities through expanded trade and access to new markets, it also poses challenges such as threats to local industries and concerns over the impacts on cultural identity. International organizations like the WTO, IMF and World Bank facilitate globalization through policies promoting open trade, financial cooperation and development assistance.
The document discusses a study conducted on the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD). It provides objectives of the study which include understanding UNCTAD's objectives, areas of work, meetings, relationship with other agencies, and advantages. It then provides an introduction on increasing globalization and challenges faced by developing countries. It outlines UNCTAD's history, organization structure, main areas of work, objectives, meetings, and the New International Economic Order concept.
Edwin Laurent opened remarks at a conference on economic potential for Africa's regional trade cooperation by acknowledging the importance of an Africa-led approach to development. He highlighted that Africa has not fully benefited from globalization and economic growth in the same way as other developing regions. However, regional integration efforts including trade blocs could help address challenges by extending domestic markets and enabling countries to better capitalize on economic opportunities through cooperation rather than competing interests of foreign entities. While regional approaches show promise, Laurent noted transportation infrastructure and costs present major barriers to realizing their full benefits for development in Africa.
G20 Australia Presidency oecd stocktaking seminar on global value chainsDr Lendy Spires
G20 Australian Presidency-OECD Stocktaking Seminar on Global Value Chains was held in Paris on May 5, 2014 to discuss progress on measuring the impact of global value chains (GVCs) on trade, economic growth, and job creation. Participants discussed policy actions by G20 governments to raise collective GDP by 2% by 2018 through GVCs. Key points included: (1) protectionism increases costs and reduces competitiveness in GVCs; (2) reducing behind-the-border trade costs through standards harmonization could increase income by over $40 billion; and (3) ratifying the WTO Trade Facilitation Agreement and improving services sector regulations are critical to enabling GVCs and lowering trade
The role of multinational business in trade has always been very important—large firms account for the majority of international trade flows, and many if not most of these large firms will have establishments in multiple countries. These firms, obviously, are not in the development assistance business (although they may be contracted by governments to implement projects financed by Aid for Trade). This does not mean, however, that private companies do not contribute to building trade capacity in developing countries. To the contrary, many enterprises that have established operations in developing countries or that trade with developing countries make a major contribution to economic upgrading and local capacity building. Such activities are not captured by the term AFT – nor would it qualify as AFT – because the origin of the funds is private and the objective is generally to benefit/support the associated investments/operations. It nonetheless serves the same purpose. Indeed, it may have
greater success as a result of the need to demonstrate results vis-à-vis the firm’s shareholders, and can generate positive spillovers.
US and World Trade in Services - ISSIP Economics Community of Interest - 4/30/15Stephen Kwan
This presentation provides an overview of the US service sector and its trade in services with other countries. It discusses that the service sector now employs over 80% of the US workforce and has seen significant employment growth. The US runs a large trade surplus in services, exporting over $700 billion in services annually, with its largest trading partners being Canada, Europe, and Asia. However, global trade talks have stalled and countries are pursuing more bilateral and regional trade agreements to reduce barriers in services.
The document provides information about the G20, including its objectives to coordinate policy between members, establish financial regulations, and modernize international financial architecture. It discusses the G20's membership, which includes 19 countries and the EU and represents around 90% of global GDP and 80% of global trade. The document also outlines Australia's 2014 G20 presidency priorities of promoting economic growth, employment, and making the global economy more resilient. It introduces the G20 Foundation as an independent platform to develop a framework for better global governance and discusses some of its initiatives like the Green Growth Forum to promote sustainable development ideas. In the end, it provides recommendations on steps needed to stabilize Ukraine's situation and facilitate its transition.
ECONOMIC PARTNERSHIP AGREEMENTS: COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE AGRICULTURAL PR...Ira Kristina Lumban Tobing
This document provides a comparative analysis of the agricultural provisions in Economic Partnership Agreements (EPAs) between the European Union and several African, Caribbean, and Pacific countries and regions. It finds that while the loss of EU trade preferences was a key motivation for many ACP countries to sign EPAs, the potential gains from improved market access have been limited. The analysis shows that ACP agricultural market liberalization commitments vary significantly across EPAs, with some requiring heavy frontloading of tariff cuts and others excluding many sensitive agricultural products. Implementation of EPAs' trade rules and provisions could affect current agricultural policies and special treatment in some regions. The document examines implications for regional integration efforts and agricultural development across different ACP configurations.
This document discusses the relationship between international trade and the transition to a green economy. It explores how greening trade can help achieve sustainable development goals. The report focuses on six economic sectors that are promising for a green transition: agriculture, fisheries, forests, manufacturing, renewable energy, and tourism. It aims to identify trade opportunities and policies that can facilitate seizing opportunities from greening these sectors, especially for developing countries.
The document summarizes the Horasis Global Meeting that took place from April 6-9, 2019 in Cascais, Portugal. The meeting brought together over 800 delegates from 70 countries to discuss catalyzing the benefits of globalization. Key topics included governing a world out of balance, the rise of populism, Brexit, Portugal's economic recovery, and building start-up nations. Speakers included the presidents of Namibia and Armenia as well as various ministers and former heads of government. The goal of the meeting was to develop a roadmap for building global inspiration and exchange across issues related to globalization.
This document discusses perspectives on the potential impact of the EPA (Economic Partnership Agreement) between the Caribbean and the EU on Caribbean development. It provides background on Caribbean integration efforts and debates surrounding trade liberalization and development. Several experts are cited who question whether trade liberalization alone can stimulate development in small Caribbean states. The document examines different meanings of "development" and debates around defining and measuring development beyond just economic growth indicators. It seeks to understand discourses on the EPA's impact and implications for Caribbean stakeholders as implementation proceeds.
This document discusses many open questions regarding establishing a post-2012 framework for international cooperation on climate change. It questions what the future of the Kyoto Protocol will be, whether new emission reduction goals and timelines are needed, how to fairly allocate responsibilities between developed and developing countries, how to mobilize sufficient financing for mitigation and adaptation, and what form any new agreements should take.
From Doha to Bali: Assessing the Bali Deliverables after 12 long years of mul...Simon Lacey
This is a lecture I prepared recently in anticipation of the WTO Ministerial Conference to be held from 3 to 6 December on Bali. It discusses the history of the Doha Round to date and offers a preliminary evaluation of the likely outcomes from the Ministerial meeting.
This document discusses the role of multinational companies in India. It begins by defining multinational companies as enterprises with services across multiple countries globally. It then outlines some of the key roles multinational companies play in developing countries like India, such as filling savings, trade, revenue, and technological gaps. While multinationals can provide benefits like capital, jobs, and skills, they may also concentrate resources in modern sectors, undermine local entrepreneurship, influence government policies, and produce goods that are inappropriate for local needs. Overall, the document analyzes both the positive and negative impacts of multinational corporations on economic development.
This document discusses how population aging and increased longevity can create new markets and drive economic growth in the 21st century. It notes that major global companies have recognized aging as a strategic driver of commercial goals and a way to attract talent. While talk of "crisis" is common, many see aging as a powerful market opportunity if the right strategic framework is put in place. Both private sector innovation and supportive public policies will be needed to fully capture the opportunities of aging populations and create environments where people can enjoy long and active lives.
The document is an introduction to the World Economic Forum's report "The Global Enabling Trade Report 2014". It discusses the report's focus on measuring countries' trade facilitation performance and identifying obstacles to trade. It also acknowledges the data providers that contributed to the report.
A diverse range of people – from ministers to business leaders to farm managers – came together at the Global Forum on Inclusive Trade for Least Developed Countries (LDCs). The Forum, which was held from 13 to 14 June 2018 at the World Trade Organization (WTO), fostered practical solutions, offered results- oriented theoretical discussions, presented on-the-ground successes, and supported an innovative call to ramp up actions on inclusive trade for LDCs.
- Identify a range of international trade opportunities in various key economic sectors associated
with the transition to a green economy;
- Identify policies and measures that may act as facilitators and overcome hindrances to seizing
trade opportunities arising from the transition to a green economy; and
- Assist governments, the private sector and other stakeholders to build capacity to take advantage
of sustainable trade opportunities at the national, regional or international level.
The United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) is the UN body dealing with trade, investment, and development issues. It was established in 1964 and has 194 member countries. UNCTAD aims to help developing countries make informed decisions to reduce global economic inequality and promote sustainable development. It undertakes research, provides a forum for discussions, and offers technical assistance on issues related to trade, investment, technology, and the specific needs of developing, landlocked, small island, and least developed nations.
Globalization has led to increased interdependence between nations through the free movement of goods, services, capital and labor. Key factors driving globalization include reductions in transportation and communication costs as well as technological advancements. While globalization offers economic opportunities through expanded trade and access to new markets, it also poses challenges such as threats to local industries and concerns over the impacts on cultural identity. International organizations like the WTO, IMF and World Bank facilitate globalization through policies promoting open trade, financial cooperation and development assistance.
The document discusses a study conducted on the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD). It provides objectives of the study which include understanding UNCTAD's objectives, areas of work, meetings, relationship with other agencies, and advantages. It then provides an introduction on increasing globalization and challenges faced by developing countries. It outlines UNCTAD's history, organization structure, main areas of work, objectives, meetings, and the New International Economic Order concept.
Edwin Laurent opened remarks at a conference on economic potential for Africa's regional trade cooperation by acknowledging the importance of an Africa-led approach to development. He highlighted that Africa has not fully benefited from globalization and economic growth in the same way as other developing regions. However, regional integration efforts including trade blocs could help address challenges by extending domestic markets and enabling countries to better capitalize on economic opportunities through cooperation rather than competing interests of foreign entities. While regional approaches show promise, Laurent noted transportation infrastructure and costs present major barriers to realizing their full benefits for development in Africa.
G20 Australia Presidency oecd stocktaking seminar on global value chainsDr Lendy Spires
G20 Australian Presidency-OECD Stocktaking Seminar on Global Value Chains was held in Paris on May 5, 2014 to discuss progress on measuring the impact of global value chains (GVCs) on trade, economic growth, and job creation. Participants discussed policy actions by G20 governments to raise collective GDP by 2% by 2018 through GVCs. Key points included: (1) protectionism increases costs and reduces competitiveness in GVCs; (2) reducing behind-the-border trade costs through standards harmonization could increase income by over $40 billion; and (3) ratifying the WTO Trade Facilitation Agreement and improving services sector regulations are critical to enabling GVCs and lowering trade
The role of multinational business in trade has always been very important—large firms account for the majority of international trade flows, and many if not most of these large firms will have establishments in multiple countries. These firms, obviously, are not in the development assistance business (although they may be contracted by governments to implement projects financed by Aid for Trade). This does not mean, however, that private companies do not contribute to building trade capacity in developing countries. To the contrary, many enterprises that have established operations in developing countries or that trade with developing countries make a major contribution to economic upgrading and local capacity building. Such activities are not captured by the term AFT – nor would it qualify as AFT – because the origin of the funds is private and the objective is generally to benefit/support the associated investments/operations. It nonetheless serves the same purpose. Indeed, it may have
greater success as a result of the need to demonstrate results vis-à-vis the firm’s shareholders, and can generate positive spillovers.
The document discusses various topics related to international business management including globalization, trade liberalization, GATT, WTO, and foreign direct investment (FDI). Regarding globalization, it provides an overview of aspects like trade, capital flows, movement of people, and spread of knowledge across borders. It then discusses the positives of trade liberalization such as increased growth, poverty reduction, and new jobs. The summary compares GATT and WTO, noting that WTO replaced GATT and has broader coverage of trade in goods, services, and intellectual property with stronger dispute settlement procedures. It also explains that MNCs pursue different business strategies and may opt for FDI to enter foreign markets in order to gain high anticipated profits.
UN Handbook Admin Double Tax Treaties for Developing CountriesDr Lendy Spires
This document provides a summary of a United Nations handbook on administering double tax treaties for developing countries. It was edited by United Nations officials and aims to help developing countries that lack expertise in interpreting and applying complex tax treaties. The handbook consists of 10 chapters written by international tax experts that describe best practices of countries in administering treaties. It focuses on practical procedural aspects rather than substantive rules. The handbook aims to strengthen developing country tax authorities' skills and support global efforts to improve investment and curb tax evasion. It was produced through collaboration between the UN and international experts over a 7-month period.
The UN Handbook on Selected Issues in Administration of Double Tax Treaties for Developing Countries was developed as part of a project implemented jointly by FfDO and the International Tax Compact. Its ten chapters were drafted by renowned international tax experts on the basis of the inputs provided by officials from national tax authorities in 35 developing countries, representing all regions of the world. Through a novel demand-driven approach, it provides practical guidance to developing countries to effectively implement double tax treaties, especially those drawing upon the United Nations Model Double Taxation Convention between Developed and Developing Countries, having regard to the specific needs and interests of these countries.
The document discusses the World Trade Organization (WTO) and its effect on small scale industries. It provides background on the WTO, including its purpose of regulating international trade. It then discusses some of the challenges small scale industries face in international trade, such as lack of skills and access to financing. The WTO has launched several initiatives to help small scale industries participate more in world trade, including an informal working group, a global trade helpdesk, programs focused on trade financing and government procurement, and aid for trade. The conclusion emphasizes the important role small scale industries play in employment and economic development.
The Effects of International Trade on Poverty and DevelopmentHaley Wadel
This document discusses the effects of international trade on poverty and development. It examines how trade can help stimulate economic growth in developing countries by providing access to larger markets and new technologies, but notes that trade alone is not sufficient for sustained growth and poverty reduction. Other factors like education, infrastructure, governance and institutions also contribute significantly. While trade liberalization aims to boost growth and reduce poverty, it can sometimes increase inequality if not accompanied by policies to support disadvantaged groups through challenges like job losses or food price increases. Successful trade reforms combine open markets with assistance programs to help people negatively impacted.
The paper surveys the theoretical and empirical research on how trade and trade liberalization affect poverty and income distribution. The impact of globalization on poverty reduction has been uneven but the findings in the literature are sensitive to modelling choices. Trade liberalization improves aggregate welfare but the gains are small and unequally distributed. The welfare effects are measured basically through price changes, focusing on the effect on the relative demand for domestic factors of production and, in particular, the demand for skilled relative to unskilled labour. The literature shows that poverty constraints originate from various sources including infrastructure, skills, incomplete markets, and policy.
Quarterly newsletter with information on economic cooperation and integration in Asia from the GIZ programme Regional Economic Cooperation and Integration in Asia (RCI). In our newsletter we share information about our programme activities, and further input on the programme’s focus areas such as regionalism, trade facilitation and port cooperation in Asia.
CII Multilateral Newsletter July edition outlines the highlights of the key discussions of G20 Summit and the testimonials made by B20 members as well as the developments in the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), World Bank, Asian Development Bank (ADB) and the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB).
This document summarizes the key points made by several speakers at a panel on breaking the chains of commodity dependence. Mr. Maharaj called for renewed emphasis on good governance and local content in commodity-dependent developing countries to reduce rent leakages. Mr. Acharya urged support from the international community to help commodity-dependent countries diversify their economies. Mr. Agah discussed the WTO's focus on development priorities and policy space for commodity producers. Ms. González argued the global development agenda should focus on agriculture to boost productivity, growth and reduce poverty through value addition and enabling services for farmers.
This document provides an overview of a class on international business and trade. The class rules require students to keep their microphones muted but cameras on, and to use the chat box to greet any visitors. The objective is for students to better understand international business dimensions and opportunities in global markets, with a focus on exports and examples from local and foreign experiences. A video on the role of trade in economic growth and poverty reduction is assigned for students to watch. The document then discusses how open trade policies can promote economic growth for all.
The Multilateral Trading System After DohaSimon Lacey
The document discusses the state of the global trading system after the Doha Round of trade negotiations. It provides background on the negotiations leading up to and following the 2001 Doha Ministerial Conference where the Doha Development Agenda was launched. Key topics covered include the agricultural, services and industrial tariff negotiations under Doha, as well as debates around special treatment for developing countries, cotton subsidies, and the eventual breakdown of negotiations at the 2003 Cancun Ministerial.
UN financing for developing negotiations: what outcomes should be agreed in a...Dr Lendy Spires
1. The document outlines recommendations for reforms to the international financial and trade systems to be discussed at the Third UN Conference on Financing for Development in Addis Ababa in 2015.
2. Key recommendations include establishing a new intergovernmental body on international tax cooperation, recognizing capital controls as a policy tool for countries, and reviewing trade agreements to identify limitations on developing countries.
3. Other recommendations are setting binding timetables for developed countries to meet their 0.7% GNI ODA commitment, implementing a financial transaction tax to fund development, and establishing a framework for sovereign debt restructuring.
UN financing for developing negotiations: what outcomes should be agreed in a...
Report_WTO_Geneva_Week_2012
1. Report of a Lunch Session on:
Emerging Issues and Developing Countries
12 December 2012 13:00-15:00 Room S3, WTO
On December 12, 2012 CUTS International Geneva organised a lunch meeting to give the non-
resident WTO member and observer countries an overview of some of the “emerging issues” in
the multilateral trading system and their implications for them, and presented some emerging
findings of its ongoing PACT EAC project in this regard.
The world economic and trade situation is continuously evolving, making it even more important for
developing countries, including non-resident countries, to improve their understanding of emerging issues
from both the defensive and offensive points of view. Some of these emerging issues, e.g., exchange
rates, food security, and climate change, can pose trade-related challenges, particularly for the small,
least-developed, or vulnerable countries.
The objectives of this session organised as part of the WTO Geneva Week for Non-Resident Members
and Observers were: (i) addressing the participation and information gaps faced by the non-resident
countries; (ii) providing a development-friendly forum to discuss and analyse some emerging issues; and
(iii) contributing to informed opinions so that the WTO reflects the needs and concerns of the non-resident
countries.
Welcome by the Chair
In his introductory remarks, Guillermo Valles, Director, Division on International Trade in Goods and
Services, and Commodities, UNCTAD, noted the relevance of the session topic as the changing world
has made tackling emerging issues a pressing need, saying that “Reality doesn’t wait for the Doha round
to be concluded”. He encouraged all the participants to take this meeting as an opportunity for
constructive dialogue on these issues and stressed the role of trade policy in addressing the challenges
therein.
Some Emerging Issues and their Implications. Presentation by Rashid S. Kaukab
Rashid S. Kaukab, Director of CUTS International Geneva gave a presentation on “Emerging issues and
the multilateral trading system: some issues and implications for developing countries”. After noting that
what is new is not that the world is changing but rather the pace and complexity of these changes, he
dwelt on the potential challenges and opportunities of several emerging issues for developing countries. A
summary of the main points is given below:
2. The rise of emerging economies provides opportunities for alternative markets for developing
countries and LDCs, but they should provide new sources of finance, technology and destinations
for value added products. This can also be an opportunity to bring a more equitable distribution of
power in the WTO.
Developing countries should engage in regional trade integration in order to benefit from larger
economic spaces and test new rules and new issues. This would also help them acquire
negotiating experience and might be the basis for alliances in the MTS.
The increase in commodity prices is an opportunity for resource-rich developing countries to
structurally transform and diversify their economies while ensuring sustainable management of
natural resources. Resource-poor developing countries may be more affected by this trend and
may seek appropriate disciplines on export restrictions in the multilateral trading system.
Developing countries need to encourage and promote innovation and technological development
at national and regional levels and build competitiveness and productivity, facilitate inflow of
technology to bridge the current gap as well as negotiate for built-in flexibilities in the multilateral
trading system for appropriate technology diffusion and to adapt to technological developments
with a view to maximise their contribution to trade and development.
Mr. Kaukab then talked about the implications of these issues for the multilateral trading system and how
developing countries could improve their WTO participation in this regard. While it is not clear whether
the WTO is the right place to address these emerging issues, he said that developing countries should
not ignore them as they represent the current reality of the world. It was advised that even non-resident
WTO member countries, which are often least developed countries that are less integrated into the global
economy, should closely monitor these issues to avoid marginalization and ensure that they are not
negatively affected by new developments.
Finally, and of direct relevance to the participants, he emphasized the need to safeguard the major
breakthroughs of the Doha round for developing countries even in the event of a non-conclusion of the
round. These include the recognition of concepts like special products in agriculture, special and
differential treatment for small, vulnerable economies, and preference erosion. Finally, developing
countries should improve their participation in WTO regular bodies (CTG, CTE, CTD, CTS, TRIPS SPS,
TBT, TPRB), as well as closely monitor the implementation of existing commitments by trading partners.
The participants were also advised that they should cultivate interest for and closely monitor
developments in the Dispute Settlement Body of the WTO, which might become increasingly important if
the Doha round is not concluded.
Emerging Findings from the PACT EAC Project. Presentation by Krista Joosep
The second presentation was made by Krista Joosep, Assistant Programme Officer at CUTS International
Geneva who presented the project titled “Promoting Agriculture, Climate and Trade linkages in the East
African Community” (PACT EAC). After explaining how the project seeks to assist EAC Stakeholders in
better understanding and dealing with climate-related hunger through trade and effective participation in
the multilateral trading system, she presented the five streams of activities consisting of research,
advocacy, networking, training and a bi-monthly forum for EAC WTO negotiators in Geneva.
3. She explained that the ongoing project research has already underscored the potential of trade for
feeding the people of the region, supported by several cases from the field. During the 2011 drought for
instance, Tanzanian maize exports helped secure food for 4 million people in Kenya where maize
production was short by 700,000 bags. In Uganda, after the government promoted NERICA rice varieties
(drought-resistant) and discouraged rice imports by imposing 75% import duties, rice production
increased by 400 per cent in a decade. The country now ambitions to supply 15% of the EAC rice
imports. However, she pointed out that this potential is largely untapped, since EAC countries provide
only 10% of the region’s food imports.
To harness this potential, several gaps will need to be addressed starting with the lack of coordination
between agriculture, environment and trade policies, as well as between EAC partner states. The cost of
non-coordination of policies was exemplified by the Uganda rice success story that has made arable land
prone to soil erosion and destroyed Uganda’s forest cover. Other gaps to be addressed include weak
policy implementation; the need for effective removal of non-tariff barriers in staple food trade; the lack of
market information systems and databases; and the need to strengthen warehouse capacity to meet
demand throughout the year and stabilize prices.
Comments by Sherwyn Naughton
Invited as a discussant, Sherwyn Naughton of the Embassy of Guyana based in Brussels echoed Mr.
Kaukab’s views on the current state of play in WTO negotiations. He informed the audience that these
emerging issues are taken seriously by developing countries, as demonstrated by the ongoing meeting of
ACP Heads of States in Equatorial Guinea on the topic “The Future of the ACP Group in a Changing
World: Challenges and Opportunities”, where emerging issues were also under discussion.
There is an increasing spread of issues being discussed informally by the WTO, including exchange
rates, RTAs and others, and it is expected that these emerging issues will come up in the 9
th
WTO
Ministerial Conference in Bali, Indonesia in December 2013. Yet, the WTO may not be the right place to
address them. Moreover, Mr. Naughton was of the view that most important would be to discuss the
current issues, i.e. the Doha mandate that remains unchanged. He argued that if the Doha round was to
be completed today, many of the challenges that we face in these emerging issues could be addressed.
For instance, the removal of agricultural subsidies would go a long way addressing food insecurity in
many developing and least developed countries, including non-resident members. “The conclusion of the
Uruguay round attracted many LDCs with the promise that trade will bring about poverty reduction. The
WTO now has to deliver on this promise”, he said.
The capacity of non-resident WTO members to deal with emerging issues is severely challenged and
needs to be built. He lamented that unlike developed countries that rely on dozens of experts in each and
every issue, LDCs’ small missions often have only one person dealing with trade who has to be the
technical expert in a variety of issues, the lawyer, the negotiator etc. For this reason, one needs to
understand that nominal participation and actual participation are two different things.
He lauded the PACT EAC project presented by Ms. Joosep for being an excellent example of the kind of
capacity building developing countries need to effectively leverage trade, i.e. linking the national, regional
and international levels. He also encouraged LDCs to take advantage of technical assistance
programmes by IGOs like the WTO and UNCTAD. However, he was of the opinion that none of the
current programmes can totally satisfy the specific needs of non-resident WTO members, hence the need
for more comprehensive assistance programmes tailored to them. Such initiatives could for instance
assist them in preparing their own proposals, examining those of others and their implications for them.
4. Floor Discussions
During the ensuing discussions, the following issues were raised by the participants:
It was pointed out that often the problem is not training of the existing staff, but rather the financial
capacity to hire the required personnel. A participant gave the example of her own mission where
the only technical person was facilitated by the Commonwealth Secretariat.
It was suggested that a way of addressing the above constraint could be pooling of resources
among regional partners, which the EAC does to some extent. Small missions could also rely on
other organisations (think tanks etc.) for technical analysis, following the example of India and
Brazil.
The participants were also informed about other initiatives that aim to supporting their
participation in the multilateral trading system, e.g. by the Trade Policy Training Centre in Africa
(TRAPCA) and by UNCTAD who will start capacity building on private standards next year along
with other international organizations.