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![NOTES
[1] Cette Commission est composée de MM. Ferdinand Buisson,
président; Bepmale, Baudon, vice-présidents; Gabriel Deville, Albert
Sarraut, secrétaires; Cazeneuve, Loup, Lefas, baron Amédée Reille,
Prache, Rouanet, Catalogne, Trannoy, Rose, Léon Mougeot,
Ballande, Henry Boucher, Georges Grosjean, Allard, Vaillant, Krantz,
Dèche, Roger-Ballu, Aristide Briand, Trouain, Gervais, Dejeante,
Colliard, Bussière, Minier, Georges Berger, Georges Berry, Cachet.
[2] L’Histoire générale de Lavisse et Rambaud.
[3] Histoire des rapports de l’Eglise et de l’Etat en France, de
1789 à 1870.—F. Alcan et Cie, Paris.
[4] Voir le texte aux annexes.
[5] Texte de l’ordre du jour voté par la Chambre, le 10 février
1905, à la majorité de 386 voix contre 111:
«La Chambre, constatant que l’attitude du Vatican a rendu
nécessaire la séparation des Eglises et de l’Etat, et comptant
sur le Gouvernement pour en faire aboutir le vote
immédiatement après le budget et la loi militaire... passe à
l’ordre du jour.»
[6] Budget des cultes depuis le Concordat.
[7] Budgets de la France depuis le commencement du XIXe
siècle.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/23111339-250512025657-740d95cf/75/Remaking-Social-Work-For-The-New-Global-Era-Ngoh-Tiong-Tan-P-K-Shajahan-68-2048.jpg)
![[8] En 1660, on comptait en France 631 Eglises desservies par
712 pasteurs, et la population protestante représentait le dixième de
la population totale.
[9] L’Union des Eglises libres de France se compose d’Eglises
situées dans les départements les plus divers, Ardèche, Tarn, Lot-et-
Garonne, Gironde, Rhône, Deux-Sèvres, Charente-Inférieure, Seine,
Aveyron. Ces Eglises, au même titre que les Eglises réformées, ont
un caractère national.
[10] En dehors des Eglises reconnues par l’Etat, se trouvent de
nombreuses communautés se rattachant cependant aux Eglises
réformées et qui au lendemain de la séparation en seraient parties
intégrantes.
[11] Stato e chiesa (traduit en français par L. Borguet).
[12] L’État et L’Église (traduction Borguet), p. 37.
[13] Ayral, La Séparation des Églises et de l’État en Angleterre
(Annales de l’École libre des Sciences politiques, année 1886.)
[14] On n’en compte guère plus de 40.000 dans toute la Suisse:
le total de la population catholique est d’environ 1.379.000. Il y a
près de 2.000.000 de protestants.
[15] Voir un article de M. P. G. la Chesnais, dans l’Européen du
14 janvier 1905.
[16] Voir The Case for disestablishment, p. 257-261 (publication
de la Liberation Society).
[17] Alexandra Myrial. La question religieuse au Japon (Courrier
européen du 10 février 1905).
[18] On consultera avec fruit sur ce point comme sur beaucoup
d’autres, l’intéressant et suggestif ouvrage de M. Grunebaum-Ballin,
la Séparation des Eglises et de l’Etat, Paris 1905.
[19] Voir aux annexes les textes abrogés.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/23111339-250512025657-740d95cf/75/Remaking-Social-Work-For-The-New-Global-Era-Ngoh-Tiong-Tan-P-K-Shajahan-69-2048.jpg)
![[20] Voir ci-après l’article 1er du décret du 28 février 1810, qui
excepte de cette disposition les brefs de la pénitencerie, pour le for
intérieur seulement.
[21] Voir les articles 2 et 4 de l’ordonnance du 25 décembre
1830.
[22] Ces dispositions ont été abrogées et remplacées par les
articles 2, 3 et 4 du décret du 28 février 1810.
[23] Cet article a été abrogé et remplacé par les articles 5 et 6 du
décret du 28 février 1810.
[24] Voir l’ordonnance du 12 janvier 1825. qui modifie et
complète les dispositions des articles 7 et 8 du présent décret.
[25] Le jour de cette réunion a été fixé au dimanche de
Quasimodo par l’article 2 de l’ordonnance du 12 janvier 1825.
[26] Voir l’article 6 de l’ordonnance du 12 janvier 1825.
[27] Voir l’article 2 de l’ordonnance du 12 janvier 1825.
[28] Voir l’article 7 de l’ordonnance du 12 janvier 1825.
[29] Abrogé par l’article 168, de la loi du 5 avril 1844.
[30] Abrogé par l’article 168 de la loi du 5 avril 1844.
[31] Abrogé par l’article 168 de la loi du 5 avril 1884.
[32] Cette dernière disposition a été abrogée par l’article 17 de la
loi de finances du 18 avril 1831, qui a soumis ces dons et legs aux
droits d’enregistrement par les lois existantes.
[33] Voir l’article 2 de l’ordonnance du 12 janvier 1825.
[34] Les articles 92 à 103 ont été abrogés par l’article 168 de la
loi du 5 avril 1884.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/23111339-250512025657-740d95cf/75/Remaking-Social-Work-For-The-New-Global-Era-Ngoh-Tiong-Tan-P-K-Shajahan-70-2048.jpg)
Remaking Social Work For The New Global Era Ngoh Tiong Tan P K Shajahan
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- 5. NgohTiongTan P.K. Shajahan Editors Remaking SocialWork forthe New Global Era
- 6. Remaking Social Workfor the New Global Era
- 7. Ngoh Tiong Tan• P. K. Shajahan Editors Remaking Social Work for the New Global Era
- 8. ISBN 978-3-031-08351-8 ISBN 978-3-031-08352-5(eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-08352-5 © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2022 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland Editors Ngoh Tiong Tan S R Nathan School of Human Development Singapore University of Social Sciences Singapore, Singapore P. K. Shajahan Centre for Community Organisation and Development Practice School of Social Work Tata Institute of Social Sciences Mumbai, India
- 9. v Foreword by AnnamariaCampanini, IASSW President Social workers are not only playing a critical role in promoting individual, family and community well-being, but they can also have a direct impact on social policy, through policy practice intervention and promoting social and economic justice. We are living in a changing world, characterized by different phenomena.A mas- sive economic development and an accelerated globalization have led to rising inequalities and to fostering an individualistic attitude. New challenges are arising from transformations in the demographic trends, within an ageing society. Urbanization processes and multicultural societies are burgeoning around the world, while technologies have grown rapidly, introducing massive digitalization processes in the society. In addition to our historic focuses, addressing the most pressing issues our soci- ety is facing – such as structural inequalities, forms of oppression and discrimina- tion affecting minorities – it is urgent to tackle emerging questions such as climate change, migration and digital divide. In the recent past, the world has faced unprecedented challenges due to the COVID-19 crisis. This occurrence has to be treated not only as a pandemic but as an endemic event to highlight its social aspects, since it has affected every individual, and all sectors of society, with its more tragic effects for the most vulnerable people and for the poorest countries. As every crisis, also this one can open windows of opportunity to systematize the models of professional praxis that have guided the ways to tackle the consequences of the health emergency. Moreover, it is of paramount importance to reflect on how all these social transformations are challenging social work and social work educa- tion to find a way to respond to these defies as a professional community around the world. As educators, we need to be engaged in helping students to develop critical thinking, curiosity and imagination, as drivers for innovation and the key back- ground for problem solving. The ability to access and analyse information, as well as researching in the field of social work practice, are other fundamental competen- cies that allow to understand and cope with new conditions that can, also suddenly, emerge in the society. Social workers should be open to changes and be able to
- 10. vi adapt and learnnew skills while acting on the field to quickly respond to the needs of the citizens and communities and co-create innovative solutions. Competency of leaders to promote and enhance collaboration between different social actors, to generate and empower networks, and to improve the cooperation in multi-professional teams will be more and more needed in a complex society. An anti-oppressive social work practice, empowering people and communities, as well as policy engagement will be fundamental to co-building a new eco-social world and reaching the aim of the Social Development Goals, foreseen by United Nations for the 2030. The digital world, consisting of smart phones, internet, social media, virtual tools that was an option before the pandemic, transformed into a necessity during the lockdown period. The new frontiers opened through innovations introduced by digital social work require the design of new methods of assessment, intervention and evaluation, and their inclusion in the social work curricula. Moreover, a debate is needed on the ethical problems surrounding digitalization, either in relation to the respect for the dignity of people and their right to privacy, and to tackle the digital divide, as a new source of inequalities, effectively raising the consideration of access to technologies, as a new type of social right. The chapters of this book, drawing on the analysis of the experience of the authors based on their academic and practical engagements, will help readers to develop a perspective towards redefining social work. The aim is to provide valid inputs and new tools to face the challenges of the new global era, characterized by constant social change, and higher levels of complexity and uncertainties. The vol- ume will be a useful resource for educators, students and social workers in various practice fields across the globe, as well as in diverse nations of the world. Annamaria Campanini President, International Association of Schools of Social Work (IASSW) Milan, Italy 15 October 2021 Foreword by Annamaria Campanini, IASSW President
- 11. vii Foreword by Sang-MokSuh, ICSW President We are living in a rapidly changing society. Science and technology are advancing day by day, and things that were only imaginary in the past are becoming reality today. In addition, the Fourth Industrial Revolution and the COVID-19 pandemic are affecting our lives. It is expected that there will be many changes in the social welfare area as well. With the emergence of the latest Industrial Revolution, the empowerment of social workers and social welfare institutions has become essential to cope with rapid changes nowadays. In particular, as an international NGO specializing in social welfare and social development, it is IASSW’s duty to take concrete mea- sures and actions. For instance, we are under an obligation to set an agenda for social issues raised in the new post-COVID-19 era. The changes caused by the Fourth Industrial Revolution and COVID-19 have been revealing the limitations of the existing social protection system. With the cur- rent social insurance-oriented social security system, the blind spot of social protec- tion is expanding because it does not cover many potential risks which can happen in digital platform labour. Furthermore, the structure in which wealth and income can be concentrated in a small number of people with knowledge and intelligence in information technology raises concerns about aggravating economic and social inequality. The more important access to and utilization of innovative technologies becomes, the more critical the digital divide problem may become. Moreover, new digital divide problems are likely to constantly appear in addition to the existing one. On the other hand, the Fourth Industrial Revolution can provide significant ben- efits and opportunities for social welfare. Innovation in ICT (Information and Communications Technology) can help citizens be more active to create social norms and agendas on their own and lead discussions. In addition, smart healthcare technologies have been improving the quality of life by prolonging health life, expanding opportunities for social participation beyond disabilities and reducing the burden of caring labour. The use of big data and artificial intelligence has been increasing the level of personalization in welfare services.
- 12. viii Considering the variouschanges by the Fourth Industrial Revolution, one of the most important things is to establish a social system where technological innovation can ultimately contribute to improving the quality of life for everyone. The world is now at an inflection point of the COVID-19 pandemic and the value paradigm of social work. This is the background of Remaking Social Work for the New Global Era. This book started with concerns about the innovative practice of social work based on global orientation and strength perspectives. In the process, keywords such as new era, sustainable approach, social welfare education, and global trends were derived. The four parts of this book will provide useful implica- tions for everyone interested in future social work. For the international community, this is an opportunity to take a step forward to overcome social challenges in the COVID-19 era. This book will provide an oppor- tunity for social workers and academics to discuss and develop strategies and the know-hows for social work practice, policy and research in the future. Sang-Mok Suh Global President, International Council on Social Welfare (ICSW) Seoul, Korea October 2021 Foreword by Sang-Mok Suh, ICSW President
- 13. ix Preface The Great Revolutions Ourworld is constantly changing from the early days of the agricultural revolution to industrialization and modernization in the last few centuries. In modern times, the greatest strides have been with the information revolution of the last half century. In the latest information revolution, knowledge has greatly increased in both online communication and social networking. The rapid explosion of the digital or cyber revolution has in the past decades fundamentally transformed our ways of life and social interaction. We learn online about almost everything, from home-based learning, continuing education and even e-courses of the universities. We do business and purchase online from Alibaba, Amazon, Flipkart and a host of other platforms with ease. Global sourcing and supply have become the order of present-day supply of goods and services with integration of supply chain, which allows delivery of goods sourced from and supplied to almost every part of the globe. Access to almost any- thing can happen within a few clicks of the computer, literally bringing the world and the market to our fingertips. In the background, artificial intelligence and machine learning have made it possible for media and the World Wide Web to cus- tomize our choices. We also learned modern ways of communication and co- working using several interface technologies bringing the world of knowledge and work closer to each one of us. Skype, Zoom, Microsoft Teams, Google Meet and many more on one side and the likes of Dropbox on the other side replaced the so- called physical meeting and sharing of knowledge, resources and materials. While technology has been at the cusp of things, the last one year and more have seen drastic changes in the way we interact, engage, work and live. In the history of modern civilization, and since the agricultural and industrial revolutions, the world has never experienced such unprecedented and drastic changes as witnessed in the recent past which is hastened by catastrophes brought by the COVID-19 pandemic, floods, earthquakes disasters and civil and military conflicts. Along with miseries, deaths and significant challenges to the public health and governance systems,
- 14. x crises of suchmagnitude and expanse had brought with them opportunities for change which should not be ‘wasted’ or ‘missed’. But, as with previous revolutions, the world will always moderate the progress and ensure that each revolution can either be sustained or be made drastically obso- lete. What we have been witnessing in recent times gives us enough reasons to believe that the world society has been heading towards yet another great global reset. Yes, we are living in a world of disruptions unprecedented in human history. At the same time, this calls for exceptional actions from governments, market and civil society. As the impending global reset has a significant impact on everyday lives of people enhancing their vulnerabilities to a multitude of dimensions, any profession with avowed goals of human welfare and well-being must recalibrate its practices and process. The profession of social work, in that sense, needs a tectonic shift in its framework to meet the changing demands so as to deal effectively with the great social, economic and political disruptions. Innovation and creativity are needed to empower social workers and social service organizations to make an impact on the lives of the people and societies in the midst of incredible social changes that besets us. Riding on the tide of various revolutions is the way towards the new revolution for social work as a disruptive force. Social work readily needs to change and also to disrupt itself. We must ask what are the impetus of the global transformation and their implications for social work in the new era? Tools for Future Good The pandemic and a range of disruptions we have witnessed in the recent past have given the profession of social work ample opportunities for looking forward to develop new or modified ways of doing things. Keeping the firm commitments of the profession towards marginalized and excluded communities using the frame- works of social justice, dignity and the power of human agency and relationships, social work has the potential to be a disruptive force towards future good. Yes, we will not go back to the past; we must look forward to the future for the common good. The critical question being asked here is ‘What is the future of social work?’ The chapters presented in this volume draw on systematic analysis of the experi- ence of the authors based on theory and practice and its praxis to develop new mod- els for professional interventions. The chapters document how social workers as agents of change can contribute to the social well-being of citizens, more directly and more purposefully, and at all levels of society, particularly in the current context of disruptions but with a perspective for future directions. It includes empirical data or evidence with implication for the future of social work practice in the larger international context to provide readers with alternate theoretical and practice approaches through a range of innovative practices of social work with a broader global orientation. Preface
- 15. xi Purpose of theBook The book is forward-looking with a focus on social resilience, social inclusion and recovery. Using strengths perspective, discussions by the authors aim at providing useful insights for the restructuring social life and social services at individual as well as community and societal levels for meeting the challenges of the new global era. Each of the chapters is focused and written in direct language on a variety of arenas of social work education and practice. It includes empirical data or evidence with implication for the future of social work practice in the larger international context. The chapters draw on the systematic analysis of the experience of the authors based on grounded theory and their academic and practice engagements aimed to develop and present new ideas for practical interventions. This book would provide useful and insightful approaches for social workers engaged in direct practice, research and education. Various chapters appeal to those social work professionals working in or with clinical as well as community and policy settings. This will also be a useful resource for mental health and community professionals, social workers and students in various practice contexts across the globe and in the diverse nations of the world. Four Waves Forming the Structure of the Book Remaking Social Work for the New Global Era consists of four parts: (I) Tracing the Contours of the New Era covers some of the significant trajectories and movements; (II) Sustainable Approaches to Social Intervention covers interesting domains of practice in some specific areas; (III) Capacities of Social Work Education, Service and Research presents useful insights in social work collaboration, social inclusion, capacity-building and social work education in general; and (IV) Looking Forward: Global Challenges, as a projection of the future trends for social work. Each wave is pushing forward the whole book to accomplish and concretize the vision of social work for the future. Part I. Tracing the Contours of the New Era The lead chapter: ‘New Era for Social Work in the Global Future’, by Ngoh Tiong Tan, sets the framework for the book recounting what the global reset means for the future of social work practice. Chapter 1 outlines the global trends and issues as well as the worldwide social-economic disruptions. The authors assert that social work needs to transform itself to be relevant in the new world order. Riding on the tide of various revolutions, social work has great potential to become a powerful Preface
- 16. xii disruptive force. Itneeds also to change favoring decolonization and indigenization to steer towards relevance. Innovation is needed in social service delivery and edu- cation while holding true to core values, skills and competencies. Resilience and adaptability are not only for coping in the fast-changing world but also for thriving and moving ahead. The authors emphasized that ethics and human relationship are the key elements of social work will sustain the profession for the future. In Chap. 2, Leila Patel discusses the ‘Social Work and Social Development Challenges to the COVID-19 Pandemic’ and provides an overview of social devel- opment and social work strategies to mitigate the human costs of the COVID-19 pandemic. Three responses were reviewed: social protection polices, humanitarian relief and mutual aid and social solidarity including civil society responses and the impact of the pandemic on social workers and service delivery. Findings show that there was an exponential expansion of social protection policies in all countries. While government provision was expansive, other non-state social arrangements were crucial to the response. The pandemic has also accelerated the use of technol- ogy in service and opened new lines of enquiry for social work research and in education and training. While social work services are better integrated with social protection in some countries, it is imperative for social work services to address the multi-dimensionality of human needs and improve social outcomes. The social development approach provides a sound platform for post-COVID recovery to build societal resilience and responsiveness to crises while not losing sight of social work’s transformative mission and vision for a more just world. Following in the next chapter, Elena Allegri, Barbara Rosina and Mara Sanfelici suggest that we should be ‘Remaking Social Work by Applying an Anti-oppressive Lens’. Anti-oppressive social work has become a central topic among social work scholars, guiding the analysis of practices, services and policies. Both theoretical and empirical studies highlight the importance of raising awareness about the mul- tiple mandates of social workers and guiding the professionals in a process of reflexivity on challenges and ethical dilemmas they face. The research presented in Chap. 3 analyzed the perception about the role of social workers in fighting against oppression and discrimination and in enacting a ‘political role’ as well as exploring types of oppression and discrimination in the everyday practice within the social work agencies. The chapter contributes to raising awareness and advancing knowl- edge about processes that can promote or hamper anti-oppressive ways of doing social work. The discussion aims to propel social work into the future with a social justice and equity principles that counters oppressive practice. Part II. Sustainable Approaches to Social Intervention Chapter 4 also deals with ‘Partnerships as Citizens’ Rights’. Heloisa Helena Mesquita Maciel and Ilda Lopes Rodrigues da Silva from Brazil present the growth of the third sector as a reality that coexists with the first sector, being represented by Preface
- 17. xiii the government, andthe second sector, represented by the market. The third sector has provoked much debate about its meaning, but it affirmed that the development of civil society and nonprofit services are key in the public interest. These different sectors face the challenge of coexistence that should enhance social protection and tackle social inequality considering the characteristics, roles and the real need of the population. It is the right of citizens to participate in decision-making that affects them. The inclusion and partnership as guaranteed rights are the way forward for social work in the new era. Chapter 5, ‘Vulnerability and Resilience of Refugee Women and Children’, is research conducted by Hadijah Mwenyango and George Palattiyil. It is noted that although migration is perceived as an immediate response to crises, those affected by forced displacement face significant risks and vulnerability. Drawing on mixed- methods research findings from Uganda’s Nakivale Refugee Settlement (NRS), this chapter examines the conceptualization of vulnerability and its impact on refugee women and children. The findings show that women and children continue to suffer physical, social, economic, structural and environmental vulnerabilities after settle- ment. Their lives paint a complex picture of human rights violations, discrimination and political persecution. There is a need to use the strength-based approach to build their resilience. Social work is envisaged to work in solidarity with those who are disadvantaged by removing obstacles to personal development and access to resources and promote social inclusion. Social work should lead the way in design- ing and delivering multi-sectoral programs aimed at promoting their well-being. With social work’s commitment to social justice, human rights and empowerment of the poor, we argue that robust and coproduced interventions are needed if we are committed to facilitating their recovery from suffering, strengthening their resil- ience and transforming their lives. Carolyn Noble champions a key emerging practice arena in ‘Critical Green Social Work as Futuristic Social Work Practice’ in Chap. 6. This chapter explores the critical ‘discontents’ of capitalism and global neo-liberalism highlighting the ecological damages, natural disasters, socio-political problems and health pandem- ics that have resulted from its rapid growth and been exacerbated post COVID-19 where further changes in social, political, cultural and economic life have created more social problems and dislocations. Social work needs a stronger collective voice in addressing environmental destruction and the impact of COVID-19 to address social issues and problems, protect life and the environment in which all species and non-species live. ‘Green’ social work in focusing on challenging humanism and its destructive elements is great place to start. To move forward, however it needs to form allegiances with eco-feminists, indigenous land politics and provide a potent vison and practice for the future. A future that will face and respond to the impact of climate change, environmental destruction and the COVID-19 pandemic and advocate for policies and programs that challenge ram- pant capitalism and post-colonial politics and their environmental destruction on humans and non-humans and the planet. Preface
- 18. xiv Part III. Capacitiesof Social Work Education, Service and Research The contribution of Chap. 7 is in championing ‘Partnership in SocialWork Education Along the New Silk Road: Towards a Transformative Cultural Inclusion Model’. The authors – Angelina Yuen-Tsang, Benjamin H.B. Ku, Gulmira Abdiraiymova, Al-Farabi Almaty, In Young Han, Mona Khoury-Kassabri, Lan Nguyen, Fengzhi Ma, Sabira Serikzhanova, Li Shen and Roni Strier – suggest that there is a revital- ization of collaboration among countries along the ancient Silk Road, including the routes on-land and the sea routes. This New Silk Road initiatives enhance regional connectivity, mutual understanding and sharing, and appreciation of cultural diver- sity through collaboration in social work education. It is expected that the initiative will continue to grow and will significantly impact the future development of social work education and transform the paradigm of regional and international collabora- tion amid the global reset. Social work educators from countries and regions along the New Silk Road, including China, Hong Kong, Israel, Kazakhstan, South Korea and Vietnam, highlighted the opportunities and challenges in strengthening collabo- ration among different especially with the global reset brought about by the COVID-19 pandemic. They propose a model on partnership for our ongoing and future social work collaborations in the regional and international arena. Social work is a catalyst for social change and development and the partnership hopefully will redress the divisive global discourse through proactive collaboration. ‘Globalisation and the Future of Social Work Practice and Education’, by Viktor Virág, You Jin Chung, Ngoh Tiong Tan, Mariko Kimura, and Boon Kheng Seng in Chap. 8, seeks to understand the impact of globalization and how international con- texts and unique cultures shape the models of social work practice in different coun- tries and specifically, Japan and Singapore. On the global level, most responses ranked economic and political changes as the most impactful social changes for social work. Knowledge, awareness, attitudes and skills were ranked as most neces- sary social work competencies in the context of globalization. Globalization related courses in the social work programs included lectures, seminars and practicum courses. It is necessary that teachers in social work engage in faculty development for global social work education. Social work must necessarily respond to the cul- ture and the countries unique context. Social changes in terms of the social milieu and globalization shape the models of social work practice in different countries. Social work model for the future is poised towards cross cultural, creative, resilient and integrated as well as value-based, international social work. In Chap. 9, ‘Reflective Ethical Decision-Making Process for Advancing Social Work’, Monika Čajko Eibicht and Walter Lorenz share that the values of social work are powerful ingredients of the professional self. Thus, an understanding of their values and how they might impact the professional relationship is vital. Social workers may hold different values that conflict with the clients’ values. Their own set of values sometimes conflict with each other. It is important for the future social Preface
- 19. xv workers not onlyto be self-aware but also to deal ethically in situations of potential conflicts and controversies. Chapter 10, ‘Knowledge Creation in SocialWork During theTime of COVID-19’, by Justin Francis Leon V. Nicolas, discusses the experience of three graduate stu- dents of social work enrolled in field instruction on the first semester that it has been redesigned to be handled using totally remote approaches due to the restrictions of the COVID-19 community quarantine in the Philippines. Using a critical realist stance, the authors re-described theories used to analyse knowledge creation in social work to come up with a framework on knowledge creation systems in social work field instruction in the time of COVID-19. Knowledge shared by the organiza- tions, the clients, faculty supervisors, agency supervisors, combined with theories and perspectives in social work and theories specific to the sectors involved and the insights gleaned from innovative practice which led to technology assisted helping approaches and technology mediated learning, as well as the construction of strate- gies are reflected in the proposed models of practice. This knowledge creation is vital towards the remaking of social work for the future. Part VI. Looking Forward: Global Challenges In Chap. 11, ‘Making Societies Social Again After the Crisis’, Walter Lorenz asserts that the spread of the COVID-19 virus has triggered a global crisis which has pro- found social implications. It can be shown that the weakening of social rights and bonds caused by constraints on welfare spending and a diminishing commitment to equality in recent social policy developments has now exacerbated social divisions. The nature of these polarization behind these cleavages has been clearly recognized in social work and the knowledge and experience of this profession and discipline can therefore provide essential reference points towards the re-building of social solidarity in post-Corona societies. In this project, the Global Definition of Social Work, ratified jointly by IASSW and IFSW, forms an incentive to strengthen social workers’ political role in combination with their interpersonal competences. Finally, the concluding chapter by P.K. Shajahan on ‘Equipping Social Workers for a New Global Era’ highlights the heightened vulnerabilities and increasing inequalities in the context of COVID-19 pandemic and concomitant challenges the profession of social work faces. He argues that beyond the current pandemic, the possibility of such economic, social, health and environmental crises necessitates the need for developing newer tools in addressing inequalities and enhanced vulner- abilities for marginalized communities. In addition to this, citing relevant literatures on the future world of work, Chap. 12 emphasizes the need for new-age skills for social work to uphold the avowed principles of social justice and promoting human agency. This chapter provides a vision of the way ahead for social work into the next millennium. Preface
- 20. xvi Making and Remakingof Social Work Modern social work as we know it to be has served society well for the last century. Social work in the future, to be relevant, needs to reinvent itself and transform prac- tice. It not only needs to disrupt society but also to disrupt itself. Looking into the future are many challenges that beset us. We hope that the con- tents in each of the chapters in this book would interest and be useful for social work practice for the future good. Singapore, Singapore Ngoh Tiong Tan Mumbai, India P. K. Shajahan February 20, 2022 Preface
- 21. xvii Acknowledgements We thank thefollowing organizations for their generous support of this publication: International Association of Schools of Social Work International Council for Social Welfare Global Institute of Social Work
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- 23. xix Contents Part I Tracing theContours of the New Era 1 New Era for Social Work in the Global Future������������������������������������ 3 Ngoh Tiong Tan 2 Social Work and Social Development Challenges to the COVID-19 Pandemic�������������������������������������������������������������������� 17 Leila Patel 3 Remaking Social Work by Applying an Anti-oppressive Lens������������ 29 Elena Allegri, Barbara Rosina, and Mara Sanfelici Part II Sustainable Approaches to Social Intervention 4 Partnerships as Citizens’ Rights������������������������������������������������������������ 47 Heloisa Helena Mesquita Maciel and Ilda Lopes Rodrigues da Silva 5 Vulnerability and Resilience of Refugee Women and Children���������� 59 Hadijah Mwenyango and George Palattiyil 6 Critical Green Social Work as Futuristic Social Work Practice���������� 77 Carolyn Noble Part III Capacities of Social Work Education, Service and Research 7 Partnership in Social Work Education Along the New Silk Road: Towards a Transformative Cultural Inclusion Model�������������������������� 91 Angelina Yuen-Tsang, Benjamin H. B. Ku, Gulmira Abdiraiymova, In Young Han, Mona Khoury-Kassabri, Lan Nguyen, Fengzhi Ma, Sabira Serikzhanova, Li Shen, and Roni Strier
- 24. xx 8 Globalisation andthe Future of Social Work Practice and Education������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 115 Viktor Virág, You Jin Chung, Ngoh Tiong Tan, Mariko Kimura, and Boon Kheng Seng 9 Reflective Ethical Decision-Making Process for Advancing Social Work���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 129 Monika Čajko Eibicht and Walter Lorenz 10 Knowledge Creation in Social Work During the Time of COVID-19�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 143 Justin Francis Leon V. Nicolas Part IV Looking Forward: Global Challenges 11 Making Societies Social Again After the Crisis������������������������������������ 163 Walter Lorenz 12 Equipping Social Workers for a New Global Era�������������������������������� 181 P. K. Shajahan Index������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 199 Contents
- 25. xxi About the Editors Editors NgohTiong Tan, PhD is a professor and former dean of Singapore University of Social Sciences. He is treasurer, co-chair of the Publications Committee and main representative to United Nations Bangkok for International Association of Schools of Social Work (IASSW), president of ConneXions International and chair of Global Institute of Social Work. He served on the International Consortium for Social Development and National Council of Social Services Boards. He is past co- chair of Commonwealth Organization for Social Workers, past president of Singapore Association of Social Workers and past vice-president of International Federation of Social Workers. He was a consultant to a UNICEF Project in Thailand and principal investigator for research and consultancy projects. He has taught social work models, family practice, conflict resolution and mediation, disaster management, research and evaluation courses at the university. He has authored and edited a number of books and scholarly articles and was consultant editor and reviewer for international journals. P. K. Shajahan, PhD is a professor of Social Work and Dean, Academic Affairs at the Tata Institute of Social Sciences (TISS) in Mumbai, India. He was formerly the Dean,SocialProtection,DeanStudents’Affairs,Chairperson,CentreforCommunity Organisation and Development Practice and Chairperson of South Asia Centre for Studies in Conflicts Peace and Human Security at TISS. He is currently the vice- president of International Council on Social Welfare (ICSW) and represents ICSW at the Task Force on Global Agenda for Social Work and Social Development 2020–2030. As a member of the Board of Directors, International Association of Schools of Social Work (IASSW), he chairs the Publication Committee of IASSW. He, along with colleagues from Europe, the Americas and Africa, founded two global academic alliances – Critical Edge Alliance (CEA) and Solidarity Economy Reciprocity and Social Innovation (SERESI). His research, publications
- 26. xxii and areas ofexpertise include participatory development, social enterprises and social innovation, diversity and social cohesion, community and civic engagement, school education and accountability, social protection and social policies, interna- tional social work, and youth development. He has been a visiting faculty at the University of Chicago (USA), Gavle University (Sweden), Tampere University (Finland) and Roskilde University (Denmark). About the Editors
- 27. xxiii Gulmira Abdiraiymova, DSSis a doctor of Sociological Sciences, professor and head of the Department of Sociology and Social Work at Al-Farabi Kazakh National University in Almaty, Kazakhstan. She is currently a director of the Center of Sociological Researches and Social Engineering at Al-Farabi Kazakh National University. Her special expertise lies in higher education system reforms, value ori- entations and life strategies of youth and national youth policy. She is the author of over 200 scientific publications. She served as Chairman of the Council of Young Scientists at the Foundation of the First President of Kazakhstan, member of the Council forYouth Policy under the President of Kazakhstan, Scientific Secretary of the Association of Sociologists of Kazakhstan and Chairman of the Dissertation Council at Al-Farabi Kazakh National University in social sciences. She was awarded the prize for young scientists of the Association of Sociologists of Kazakhstan, M. Auezov Prize for the best work in the field of humanities, the state grant of “The best teacher of the university”, the state scholarship for outstanding scientists of Kazakhstan, the badge of the Ministry of Education and Science For merits in the development of science, and Badge of the Ministry of Education and Science for Honorary Worker of Education. She serves on editorial boards of scientific journals of Kazakhstan and Russia. Elena Allegri, PhD is a professor (tenured researcher) in Sociology and Social Work, Department of Law and Political, Economic and Social Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale in Alessandria, Italy. Her main fields of research interests are critical and anti-oppressive social work, community social work, migration studies and involvement of service users in research and education. Monika Čajko Eibicht is a PhD student in the Social Work program at the Faculty of Humanities, Charles University in Prague, Czech Republic, with a professional background in nursing and social work. She obtained her nursing qualifications in Canada, one in community nursing at the Thomson Rivers University in Kamloops and one in emergency nursing education at the British Columbia Institute of Technology in Vancouver. She subsequently graduated with a master’s degree in Contributors
- 28. xxiv social work atCharles University, Prague. She is working currently under a research contract with Charles University’s Faculty of Humanities on international research tasks and projects. Her doctoral research focuses on promoting reflection in health and social work education. You Jin Chung, PhD is a senior lecturer at the Social Work Programme, S R Nathan School of Human Development, Singapore University of Social Sciences. She received her PhD from the National University of Singapore (NUS). Her research area covers mental health: community mental health (mental health ser- vices and service delivery system), adolescents’ identity and well-being, practitio- ners’ well- being and resilience, and social work education and field placement. Recently, she has conducted and published research on frontline social workers’ stress, resilience and organizational support. She has served in several social service institutes and organizations: Social Service Institute, Singapore Children Society and Social Service Research at NUS. In Young Han, PhD, ACSW is a professor emeritus at Ewha Womans University in Seoul, South Korea. He is a licensed clinician and educator in Social Work, espe- cially in mental health, health, child welfare and family therapy. She earned her doctoral degree from Case Western Reserve University in Cleveland, Ohio, and held clinical positions in the United States before assuming her academic post in Korea. Her research on child sex abuse set national data in Korea. He has been involved in international activities and delivered the keynote speech on Human Rights during the World Congress in Melbourne, Australia. She hosted the Global Social Work Congress held in Seoul in 2016. She has served numerous government and non- profit organizations in Korea and abroad and helped found the Social Work Master’s Program at Royal Phnom Penh University in Cambodia. Mona Khoury-Kassabri, PhD is a professor, vice president for Strategy and Diversity, and previous dean of The Paul Baerwald School of Social Work and Social Welfare at The Hebrew University of Jerusalem in Israel. She is an alumna of the IsraelYoung Academy and of the GlobalYoung Academy. She holds the Frances and George Katz Family Chair at The Paul Baerwald School of Social Work and Social Welfare at The Hebrew University. She won the Bruno Memorial Award, presented to young scholars by the Israel Institute for Advanced Studies (IIAS). She was a visiting professor at the Factor-Inwentash Faculty of Social Work at the University of Toronto in Canada. Her research revolves around issues related to child and youth welfare. It focuses on children and adolescents’ deviant and delin- quent behaviours in three particular areas: school violence, cyberbullying, juvenile delinquency and political violence. Mariko Kimura, PhD is a professor emeritus of Japan Women’s University in Tokyo. She has worked as a social work educator for over 25 years specialized in international social work and community mental health. She received PhD from Wilfrid Laurier University in Canada in 1993, and she taught at Tokai University, Contributors
- 29. xxv Kwansei Gakuin Universityand Japan Women’s University. Between 2014 and 2018, she served as the Asia-Pacific Regional President of International Federation of Social Workers (IFSW). She was awarded the Andrew Mouravieff-Apostol Medal, the highest honour of the IFSW. She has served on the IFSW Education Commission since 2016 and is now representing the Asia-Pacific Region. She is a member of the JapaneseAssociation of Mental Health Social Workers. She has writ- ten a number of book chapters, social work textbooks and journal articles on inter- national social work and community mental health. Her recent work includes book chapters on ‘Globalization and International Social Work’ in International Social Welfare (2020) and ‘Inter-organizational network development in IFSWAsia Pacific Regional member countries’, Best Practices of Social Work Methods. Benjamin H. B. Ku, PhD obtained his PhD from the department of anthropology and sociology at SOAS, University of London. He is associate professor, panel chair of sociology and program leader of Doctor in Social Work in the Department of Applied Social Sciences at the Hong Kong Polytechnic University. He is also an honorable professor at the China Youth University for Political Sciences. He is the director of the Peking U-PolyU Social Work Research Center and China Research and Development Network. He is chief editor of China Journal of Social Work and associate editor of Action Research. He was a fulbright scholar at Washington University in St. Louis in 2007 and senior research fellow at Durham University in the UK. He has been an honorable professor at the Minzu University of China, Yunnan University, SunYat-sen University in China and ShandongYouth University for Political Sciences. He has also been visiting scholar at the Central China Agriculture University, Taiwan National Central University and York University in Toronto, Canada. Walter Lorenz, PhD, MSc was a professor of social work at University College, Cork in Ireland (1978–2001) and at the Free University of Bozen/Bolzano in Italy (2001–2017), where he also served two 4-year terms as Rector. He is currently a contract professor at Charles University in Prague, Czech Republic. A native of Germany, he qualified as a social worker at the London School of Economics and practised this profession for 8 years in East London. His research interests cover anti-racism practice and current and historical aspects of European social work and social policy. He co-founded the European Journal of Social Work and Social Work Society together with Hans-Uwe Otto. He holds honorary doctorates from the Universities of Ghent and Aalborg. Fengzhi Ma, PhD is a professor of social work at Peking University in Beijing, China. She is a leading figure in social work education in China and actively pro- motes the professionalization and indigenization of social work in China. Currently, she serves as vice president and secretary-general of the ChinaAssociation of Social Work Education, executive vice director of the National Committee for MSW Education and co-director of PKU-HK PolyU China Social Work Research Centre. Her research areas include social work education, medical social work, family social work, social transformation and social development. Contributors
- 30. xxvi Heloisa Helena MesquitaMaciel, PhD is a postdoctoral researcher at the Postgraduate Studies Program in Social Policy at Fluminense Federal University (UFF) in Niterói, State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The research project is on state capacity and the implementation of social assistance policy. Her doctorate is in social policy from UFF, Master of Social Work from Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro (PUC-RIO, 2001) and specialization course from the National University of Brasília UNB-CEAD in Social Work and Social Policy. She works in government agencies in the area of social assistance and is a professor at PUC-Rio in the Department of Social Work at undergraduate and postgraduate levels. She is a member of the Josué de Castro Research Group (GPJC/Puc-Rio) and of the Research and Extension Laboratory in Social Service of Social Assistance and of Productive Inclusion at Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ). She is actively involved with the Permanent Education Policy of the Unified Social Assistance System and in Technical Supervision in Projects in the area of social assistance with an emphasis on social protection, management and social control. Hadijah Mwenyango, PhD is a lecturer in Social Work at Makerere University in Kampala, Uganda. She is the current course director for the Master of Social Work (MSW) course on Human Rights, Ethics andValues in Social Work. She is a regional coordinator for the IASSW’s East African Social Work Regional Resource Centre (rrc.mak.ac.ug); a member of the Global Refugee Health Research Network (GRHRN) based at the University of Edinburgh, UK; and an associate member at the Centre for Health and Social Economic Improvement (CHASE-i’s). She also chairs the Ugandan Board of Directors for the Children of Ssuubi (NGO) (https:// childrenofssuubi.com/). Her teaching and research interests include social work, forced migration and refugees, health, human rights, social services and social pol- icy. She has engaged in various research projects and published widely about the situation of refugees. She strongly believes in partnerships as a means to bridge the gap between research, policy and practice. She currently offers support for coordi- nation and facilitation of an Online Course on Health and Migration organized by the Centre for Health and Migration, Vienna (Austria), and Makerere University. Lan Nguyen, PhD is a senior lecturer at the University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Vietnam National University Hanoi. She gained her BA in Vietnam, a Master of Social Work from the University of Regina, Canada (2004), and a PhD in Social Work from the University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia (2015). She is among the pioneer qualified trained lecturers in social work in Vietnam at the beginning of the 2000s. Her contribution to the development of social work in Vietnam is well acknowledged in both fields: education and professionalization of the social work profession. She has been involved in the development of under- graduate and graduate social work training programs as well as the training materi- als in a local context. Her teaching and research fields include social welfare rights, child care and protection, social services for children and persons with disabilities, social care, social work professionalization, social work theories and models, and social work indigenization and authenticization. Some of her current research Contributors
- 31. xxvii projects are implementingthe people’s welfare rights through social care inVietnam; social work professionalization (2020); family sustainability and child protection in Vietnam; multi-country review of the social service workforce in the East Asia and Pacific region: Vietnamese case. Justin Francis Leon V. Nicolas, PhD is a registered social worker and an associ- ate professor of Social Work at the University of the Philippines College of Social Work and Community Development (UP CSWCD) in Diliman, Quezon City. He is currently the Chairperson of the Department of Social Work and part of the Doctor of Social Development Program faculty pool. He is president of the Social Welfare and Development Leaning Network (SWD L-Net) in the National Capital Region. He received his PhD in Social Work from the University of Newcastle, Australia, with the thesis titled ‘Articulating Creativity in Social Work Practice’. He finished his BS in SocialWork and Master of SocialWork at the University of the Philippines. He has served as field instruction coordinator at the UP CSWCD and as former board member of the NationalAssociation of SocialWork Education Inc. Philippines where he was president of the NASWEI NCR Chapter. He was a lecturer of sociol- ogy at the Polytechnic University of the Philippines for eight years prior to teaching at the University of the Philippines. He was also a policy analyst at the Council for the Welfare of Children under the Department of Social Welfare and Development. Carolyn Noble, MSW, PhD is emeritus professor of Social Work at Australian College of Applied Psychology (ACAP) in Sydney and emerita professor of Social Work at Victoria University, Melbourne. She has taught and developed undergradu- ate and post-graduate programs in social work, counselling and psychotherapy, social science, mental health and professional supervision, all with a critical lens. She has been active in Australian, Asia Pacific and International Schools of Social Work Associations and has held executive positions in each of these organizations. Her research interests include social work theory, philosophy and ethics, critical pedagogies and professional supervision. Further areas of research include gender democracy and equal employment opportunity for women in higher education and human services. She is editor-in-chief of open-access social issues magazine, Social Dialogue, for International Association of Schools of Social Work (IASSW). George Palattiyil, PhD is a head of Social Work and a senior lecturer in Social Work at the University of Edinburgh and a senior fellow of the Higher Education Academy, UK. His teaching and research interests are in the area of forced migra- tion and refugees, human rights, individuals and families affected by HIV and AIDS and older people. With teaching and research experience spanning across India, Scotland, Jordan, Uganda and Bangladesh, he is deeply committed to diversity and social justice and is passionate about internationalizing the curriculum and cross- cultural learning. For his contribution to student support, he won the Best Personal Tutor Award by the Edinburgh University Students Association in 2019. He sits on the Board of Directors of Multi-Cultural Family Base and the Institute for Research and Innovation in Social Services. He has served on the British Journal of Social Contributors
- 32. xxviii Work editorial boardand currently contributes to the Editorial Board of Practice – Social Work in Action and European Social Work Research Journal, and is coediting a special issue on ‘Global Agenda for Social Work and Social Development’. He also sits on the Advance HE Working Group: Embedding Race Equality in FE/HE in Scotland – Understanding and Developing an Anti-Racist Curriculum project. Leila Patel, PhD is a professor of Social Development Studies and holds the South African Research Chair in Welfare and Social Development, University of Johannesburg, South Africa. She is also the founding director of the Centre for Social Development in Africa where she is based and conducts leading-edge research in social welfare and social work in development contexts. Much of this research grapples with documenting and understanding the progression of social welfare and social development in the Global South in a rapidly changing world. Her research interests include social protection, gender, care and social work and social services for children and families and youth with a particular focus on youth employment issues. Currently, she is conducting a multi- and trans-disciplinary research of community of practice for social systems strengthening to improve child well-being outcomes. Her work experience spans academia, government, non-profit organizations and private sector social involvement initiatives. She was the former director general of Social Welfare in the Mandela government and played a leading role in the development of South Africa’s welfare policy after apartheid. Leila was deputy vice-chancellor and vice-principal of the University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, and later, as head of the Department of Social Work at the University of Johannesburg. Barbara Rosina, PhD is a social worker with many years of experience in mental health services. She teaches principles and fundamental basis of social work – the- ory and ethics at the University of Piemonte Orientale in Alessandria, Italy. Her research interests relate to social work in mental health and violence against social workers. Mara Sanfelici, PhD is a research fellow at the University of Trieste, Italy. She collaborates as a social work researcher at the National Foundation of Social Workers. Her research interests relate to social work in personal and collective cri- ses, migration studies and parenting in poverty. Boon Kheng Seng, PhD is a professor and head of Social Work, SR Nathan School of Human Development, Singapore University of Social Sciences (SUSS). She is a registered social worker (RSW) and has been practicing social work in the health- care sector for many years. Prior to her joining SUSS, she was the Head of the Social Work Department at the Institute of Mental Health. She has served on several and is currently serving on some of the Boards of Professional Bodies, National Councils and Voluntary Welfare Organizations in the National Council of Social Service and the Ministry of Social and Family Development. She is a qualified therapist in clinical hypnosis, neuro-linguistic programming and reality therapy. She has published research papers in various areas including mental health, caregiv- ing and dementia. Contributors
- 33. xxix Sabira Serikzhanova, PhDreceived her BSc in Social Work from Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Kazakhstan. She holds an MSc and a PhD in Sociology. She serves as a deputy head of the Department of Sociology and Social Work for Science and International Relations at Al-Farabi Kazakh National University. She is involved in multiple national and international research projects. Her research inter- ests include social integration of internal migrants, new forms of inequality in urban space, neighborhood effects and young scholars’ careers. Her research initiatives have been supported by, among others, the Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan, N. Nazarbayev Foundation and Open Society Foundations. She is the Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan’s ‘Best University Teacher of 2020’ and The Best Young Scientist of Al-Farabi KazNU of 2020, Kazakhstan Sociological Association Award winner for talented young scientists. Li Shen, PhD is a professor and the director of the MSW Program at Nanjing University of Science and Technology in China. He is the deputy director and secretary- general of the Social Work Supervision Committee of the China Association of Social Work Education and the director of the Social Work Ethics Committee of the Shanghai Association of Social Workers. His research interests focus on social work ethics and social work supervision. Ilda Lopes Rodrigues da Silva, MA is a professor at the Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro-PUC-Rio, Brazil; coordinator of the Committee of the Chamber of Ethics in Research at PUC-Rio; effective member of the Research Ethics Committee of the Instituto de Endocrinologia e Diabetes Luiz Capriglioni; coordinator of the Group of Studies – Dialogues with Hannah Arendt: Public Space and Politics; and president of the Brazilian Center for Cooperation and Exchange of Social Services – CBCISS. She has extensive experience in the areas of health, social work and research ethics. Roni Strier, PhD is an associate professor at the School of Social Work at the University of Haifa, Israel. His areas of teaching and research are social exclusion, poverty, university-community partnerships and fatherhood studies. He is the founder of the Leadership and Social Change Track at the SWMA Program, the Interdisciplinary Center for the Study of Poverty and Social Exclusion, the University of Haifa Flagship Program ‘Fighting Social Exclusion and Promoting Solidarity’ and the founder and present academic chair of the University of Haifa Academic Unit for Social Mobility and Higher Education. He has published multi- ple articles in main academic journals such as Higher Education, Journal of Social Policy, British Journal of Social Work and Social Work. Viktor Virág, PhD is an associate professor at the Japan College of Social Work in Kiyose. His experience includes teaching at Showa Women’s University, Sophia University, Hosei University, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Nagasaki International University and Hitotsubashi University. He is a board member of the Japanese Association for the Study of International Social Work, the Japanese Society for the Study of Social Work and the Japanese Association of Social Workers. He is on the Contributors
- 34. xxx International Committees ofthe Japanese Federation of Social Workers and the Japanese Society for the Study of Social Welfare. He served as assistant to the President at the International Federation of Social Workers (IFSW) Asia-Pacific Region, on the International Committee of the Japanese Association for Social Work Education, and as board member of the Asian and Pacific Association for Social Work Education. In Japan, he authored the books Social Work in the Era of Diversity and Understanding Migrant Care Workers. Angelina Yuen-Tsang, MSW, M.Ed., PhD was president of the International Association of Schools of SocialWork (IASSW) and is actively involved in capacity- building programmes in the international arena. She was vice president of the Hong Kong Polytechnic University responsible for global and student affairs before her retirement in 2018. She is honorary professor of PolyU and visiting professor of Peking University, Sichuan University, Yunnan University, China Women’s University and Hua Zhong University of Science and Technology. She has been actively involved in the promotion of social work education and capacity-building programmes for social workers in Hong Kong, Mainland China and many develop- ing countries. In particular, Professor Yuen has been actively involved in the devel- opment of social work education in the Chinese Mainland since the late 1980s and had played a key role in introducing the first MSW programme in the country, in collaboration with Peking University. ProfessorYuen is advisor and executive board member of numerous government organizations and charitable foundations in Hong Kong and the Chinese mainland. These include the Hong Kong Social Workers’ Association, Hong KongAcademy of Social Work,All-China Federation of Women, China Association of Social Work Education and the Keswick Foundation of Hong Kong. Contributors
- 35. Part I Tracing theContours of the New Era
- 36. 3 Chapter 1 New Erafor Social Work in the Global Future Ngoh Tiong Tan 1 Social Reset: The Game Changer “Don’t change it, if it isn’t broken,” is not sufficient a justification if progress is needed in the face of the momentous challenges facing our world today. Social re- engineering and change is often necessary in times of transition and disruptions. The time for social transformation is now, and social work needs to be positioned for greater contribution in the new era. Social workers all over the world are discuss- ing the themes for “Reimagining Social work” or “Remaking of the Profession,” so as not to have the “rude awakening” (Guillen, 2018) and be found to be doing too little and too late (Washington Post, 2021). There is an urgency for timely interven- tion. As we move into a post-COVID-19 world, with the looming uncertainty, social innovation, improvization, and a flexible framework for social work practice are warranted. Not only has the pandemic exacted a horrendous death toll of more than 4.2 million and recorded over 200 million infected by the virus worldwide causing con- cerns for many as to their own survival and livelihoods (WHO, 2021), severe eco- nomic and social disruptions, impacted by COVID-19, are felt all around the globe. The global workforce lost an equivalent of 255 million full-time jobs, with an esti- mated loss of $3.7 trillion in wages and 4.4% of global GDP (WEF, 2021c). While vaccine rollout has begun, and the growth outlook is predicted to improve, an even socioeconomic recovery is far from certain (WEF 2021a, c). In the wake of the crisis besetting us, there is much debate about a new world order to usher in a new era. So, what is the great reset? In a sentence, the WEF pro- posed Global Reset promises a more global, greener, and fairer world (WEF, 2021a, N. T. Tan (*) S R Nathan School of Human Development, Singapore University of Social Sciences, Singapore, Singapore e-mail: tannt@suss.edu.sg © The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2022 N. T. Tan, P. K. Shajahan (eds.), Remaking Social Work for the New Global Era, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-08352-5_1
- 37. 4 b), a worldthat uses technology to reconstruct social structures for the betterment of the humankind (WEF, 2021a). The problems of human institutions and the inade- quacies and failures of systems such as health care, finance, education, and energy have exacerbated the crises and become the impetus to propel the world toward transformation (WEF, 2021a). It is said that the current decisions of the “policy- makers, business leaders, workers will shape societies” for the future and the many years to come. At this critical crossroads, the World Economic Forum urged leaders to engage in the global reset, to “consciously, proactively and urgently lay the foundations of a new social contract, rebuilding our economies so they (may) provide opportunity for all” (WEF, 2021a:1). 2 Global Problems and Issues The global reset is meant to fix the problems facing our modern world. In the recent years, the world is wrought with grave challenges brought about by the pandemic and a host of other disasters as well as social, economic, and political upheavals. The author will provide in this chapter a paradigm to analyze the current situ- ation and chart the way ahead for social work. The key problems can serve as a wake- up call to be found in five interlinked scenarios: the pandemic, disasters, economic and political changes, poverty and inequality, and the underlying value crisis. The solving of these problems and issues become central to the proposed model (see Fig. 1.1) for social change: Fig. 1.1 Paradigm for social work and great reset. (Source: Tan, 2021b: 204) N. T. Tan
- 38. 5 1. Health, illness,disease, epidemics, pestilences, and deaths will continue to be grave concerns of the world. 2. Disasters, both natural and man-made, such as conflicts and wars, both within and among nations, are on the rise. 3. Economy and society are in turmoil, with serious impact on unemployment, business viability, and other social consequences. Political upheavals are observed, with increase in failed states, corruption, mismanagement, and politi- cal instability. 4. Poverty and inequality, globalization and migration, and exploitation of labor and resources are some of the key concerns of most society. 5. Environmental concerns like climate change, pollution, famines, and floods have brought about increased catastrophes, including food insecurity and hunger. Underlying these problems is the value crisis facing the world. At the base, there is a poverty of values affecting the world, such as concerns of human rights abuse and social justice issues. We need to affirm the value of the dignity and worth of every person and aim toward social solidarity in resolving societal issues. The world is at a turning point and thus in urgent need of drastic changes at all levels of society. With the impending reset, proposed by the WEF (2021a), many would cling on to the promises of the “resetters” for a more just and equal world. This is like chasing the pot of gold at the rainbow’s end. While we hope for change, we need a realistic and pragmatic approach to social work intervention, as pro- posed below. We should note that the quest for social change, whether or not through the global reset, would have profound impact on all spheres of life: • Individuals, families, communities, society, and global impact • Governments at federal, state, and local levels • Businesses and markets, NGOs, and community groups • Social institutions such as education, arts, sports, and religious groups • Professional groups including medical, social work, teaching, and others. This chapter focuses on the role of social work and provides a paradigm for social work practice as the change agent for the impending great global reset and to engage social work for the future. 3 Who to Bring the Needed Change? The global reset, as envisaged, requires a systemic transformation involving the governments to set the social agenda, businesses to be more ethical, civil society to meet real interests or needs, and people to be empowered for action. It will “take a village to raise a child” (Reference, 2021); that is, many helping hands, from all sectors of society and the whole community, are needed to bring about the transformation. 1 New Era for Social Work in the Global Future
- 39. 6 The social arenais the key niche area of social work, expanding from social intervention to community and social developments. The key contribution to social change, besides social technology and knowledge and skills, is in the area of social work values and ethical principles that is vital to direct the change process (IFSW, 2021). Truly, the basis for social work intervention lies in its value base. Transformation should be toward a fairer, more equitable, and just world. Social work advocates for a redistributive approach, with the underlying theme of universality and social jus- tice, toward a world that is greener with more appropriate use of technology and more sustainable in every sense of the word. The reset must “rebuild better” and the expected outcome should be toward a healthier and wealthier world for all (WEF, 2021a, b). Social work is about social change that should imbibe the key social values as the underlying foundation of society. There are the universal values as well as commu- nitarian values that guide the principles and values of social work practice. Human values impact the direction of the reset and guide the social transformation process. The universal values commonly ascribed to are akin to the social work values and principles, including that of social justice, compassion and care, human ethics as well as civility. The key principles as are the values of social work are the value of life and liberty, individual worth and rights, social inclusion of diversity, respect for each other and for differences, empowerment of people and communities, as well as freedom and self-determination, as exemplified in Fig. 1.1 (Tan, 2021b). Underlying the values of social solidarity and community participation are the communitarian values of capacity building, cohesion, and social resilience. The direction for social work change is also guided by the values of creativity and inno- vation and is based on parsimony, ethical suitability, and appropriateness of the intervention (Thomas, 1978; Teater, 2014). Capacity building and reinforcement of social resilience are key goals and values for the reset of social work (Tan, 2021b). 4 Social Transformation Process It is vital to note that the Global Reset is heralded as, “not a full-stop but a comma,” meaning that it is a continuous process of transformation in all areas of life. The social transformation process as seen in Fig. 1.1 starts with identification and dissection of the global problems: health, social conflicts, economic and envi- ronmental concerns, and social inequality and exclusions. The state, private enter- prises, and social or civic institutions should be working in partnership for a better and fairer world. With the onset of the pandemic, many manufacturing and commercial functions were halted. There is an urgent need for increase in the production of goods and services and thus enhancing the value creation of wealth. The redistribution of wealth and resources is deemed as not possible without prosperity. Community- based development and community organization strategies are essential mechanisms for N. T. Tan
- 40. 7 restructuring and restoringfunctionality of community and society. In fact, greater resilience and social solidarity are needed for rebuilding the capacities of the indi- vidual, family, community, and the state (Tan, 2017). The change process is a col- laborative one in which citizens, businesses, and NGOs should proactively work together toward innovative change. 5 Social Welfarism: The New, New Deal The health disaster currently facing our world has had a hard impact on the econ- omy and has resulted in despair in many quarters. Therefore, there is an urgent need to rebuild hope and resilience. In order to rebound from this crisis, socially and psychologically, a new, new deal, surpassing that of the time of postdepression in the USA (Paul, 2017), is needed in many countries of the world. Crisis is the catalyst for a new form of welfarism, with the focus on human capi- tal development and social capacity building. The investment in the development of human capital as well as social capital holds the key to rebuilding better and stron- ger (Tan, 2021a). This has been observed in some of the nations that are ready to bounce back as they deal with the COVID-19, now not as pandemic but as endemic. There has been an erosion of the role of the State in welfare as well as public concerns over greater government provisions and control (Bothfeld Rosenthal, 2017). While the State has been called upon to ensure income security, the long- term strategy must be toward enhancing human capital, capability, and potential. The rise of the third sector plays a critical role in partnership with the government to enhance human well-being. Investing in people must be the wave for the future. For example, it is necessary for the State and industry to engage in job restructur- ing to deal with the current loss in jobs and income. New jobs have been created in the recent pandemic such as those of door-to-door delivery and logistics, medical support, security and contact tracing, Information Technology, deep cleaning and sanitary industries, and online research and development, especially in pharmaceu- tical companies dealing with COVID-19 vaccination. Better value jobs and greater job security are warranted. Reskilling and upskilling of workers, including the social workers in the indus- trial sectors, are essential for building human capital for the future. However, with the strong focus on human capital, we must be careful not to neglect the social capi- tal and social resilience of the individual, family, and community as well as society at large. 6 Impact of Reset for Social Work Social work needs to address the emerging effects of globalization and the fall-out from the current crisis brought about by the COVID-19 pandemic. 1 New Era for Social Work in the Global Future
- 41. 8 As with mostchanges, the signs of the times are observed in the reactionary trends in social work toward decolonization and indigenization. The social work response to the impact of the global reset can be grouped in the three key areas, global effort, social issues, and technological change. 6.1 Global Effort The global reset is a result of the shift in the economic and political power. The decline of the West is also met with the rise of Asia, particularly China. Instead of suspicion and fear, social work response should aim for the stepping up of global and regional collaborations and partnerships. With increased role of the state in universal welfare provisions, there is also a need to moderate any excessive intervention of the state in provision and control of essential services and direct welfare. Enhancing the role of civil society is vital to providing the balance of government and people, in social welfare policies and provisions. 6.2 Social Issues Major issues of social inequality and social injustice are confronting our society and there needs to be a push toward greater social inclusion and social diversity. Social interactions and social relationships are fundamental blocks for building an inte- grated and socially inclusive society. In a time of safe distancing and limited face to face gathering, ironically, social interactions have increased as we are able to see each other from close-up, even from different parts of the world, through social media and face time, WhatsApp, and zoom. On the other hand, through tracing and GPS location apps for tracking of COVID-19 infection, governments as well as business organizations were able to track movements and monitor the interactions and habits or people from different parts of the world. For example, surveillance cameras are now able to identify peo- ple, who were, once just one in the crowd, and record their individual behaviors and online responses. Social workers should not be called upon to be social control agents in the pan- demic, rather they should be ensuring privacy, confidentiality, and participation of citizens. It is important to hold on to the social values of freedom and self- determination, which will help steer us through turbulent waters. We need to build greater interdependence of people and nations toward global and community soli- darity. Social work is a vanguard for personal liberty and against protectionism, social exclusivity, and divisive welfarism. N. T. Tan
- 42. 9 6.3 Technology With such rapidtechnological change, social work needs to adapt to the use of tech- nology to strengthen human relationships and the effective use of technology devel- opment to enhance social network is vital. The challenge is not only to move away from digitization of human relationships but also to grow more cyber connections, social support, and be able to interact with and relate to people in wholesome ways. Developing an e-support community and networking is especially important during “lock-down” where social isolation is common. The drastic social disruptions on a global scale call for social innovations and creative response. Novel response to COVID-19 with the severe lockdown of our societies has seen an unprecedented rise in the non-face-to-face interactions across businesses, schools, and families. Helping citizens affected by the lockdowns and safety measures imposed by governments, to cope mentally and emotionally and readjust to the new normal, is important. Enhanced mental health delivery via online channels and social media were observed. Long-term strategies for application of technology in social services may include the use of cash cards for welfare pay- ments, cryptocurrency for savings and social security development, as well as cyber service delivery and counselling. 7 Social Work Theory and Change Social work’s contribution to social change is not only through knowledge and skills, but also in values and principles for professional practice. Social work and social development adopt techniques and strategies for effective social change. Utilizing the eco-systems orientation, the social development strategies and change- orientation should be toward capacity building and sustainable development. The focus is for enhancing and utilizing strengths and potentials within individuals and their families, as well as in the various groups and communities. Social work as a versatile profession will be finding new niches and forging new territories for action. Indeed, social work methods and models must creatively tackle the emerging trends and issues exemplified in forward-looking research and practice (Tan, 2021a). There is also a demand for the selective use of appropriate technology, social media, and communications that assist service delivery and effective interaction. At the core of the intervention is the professional relationship based on respect and open communication. Social workers as agents of change can contribute to the social well-being of citizens, more directly and purposefully at all levels of society. From casework, group and community work, to research, policy intervention, and advocacy, social work must reinvent new ways of tackling old problems. The era of Western influence and domination of social work is ending. Social work is no longer a Western construct and social work practice and education must 1 New Era for Social Work in the Global Future
- 43. 10 change to reflectthe direction toward indigenization and decolonization of social work. The trend is also shifting from the local to global, and from traditional to new innovations and designs. Decolonization to reclaim indigenous or traditional prac- tice and contextualization in social, cultural, and political arena must insist on prac- tical application of local language and cultural symbols, values, and ways of healing and health as well as preserving the functional as well as honoring local knowledge, techniques, and methods (Gray et al., 2008; Rowe et al., 2015). The insights gleaned from contextual wisdom and local practice need to be sharedatinternationalsocialworkforumsandbepubliclyrecognized.Decolonization also deals with the effects of globalization and the universalization of education, methods of practice, and social international development (Gray et al., 2008; Rowe et al., 2015). Cross-cultural and contextualization issues are central for social work- ers of the future. The challenge is for appropriate indigenization of local practice. “Indigenization means professional social work roles and functions need to be appropriate to the different countries” and social work education must be appropri- ate to the demands of local social work practice. Indigenization is thus “adapting imported ideas to fit local” (Huang Zhang, 2008). However, with the observed trend toward indigenization in social work, critique of professional imperialism, questioning of western values and theories with the emphasis on the importance of indigenous social and cultural structure has taken forefront. Social workers of the future need to be culturally sensitive. Not all indigenization is helpful and should be examined carefully to determine their real benefit to social work (Huang Zhang, 2008). It is asserted that “indigenization in social work (should) not (be) blindly adhered to the existing indigenous cultural and social structure.” Indigenous people themselves should critique the practices that reinforce oppression, injustice, and inequality in their society (Huang Zhang, 2008). Ultimately, the analysis should be based on whether the social interventions can “promote freedom, equality, justice and dignity for indigenous people or might lead to victimization and oppression of indigenous people.” 7.1 Social Work as a Disruptive Force Social work is disrupted by the pandemic but can also be a disruptive force. It needs to move away from traditional social work practice and embrace new methodolo- gies. Social work education and practice, in the new era, can develop new strategies online, provide greater support for disaster and crisis intervention, and contribute to developing macropolicy in human and social capital development. Social work as a versatile profession will find new niches and forge new territo- ries for social action. Indeed, social work methods and models must creatively engage with the emerging trends and issues through the research and development as well as cutting-edge practice. Traditional face-to-face casework and counselling N. T. Tan
- 44. 11 are already changingto online mode and, at times, are also incorporating the use of social media for practice. From group and community work, to research, policy intervention, and advocacy, social work must reinvent new ways of tackling both the old as well as the new problems (Tan, 2021a). It is recognized that social work education may be quite effective with the use of new technology of zoom, team, meet, and skype, without the need for face-to-face education. Many courses have, out of necessity, already moved online and devel- oped a social e-community of practitioners. The bright vision of the rise of social work for the future is gearing toward social change, integration of society, and fos- tering of dignity and well-being of the citizens. 8 Innovation in Social Service Delivery and Social Work Education Innovative social service delivery, as well as online social work training and educa- tion are highlighted as positive responses to the negative pandemic in recent times. One good example of this is “Emmaus Strategies,” a social enterprise in Singapore, which aims to build the community’s mental resilience while also engaging in com- munity building (Emmaus Strategies, 2022). With the onset of the COVID-19 pan- demic and the need for safe distancing measures, the social enterprise reinvented its service delivery during the partial lockdown of the city. The agency, using the acro- nym ARM, hoped to increase: Awareness, Resilience, and Mobilization. The orga- nization quickly adapted an online approach, converting its in-person talks and workshops to free webinars and they even released an online COVID-19 Mental Resilience Toolkit (Emmaus Strategies, 2022). They conducted online interviews on mental well-being and burnout, and gave access to its contents to viewers both within and outside Singapore. To help grow the community’s resilience, they also created a COVID-19 Response Page with links to relevant mental health resources. Agencies can collaboratively identify strategies for building mental health of the community and also forge a partnership with ground-up initiatives, which mobi- lized the community for action (Emmaus Strategies, 2022). It seems that the reset is a good time to evaluate the role of social work, not just for medical social workers, but for the whole of the social services sector. The use of technology has been successful in the medical field such as popularizing web MD and telemedicine. Likewise, social work may apply technology such as tele-home visits and video assessments as well as teleconferencing for social work supervision. As the pandemic is expected to worsen, and the problems deepened, we need to find new ways forward in teaching resilience, creativity, and collaboration to our clients, students, and social service professionals. Resilience is needed at every level of society to counter the ill-effects of the pandemic or any disaster, to rebound back, and to regain functionality. 1 New Era for Social Work in the Global Future
- 45. 12 8.1 Innovation and Adaptationin School’s Curriculum The coronavirus lockdown has had a strong impact on social work education in universities all over the world. Most educational institutions have resorted to using technology and social media as alternative platforms for online teaching (Tan, 2022). Social work courses at Milano Bicocca University, “focused on the experimenta- tion of the social work profession, which had innovative components” including, “remote field placement, webinars and internal remote field placement”. They “learned how to manage the helping relationship and the social worker’s role, func- tions and activities during (the training) for remote interventions” (A. Campanini, Social work courses at Milano Bicocca University. Personal Communication, 2021:1). Lectures should be focused in the local context, and as reported by social work educators from Singapore and China, use of videos that discussed various aspects of practice and the community, role plays over Zoom and the guest lecturers that joined in online to share their experiences were some of the ways incorporated to enliven the cyber teaching. Peking University, on the other hand, focused on training and supervision of the students as agents of change in the field settings dur- ing the onset of pandemic, and this was both innovative and beneficial for the client groups served (Tan, 2022). Education and field training, “to ensure continuity of leaning in one of the most difficult circumstances of social work education,” are modified such that course requirements were met with innovation that allowed continuity through various combinations, “under close and regular online supervision not only for their (the students) learning part of it but also for ensuring that they are healthy both physi- cally and mentally” for the Tata Institute of Social Sciences in India (P. K. Shajahan, Educationandfieldtrainingtoensurecontinuityofleaning.PersonalCommunication, 2021:1). Global social work online courses are provided free by the Global Institute of Social Work (GISW, 2021 see: www.thegisw.org). Recent courses of the GISW’s online platform include quick response to COVID-19 as well as disaster and crisis management videos and training, emphasizing the need for strength-based disaster management and social recovery, at: https://gisw.teachable.com/p/disaster- management-and-social-work as well as https://gisw.teachable.com/p/social-work- response-to-crisis-and-epidemics/. The GISW’s training portal (https://gisw. teachable.com), along with social world podcast, is especially accessible and useful for the training frontline social workers (Tan, 2022). 9 Dealing with Global Challenges One way of dealing with the global challenges is in applying organizational devel- opment and macrosocial work administration to deal with social and institutional dysfunctions and to strengthen and develop the organizations. A strategy to enhance N. T. Tan
- 46. 13 and incorporate businessesas partners toward the social mission and social contri- bution is to enlist them as social enterprises. Community capacity building and the development of social resilience will strengthen and prepare the community for future crises and disasters. In dealing with environmental degradation and climate change, the focus pro- vided by Green social work (Dominelli, 2021) is to enhance the protection for the environment and restore the degraded ecology for a more sustainable world. Protection of human rights and freedom from oppression and slavery can be achieved through advocacy and empowerment approaches. In enhancing civil and human rights, a balance for the responsibility and care for each other is advocated. Creativity and Innovation are keys to dealing with future challenges. Innovation in social service delivery and education must center on the core values, skills, and competencies of social work. Resilience and adaptability are needed in the fast- changing communities and societies of the world. We emphasize that ethics and human relationships are the key elements of social work that will sustain the profes- sion for the future (Tan, 2021b). 10 Global Solidarity and Expected Outcome of the Social Work Reset Global solidarity is needed for human progress and development. Social solidarity is the web of network that will help us “to withstand and shelter in crisis and disas- ters.” There are always tensions between and among nations as well as with ethnic or class violence and conflicts. Moving ahead, we need new ways to creatively resolve differences and forge peace and mutual collaboration. Social solidarity is valued not only within communities, countries, and regions as well as across the world, but also among various professional groups. However, the challenge is also in visualizing the social work profession in a global united front interweaving at the national and local levels. Social workers need to uphold our common social agenda for connectedness with purpose and vision (IASSW, 2021). There is social solidarity at all levels – “one caring for all” and “all for one.” Global citizenship in the new era is exemplified as rights with responsibilities, not only among people and nations, but also as a collective, living in harmony with the environment. The outcome of the global reset can be summed up as the “Common Good” where people are free to live and be healthier, prospering such that all have enough, no one is hungry nor poor. In this hopeful “utopia,” social protection as well as uni- versal welfare is the norm. The vision is for a better society, with sustainable ecol- ogy, marked not only with no lack but also marked for human liberty and dignity as well as a sense of well-being for the common people of the world. 1 New Era for Social Work in the Global Future
- 47. 14 11 Conclusions The global futureseems promising in bringing about change, but we should be real- istic in the potential for executing this change in the reality of practice. We, how- ever, hope that social workers, as agents of change, would not wallow in the idealistic catch phrases and rhetoric of the “resetters” but will focus on pragmatic transforma- tive actions at the ground level while being reflective of the significance of cultural contexts in practice. The paradigm of social work for the reset or transformation includes understand- ing of the key issues and problems propelling the social change, developing social work strategies as well as the universal, communitarian, and social work values and principles in dealing with the challenges and evaluating the outcome for the agenda for common good. The key approach of social work is to develop social resilience, social cohesion, and social solidarity through capacity building and social develop- ment. In a highly conflicted, polarized, and fragmented world, social workers are the vanguards for social justice, nonviolent actions, and peacemaking. The power of social work in contributing to the new ear and co-constructing the future lies in its adherence to key values and principles of liberty and life, social justice and social change, principles of self-determination, and human dignity for all. Social work requires a change in the mindsets to embrace innovations and new design thinking. Social work cannot afford to be parochial anymore, it must change, adapt, or even disrupt itself (Tan, 2021a). The focus and vision of social work is clear, seeking the well-being of all, especially those who are disenfranchised and marginalized. Our common values, professional standards, and ethics must guide us to new avenues of intervention, appropriate in the diverse and ever-changing landscape. Social workers and social service professionals must unite in using appropriate technology, sharing knowledge and expertise so as to enhance the new skills and techniques and to foster greater access and social inclusion. We can each do our part to make for a more just, more equal, a greener, and more sustainable and peaceful new world, thus heading decisively toward the greater well-being for all. References Bothfeld, S., Rosenthal, P. (2017). The end of social security as we know it – The erosion of status protection in German Labour Market Policy, Online by Cambridge University Press: 27 June 2017. Retrieved on January 15, 2022 from: https://www.cambridge.org/core/jour- nals/journal-of-social-policy/article/abs/end-of-social-security-as-we-know-it-the-erosion- of-status-protection-in-german-labour-market-policy/2A702127A8B2EB1CA21BB621 58B7989F Dominelli, L. (2021). A green social work perspective on social work during the time of Covid-19. International Journal of Social Welfare, 30(1), 7–16. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijsw.12469 N. T. Tan
- 48. 15 Emmaus Strategies. (2022).Emmaus Strategies Website. Retrieved on January 15, 2022 from: https://emmaus.sg/public/ GISW. (2021). The global institute of social work. See: www.thegisw.org Gray, M., Coates J., Yellow Bird, M. (2008). Indigenous social work around the world: Towards culturally relevant education and practice. Retrieved from: https://www.researchgate.net/ publication/287044214 Guillen, M. F. (2018). Rude awakening threats to the global liberal order. Penn Press e-book, from: https://www.upenn.edu/pennpress/book/15832.html Huang, Y. N., Zhang, X. (2008). A reflection on the indigenization discourse in social work. International Social Work, 51(5), 611–622. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020872808093340 IASSW.(2021).Globalagendaforsocialworkandsocialdevelopment.RetrievedonAugust8,2021 from: https://www.iassw-aiets.org/consultation-on-next-global-agenda-2020-2030/5734-2020- to-2030-global-agenda-for-social-work-and-social-development-framework-co-building- inclusive-social-transformation/ IFSW. (2021). Global definition of social work. Retrieved on August 8, 2021 from: https://www. ifsw.org/what-is-social-work/global-definition-of-social-work/ Paul, C. A. (2017). President Roosevelt’s New Deal. Social welfare history project. Retrieved on January 15, 2022 from: http://socialwelfare.library.vcu.edu/eras/great-depression/ the-new-deal/ Reference. (2021). Takes Village to raise a child. Retrieved on January 15, 2022 from: https:// www.reference.com/world-view/origin-phrase-takes-village-raise-child-3e375ce098113bb4 Rowe, S., Baldry, E., Earles, W. (2015). Decolonising social work research: Learning from criti- cal indigenous approaches. Australian Social Work, 68(3), 296–308. Tan, N. T. (2017). What’s so social: Change, integration and social resilience. In T. Y. Leong H. M. Cheah (Eds.), The heart of learning (pp. 61–72). SUSS. Tan, N. T. (2021a). Social solidarity and the future of the social work: News and views. International Social Work, Sept 2021. Tan, N. T. (2021b). Social work contribution of the key value bases for social transformation in the new era. In: Conference proceedings: Immunity in the new Normal for social work and social welfare towards sustainable development, 10th National Seminar of graduate studies in social work and social welfare (pp. 201–206), Saturday, 25th September 2021, Thammassat University Bangkok Thailand. Tan, N. T. (2022). Access and strategies for the future of online social work services and education: Disrupting traditional social work. In A. López Peláez, S. M. Suh, S. Zelenev (Eds.), Using ICTs for social inclusion and social welfare around the world. Routledge Publisher. (in press). Teater, B. (2014). An introduction to applying social work theories and methods. Retrieved on January 15, 2022 from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/264932805 Thomas, E. J. (1978). Mousetraps, developmental research, and social work education. The Social Service Review (Chicago), 1978-09-01, 52(3), 468–483. Washington Post. (2021). Why Biden’s push to share vaccines with the world could be ‘too little, too late’. Retrieved on January 15, 2022 from: https://www.washingtonpost.com/ world/2021/08/03/biden-vaccine-doses/ WEF. (2021a). Great Reset. Retrieved on August 5, 2021 from: https://www.weforum.org/ great-reset WEF. (2021b). How governments can shape markets towards green and inclusive growth. Retrieved on August 2, 2021 from: https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2021/06/ how-governments-can-shape-markets-towards-green-and-inclusive-growth/ WEF. (2021c). World Economic Forum’s Jobs Reset Summit. Retrieved July 15, 2021 from: https:// www.weforum.org/events/the-jobs-reset-summit-2021/about WHO. (2021). WHO Covid-19 dashboard. See: https://covid19.who.int/ 1 New Era for Social Work in the Global Future
- 49. 17 Chapter 2 Social Workand Social Development Challenges to the COVID-19 Pandemic Leila Patel 1 Introduction We are entering the second year of the COVID-19 pandemic, and it has changed how we live, socialise, enjoy leisure time, worship, work, and learn. This pandemic has also triggered one of the largest economic downturns since the Great Depression – and, like the Great Depression, this has been a time of untold human suffering. The Great Depression is also marked in history as an event that triggered the exponential growth of macro social and economic policies in response to the crisis, which provided the impetus for the social work profession to take off. It prompted the rise of social security, crisis-related social policies, and employment policies. Many of these social policies that we still enjoy today were institution- alised to varying degrees of entitlements from that time. There is a continuing search for solutions to promote social and economic jus- tice, better human well-being outcomes, and more equitable and stable societies as global imperatives are encapsulated in the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). These challenges have multiplied and deepened due to the crisis presented by the COVID-19 pandemic, which has reversed significant human development gains in income, education, and longevity. It has also deepened the social, economic, and gender inequalities that coincide with racial and spatial divides. Moreover, multi- dimensional poverty increased as livelihoods were lost and service delivery chal- lenges grew; we have seen rising rates of child and adult hunger, food insecurity, and associated social challenges (Wills et al., 2020a, b). Increased levels of violence against women and children due to lockdowns and social distancing policies and L. Patel (*) Centre for Social Development in Africa, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa e-mail: lpatel@uj.ac.za © The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2022 N. T. Tan, P. K. Shajahan (eds.), Remaking Social Work for the New Global Era, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-08352-5_2
- 50. 18 compromised mental healthand psychosocial well-being were also noted (Oyenubi Kollamparambil, 2020; Roy Kaur, 2020). The COVID-19 crisis is more than a health crisis; it has also revealed other fault lines, such as weak and inadequate social service delivery systems and institutional challenges. The poverty and inequality fault lines are unlikely to be redrawn or removed unless new and innovative evidence-based solutions are found to respond to these interlocking challenges. I attempt to answer two questions in this chapter. First, what might we learn from social policy and social development responses in the Global South, to mitigate the impact of the pandemic and to help COVID-19 recovery? Second, what kind of social work is needed to achieve the SDGs, which continue to be the best way for- ward to respond to the pandemic’s development impacts? I conclude with a few pointers for the implications for transforming social work services and education that might be relevant in both the Global South and the North. 2 Social Development and the Rise of Social Protection My lens is a southern one largely because of where I am located and because the social development approach and related social protection policies that have come to be the bedrock of government responses to the pandemic originated organically in development contexts in the south in the latter part of the 1990s. The exponential growth of social protection and especially social assistance in the south (World Bank, 2015, 2018) to reduce poverty, vulnerability, and inequality served to reset development thinking and action internationally. It has also had a profound impact on social work and how it positions itself in relation to wider social and economic development. By 2018, over 140 countries implemented diverse social protection policies (World Bank, 2018), with close to 50 new programmes initiated in Africa since the new millennium (UNDP, 2019). Although different strategies were deployed, cash transfers lead the way. Some authors, such as Lutz Leisering (2019), label this as a ‘revolution from below’ – one that has arguably had the most far-reaching positive impacts and that has addressed the structural causes of poverty and inequality and reduced the vulnerability of particular groups of people left behind. This new generation of social policies went further than previous initiatives, challenging the widely accepted view that such social investment policies were not affordable in developing countries, that they lacked the institutional capability to enact these policies, and that state resources would be better spent on economic development, such as infrastructure. Advocates of social protection in the Global South have argued that social poli- cies of this kind have had positive social and economic multiplier effects. For instance, evidence from a systematic review of non-contributory social assistance in low- and middle-income countries over a period of 15 years, based on data from 165 studies, showed improvements in monetary poverty, education, health and nutrition, savings, investment and production, work-seeking, and empowerment. Contrary to L. Patel
- 51. 19 popularly held views,no effects were found in reducing adult work effort and increased fertility (Bastagli et al., 2019). Positive effects on women’s and girls’ well-being, especially in education and employment, along with increases in wom- en’s decision-making power and choices, were confirmed. Other studies have found improvements in mental health and psychosocial well-being (Attah et al., 2016) in fostering community interactions (Pavanello et al., 2016), and also reductions in spousal abuse in Peru (Díaz Saldarriaga, 2020). Beyond these outcomes, the growing institutionalisation of social assistance and cash transfers in many more countries than before has been associated with expanded entitlements to all citizens in case of need, and to the redistribution of resources and social recognition of groups of people left behind. The diversity of programmes and innovation in programme design – such as regularity and consistency of income, the flexibility, and autonomy afforded to beneficiaries and agencies in the use of the benefits – are some of the hallmarks of this development innovation across coun- tries, regions, and political systems, be they democracies or autocracies. While this sketches a positive picture of the rise of social protection in many countries, there have been criticisms. Lavinas (2018) argues that the new social protection paradigm has extended financialised capitalism to the poor, and this increases human insecurity, dependence, and indebtedness. Leisering (2019), how- ever, cautions that there is insufficient evidence to support this claim as cash trans- fers have also been found to have positive outcomes such as increased financial autonomy, and social recognition of beneficiaries and their creditworthiness. Other critics of cash transfers argue that there are trade-offs in the financing of social assistance versus reduced spending on welfare services. There is also considerable debate about the use of means-testing in selecting beneficiaries – as opposed to universal targeting – that is thought to stigmatise the poor, as well as low benefits levels, making it difficult for people to exit out of poverty (Leisering, 2019;Yemtsov, 2016). These are not criticisms that can be taken lightly, and they will no doubt be present in future debates. I have provided this background because social protection policies such as cash transfers and other labour-related transfers have been the bedrock of social policy responses to the pandemic. In the next section, I outline three key responses: firstly, social protection, fol- lowed by a short review of humanitarian, social relief, and civil society and community- level responses, and lastly social work responses. 3 Social Protection, Humanitarian, Community-Level Social Solidarity, and Social Work Responses to COVID-19 3.1 Social Protection Responses All countries were driven by the need to respond rapidly with little preparation as the coronavirus spread and as country after country declared national states of disas- ter and lockdowns. These policies significantly curtailed human freedoms. Other 2 Social Work and Social Development Challenges to the COVID-19 Pandemic
- 52. 20 imperatives included identifyingpopulations who were most likely to be negatively impacted by the loss of livelihood, income, and social or physical distancing and health systems responses. Questions that were asked included how those in need might be identified, as well as what types of interventions were needed, who should receive it, what cover- age levels should be, and how long this should last. Consideration had to be given to what would be most cost-effective, as well as how accountability might be ensured. Some thought also had to be given to potential long-term implications. What emerged were largely adaptive responses built on existing social protection systems, with some countries increasing benefit levels (vertical expansions). In other instances, new beneficiaries were added to existing programmes (horizontal expansions), and new programmes were established. Ugo Gentilini and his col- leagues at the World Bank and UNICEF collated the first ‘Real-Time Review of Country Measures’ to respond to COVID-19 in developing countries by December 2020 (Gentilini et al., 2020). This showed the following: • Country-level responses increased significantly with 1414 social protection poli- cies planned and implemented in 215 countries. • Social assistance made up close to two-thirds of the global response and was by far the most popular response in low-income countries (90%), while it consti- tuted less than half the programmes in high-income countries. • Regional differences could be observed with a greater focus on social assistance in Sub-Saharan Africa, South Asia, and Latin America and the Caribbean, while Europe, Central Asia, and North America used more social insurance measures. • These variations in responses were more marked when we compare low-income countries that have limited social insurance schemes to low-income countries, middle-income countries, and upper-middle-income countries that still use social assistance but do have more diversification in their social protection strategies – that is, a mix of social assistance and insurance and labour market policies. • Social assistance strategies included cash transfers (conditional and uncondi- tional), social pensions, in-kind food/voucher schemes, and school feeding schemes. • Social insurance programmes such as paid unemployment, sick benefits, health insurance, pensions, contribution waivers, or subsidies were identified. • Labour market programmes included wage subsidies, activation programmes such as training and entrepreneurship support, shorter work times, and public works programmes. There was significant expansion and administrative adaptions. Some were once- off payments, with about 65 countries paying benefits of between 3 and 6 months’ duration. Gentilini, Almefi, and Dale estimated that by 11 December 2020, 1.28 bil- lion people or 16% of the world’s population had been reached through existing and new programmes. If the vertical expansions, that is increased benefit levels for existing beneficiaries (temporary top-ups of existing transfers), were added, the number of people reached was 1.55 billion. Gentili also estimated that the average transfers were roughly a third of the GDP per capita, but this varied considerably L. Patel
- 53. 21 between low-, middle-,and upper-middle-income countries (26–86%). Many coun- tries mobilised their own recourses, restructured their budgets, or relied on increased borrowing; a combination of funding strategies were used, while 19% of countries relied on external funding (Gentilini et al., 2020). There are a few important inferences that we may draw from this overview and I encourage those who are interested to visit the World Bank site for this information. First, countries with pre-existing systems of social protection and institutional capability were able to scale up more rapidly and to implement the programmes fairly effectively. Second, those that had registration systems and data bases were also able to act with greater speed. For example, India was able to reach 30 million beneficiaries in a month in the early stages of the pandemic due to effective digital registration and inter-system data sharing. Access to identity documents and mobile phones and bank accounts also facilitated the outreach and impact in India and illus- trates powerful innovation that is continuing to evolve in countries in the Global South. Third, low-income countries had limited resources and were more reliant on external resources to fund social protection, while middle- and upper-middle- income countries had a little more fiscal leverage to do so. For instance, South Africa, an upper-middle-income country with high levels of inequality, was able to fund its relief programme through its own resources and brought an additional 5.3 million people into the social protection net targeted at informal workers and the unemployed who did not have access to unemployment insurance and social assis- tance. By and large, most countries relied on domestic sources. Whether this will translate into longer-term social commitments and new social contracts between citizens and the state remains to be seen. Fourth while responses to COVID-19 also reached out to the ‘missing middle’ who also needed support, gaps in provision continue for informal workers, migrants, and refugees in many countries, while country-level studies of the impact of social protection responses during the pan- demic are emerging, the research is not yet available. Lastly, greater gender sensitiv- ity has been called for in programme design, adaption, and reach, including expanding programmes that combine cash transfers with care and social work ser- vices. I will return to what this means for social work and social work education shortly. 3.2 Humanitarian Assistance and Community-Level Social Solidarity Besides public social protection provision, the contribution of humanitarian assis- tance and community-level mutual solidarity care services that emerged in response to the pandemic should not be under-estimated. There is far less information documenting the nature and extent of humanitarian assistance in 2020. Data from South Africa published in (Wills et al., 2020a, b) shows that the focus of private philanthropic initiatives was on food relief, the 2 Social Work and Social Development Challenges to the COVID-19 Pandemic
- 54. 22 provision of shelterfor homeless persons, and the procurement of protective cloth- ing. An example is Gift of the Givers, a humanitarian aid organisation that has well- established networks and the ability to source non-state funding with the necessary infrastructure to distribute food relief on a national scale. They worked with local community leaders to identify those in need. NGOs and Faith-Based Organisations (FBOs) acted as either direct channels of food relief or as intermediaries for govern- ment, humanitarian, and private foundations. During the hard lockdown in April 2020, one million food parcels were distributed to five million beneficiaries by six non- governmental and humanitarian organisations (Wills et al., 2020a, b). These initiatives filled vital gaps in social provision in the early stages of the lockdown in South Africa. The Corona Virus Rapid Response Survey (CRAM) tracked the eco- nomic and welfare impacts of the pandemic over four waves in 2020 and found that during the hard lockdown in May last year, 18% of South Africans relied on food and shelter from external sources including support from all non-state partners. This declined to 12% by year end (Bridgman et al., 2020). However, support from family, neighbours, and community members remained high and was the main channel of support for vulnerable persons (van der Berg et al., 2021). What was significant was that informal support at household and community level proved to be very well targeted, reaching 69% of households that ran out of money to buy food. The gov- ernment also created an independent vehicle to drive a rapid response – the Solidarity Fund – which proved to be efficient in distributing government and private develop- ment assistance. The lesson learnt from this experience was the effectiveness of these informal systems of support and by civil society organisations in responding to the crisis. But these programmes were also mired in allegations of corruption, as was the case in the distribution of social protection during the pandemic, which is under investigation. Bottom-up community social solidarity initiatives of the nature and scope described above have not been adequately documented, although they appeared to be widespread during the pandemic. For example the IPES-Food cites examples of food distribution in Kerala in India via free community kitchens run by women’s groups. Local community social solidarity groups appear to have played a critical role in some countries to fill the gaps in the social safety net. These are age- old indigenous resilience systems that should not go unnoticed (IPES-FOOD., 2020). 3.3 Social Work Responses Turning to social work responses to the pandemic, here too, the evidence remains sparse.Two special issues of journals published in 2020 are noteworthy: International Social Work and the International Journal of Community and Social Development. The articles in these journals revolved around several thematic areas, with one recurring theme relating to deepening poverty and inequality as well as increased vulnerability of particular groups of people, such as children, women – particularly young girls – migrants, and informal workers. Poorer households living in cramped L. Patel
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- 56. publique, seront pareillementéligibles, lorsqu’ils auront rempli leurs fonctions pendant quinze ans, à compter de leur promotion sacerdotale. Art. 13. Seront pareillement éligibles tous dignitaires, chanoines, ou en général tous bénéficiers et titulaires qui étaient tenus à résidence, ou exerçaient des fonctions ecclésiastiques, et dont les bénéfices, titres, offices ou emplois se trouvent supprimés par le présent décret lorsqu’ils auront quinze années d’exercice, comptées comme il est dit des cures dans l’article précédent. Art. 14. La proclamation de l’élu se fera par le président de l’assemblée électorale, dans l’église où l’élection aura été faite, en présence du peuple et du clergé, et avant de commencer la messe solennelle qui sera célébrée à cet effet. Art. 15. Le procès-verbal de l’élection et de la proclamation sera envoyé au Roi par le président de l’assemblée des électeurs pour donner à Sa Majesté connaissance du choix qui aura été fait. Art. 16. Au plus tard dans le mois qui suivra son élection, celui qui aura été élu à un évêché se présentera en personne à son évêque métropolitain, et, s’il est élu pour le siège de la métropole, au plus ancien évêque de l’arrondissement, avec le procès-verbal d’élection et de proclamation, et il le suppliera de lui accorder la confirmation canonique. Art. 17. Le métropolitain ou l’ancien évêque aura la faculté d’examiner l’élu, en présence de son conseil, sur sa doctrine et ses mœurs; s’il
- 57. le juge capable,il lui donnera l’institution canonique; s’il croit devoir la lui refuser, les causes du refus seront données par écrit, signées du métropolitain et de son conseil, sauf aux parties intéressées à se pourvoir par voie d’appel comme d’abus, ainsi qu’il sera dit ci-après. Art. 18. L’évêque à qui la confirmation sera demandée ne pourra exiger de l’élu d’autre serment, sinon qu’il fait profession de la religion catholique, apostolique et romaine. Art. 19. Le nouvel évêque ne pourra s’adresser au pape pour en obtenir aucune confirmation; mais il lui écrira comme au chef visible de l’église universelle, en témoignage de l’unité de foi et de la communion qu’il doit entretenir avec lui. Art. 20. La consécration de l’évêque ne pourra se faire que dans son église cathédrale par son métropolitain, ou, à son défaut, par le plus ancien évêque de l’arrondissement de la métropole, assisté des évêques des deux diocèses les plus voisins, un jour de dimanche, pendant la messe paroissiale, en présence du peuple et du clergé. Art. 21. Avant que la cérémonie de la consécration commence, l’élu prêtera, en présence des officiers municipaux, du peuple et du clergé, le serment solennel de veiller avec soin sur les fidèles du diocèse qui lui est confié, d’être fidèle à la nation, à la loi et au Roi, et de maintenir de tout son pouvoir la constitution décrétée par l’Assemblée nationale et acceptée par le Roi. Art. 22. L’évêque aura la liberté de choisir les vicaires de son église cathédrale dans tout le clergé de son diocèse, à la charge par lui de
- 58. ne pouvoir nommerque des prêtres qui auront exercé des fonctions ecclésiastiques au moins pendant dix ans. Il ne pourra les destituer que de l’avis de son conseil, et par une délibération qui y aura été prise à la pluralité des voix, et en connaissance de cause. Art. 23. Les curés actuellement établis en aucunes églises cathédrales, ainsi que ceux des paroisses qui seront supprimées pour être réunies à l’église cathédrale et en former le territoire, seront de plein droit, s’ils le demandent, les premiers vicaires de l’évêque, chacun suivant l’ordre de leur ancienneté dans les fonctions pastorales. Art. 24. Les vicaires supérieurs et vicaires directeurs du séminaire seront nommés par l’évêque et son conseil et ne pourront être destitués que de la même manière que les vicaires de l’église cathédrale. Art. 25. L’élection des curés se fera dans la forme prescrite, et par les électeurs indiqués par le décret du 22 décembre 1789, pour la nomination des membres de l’assemblée administrative du district. Art. 26. L’assemblée des électeurs, pour la nomination aux cures, se formera tous les ans à l’époque de la formation des assemblées du district, quand même il n’y aurait qu’une seule cure vacante dans le district; à l’effet de quoi, les municipalités seront tenues de donner avis au procureur-syndic du district de toutes les vacances de cures, qui arriveront dans leur arrondissement par mort, démission ou autrement. Art. 27. En convoquant l’assemblée des électeurs, le procureur-syndic enverra à chaque municipalité la liste de toutes les cures auxquelles
- 59. il faudra nommer. Art.28. L’élection des curés se fera par scrutin séparé pour chaque cure vacante. Art. 29. Chaque électeur, avant de mettre son nom dans le vase du scrutin, fera serment de ne nommer que celui qu’il aura choisi en son âme et conscience, comme le plus digne, sans y avoir été déterminé par dons, promesses, sollicitations ou menaces. Ce serment sera prêté pour l’élection des évêques comme pour celle des curés. Art. 30. L’élection des curés ne pourra se faire ou être commencée qu’un jour de dimanche dans la principale église du chef-lieu de district, à l’issue de la messe paroissiale, à laquelle tous les électeurs seront tenus d’assister. Art. 31. La proclamation des élus sera faite par le président du corps électoral dans l’église principale, avant la messe solennelle qui sera célébrée à cet effet, en présence du peuple et du clergé. Art. 32. Pour être éligible à une cure, il sera nécessaire d’avoir rempli les fonctions de vicaire dans une paroisse ou dans un hôpital et autre maison de charité du diocèse, au moins pendant l’espace de cinq ans. Art. 33. Les curés dont les paroisses ont été supprimées en exécution du présent décret pourront être élus, encore qu’ils n’eussent pas cinq
- 60. années d’exercice dansle diocèse. Art. 34. Seront pareillement éligibles aux cures tous ceux qui ont été ci- dessus déclarés éligibles aux évêchés, pourvu qu’ils aient aussi cinq années d’exercice. Art. 35. Celui qui aura été proclamé élu à une cure se présentera en personne à l’évêque, avec le procès-verbal de son élection et proclamation, à l’effet d’obtenir de lui l’institution canonique. Art. 36. L’évêque aura la faculté d’examiner l’élu, en présence de son conseil, sur sa doctrine et ses mœurs; s’il le juge capable, il lui donnera l’institution canonique; s’il croit devoir la lui refuser, les causes du refus seront données par écrit, signées de l’évêque et de son conseil, sauf aux parties le recours à la puissance civile, ainsi qu’il sera dit ci-après. Art. 37. En examinant l’élu qui lui demandera l’institution canonique, l’évêque ne pourra exiger de lui d’autre serment, sinon qu’il fait profession de la religion catholique, apostolique et romaine. Art. 38. Les curés élus et institués prêteront le même serment que les évêques dans leur église, un jour de dimanche avant la messe paroissiale, en présence des officiers municipaux du lieu, du peuple et du clergé. Jusque-là, ils ne pourront faire aucune fonction curiale. Art. 39. Il y aura, tant dans l’église cathédrale que dans chaque église paroissiale, un registre particulier sur lequel le secrétaire-greffier de
- 61. la municipalité dulieu écrira, sans frais, le procès-verbal de la prestation de serment de l’évêque ou du curé, et il n’y aura pas d’autre acte de prise de possession que ce procès-verbal. Art. 40. Les évêchés ou les cures seront réputés vacants jusqu’à ce que les élus aient prêté le serment ci-dessus mentionné. Art. 41. Pendant la vacance du siège épiscopal, le premier, et à son défaut, le second vicaire de l’église cathédrale remplacera l’évêque, tant pour ses fonctions curiales que pour les actes de juridiction qui n’exigent pas le caractère épiscopal; mais, en tout, il sera tenu de se conduire par les avis du conseil. Art. 42. Pendant la vacance d’une cure, l’administration de la paroisse sera confiée au premier vicaire, sauf à y établir un vicaire de plus si la municipalité le requiert; et, dans le cas où il n’y aurait pas de vicaire dans la paroisse, il y sera établi un desservant par l’évêque. Art. 43. Chaque curé aura le droit de choisir ses vicaires, mais il ne pourra fixer son choix que sur des prêtres ordonnés ou admis dans le diocèse de l’évêque. Art. 44. Aucun curé ne pourra révoquer ses vicaires que, pour des causes légitimes, jugées telles par l’évêque et son conseil. TITRE III Du traitement des ministres de la religion.
- 62. Article premier. Les ministresde la religion exerçant les premières et les plus importantes fonctions de la société, et obligés de résider continuellement dans le lieu du service auquel la confiance du peuple les a appelés, seront défrayés par la nation. Art. 2. Il sera fourni à chaque évêque, à chaque curé et aux desservants des annexes et succursales un logement convenable, à la charge par eux d’y faire toutes les réparations locatives, sans entendre rien innover, quant à présent, à l’égard des paroisses où le logement des curés est fourni en argent, et sauf aux départements à prendre connaissance des demandes qui seront formées par les paroisses et par les curés; il leur sera, en outre, assigné à tous les traitement qui va être réglé. Art. 3. Le traitement des évêques sera, savoir: pour l’évêque de Paris, de 50.000 livres; pour les évêques des villes dont la population est de 50.000 âmes et au-dessus, de 20.000 livres; pour les autres évêques, de 12.000 livres. Art. 4. Le traitement des vicaires des églises cathédrales sera, savoir: à Paris, pour le premier vicaire, de 6.000 livres; pour le second, de 4.000 livres; pour tous les autres vicaires, de 3.000 livres. Dans les villes dont la population est de 50.000 âmes et au- dessus: pour le premier vicaire, de 4.000 livres; pour le second, de 3.000 livres; pour tous les autres, de 2.400 livres. Dans les villes dont la population est de moins de 50.000 âmes: pour le premier vicaire, de 3.000 livres; pour le second, de 2.400 livres; pour tous les autres, de 2.000 livres.
- 63. Art. 5. Le traitementdes curés sera, savoir: à Paris, de 6.000 livres. Dans les villes dont la population est de 50.000 âmes et au- dessus, de 4.000 livres. Dans celles dont la population est de moins de 50.000 âmes et de plus de 10.000 âmes, de 3.000 livres. Dans les villes et bourgs dont la population est au-dessous de 10.000 âmes et au-dessus de 3.000 âmes, de 2.400 livres. Dans toutes les autres villes et bourgs et dans les villages, lorsque la paroisse offrira une population de 3.000 âmes et au- dessous, jusqu’à 2.500, de 2.000 livres; lorsqu’elle en offrira une de 2.500 âmes, jusqu’à 2.000, de 1.800 livres; lorsqu’elle en offrira une de moins de 2.000 et de plus de 1.000, de 1.500 livres, et lorsqu’elle en offrira une de 1.000 âmes et au-dessous, de 1.200 livres. Art. 6. Le traitement des vicaires sera, savoir: à Paris, pour le premier vicaire, de 2.400 livres; pour le second, de 1.500 livres; pour tous les autres, de 1.000 livres. Dans les villes dont la population est de 50.000 âmes et au- dessus: pour le premier vicaire, de 1.200 livres; pour le second, de 1.000 livres, et pour tous les autres, de 800 livres. Dans toutes les autres villes et bourg où la population sera de plus de 3.000 âmes, de 800 livres pour les deux premiers vicaires, et de 700 livres pour tous les autres. Dans toutes les autres villes et bourgs où la population sera de livres pour chaque vicaire. Art. 7.
- 64. Le traitement enargent des ministres de la religion leur sera payé d’avance, de trois mois en trois mois par le trésorier du district, à peine par lui d’y être contraint par corps sur une simple sommation; et dans le cas où l’évêque, curé ou vicaire viendrait à mourir ou à donner sa démission avant la fin du dernier quartier, il ne pourra être exercé contre lui, ni contre ses héritiers, aucune répétition. Art. 8. Pendant la vacance des évêchés, des cures et de tous offices ecclésiastiques payés par la nation, les fruits du traitement qui y est attaché seront versés dans la caisse du district, pour subvenir aux dépenses dont il va être parlé. Art. 9. Les curés qui, à cause de leur grand âge ou de leurs infirmités, ne pourraient plus vaquer à leurs fonctions, en donneront avis au directoire du département, qui, sur les instructions de la municipalité ou de l’administration du district laissera à leur choix, s’il y a lieu, ou de prendre un vicaire de plus, lequel sera payé par la nation sur le même pied que les autres vicaires, ou de se retirer avec une pension égale au traitement qui aurait été fourni au vicaire. Art. 10. Pourront aussi les vicaires, aumôniers des hôpitaux, supérieurs des séminaires et autres exerçant des fonctions publiques, en faisant constater leur état de la manière qui vient d’être prescrite, se retirer avec une pension de la valeur du traitement dont ils jouissent pourvu qu’il n’excède pas la somme de 800 livres. Art. 11. La fixation qui vient d’être faite du traitement des ministres de la religion aura lieu à compter du jour de la publication du présent décret, mais seulement pour ceux qui seront pourvus, par la suite, d’offices ecclésiastiques. A l’égard des titulaires actuels, soit ceux
- 65. dont les officesou emplois sont supprimés, soit ceux dont les titres sont conservés, leur traitement sera fixé par un décret particulier. Art. 12. Au moyen du traitement qui leur est assuré par la présente constitution, les évêques, les curés et leurs vicaires exerceront gratuitement les fonctions épiscopales et curiales. TITRE IV De la loi de la résidence. Article premier. La loi de la résidence sera religieusement observée, et tous ceux qui seront revêtus d’un office ou emploi ecclésiastique y seront soumis sans aucune exception ni distinction. Art. 2. Aucun évêque ne pourra s’absenter chaque année pendant plus de quinze jours consécutifs hors de son diocèse, que dans le cas d’une véritable nécessité et avec l’agrément du directoire du département dans lequel son siège sera établi. Art. 3. Ne pourront pareillement les curés et les vicaires s’absenter du lieu de leurs fonctions au delà du terme qui vient d’être fixé, que pour des raisons graves, et même en ce cas seront tenus les curés d’obtenir l’agrément, tant de leur évêque que du directoire du district: les vicaires, la permission de leurs curés. Art. 4. Si un évêque ou un curé s’écartait de la loi de résidence, la municipalité du lieu en donnerait avis au procureur général-syndic du
- 66. département, qui l’avertiraitpar écrit de rentrer dans son devoir, et, après la seconde monition, le poursuivrait pour le faire déclarer déchu de son traitement pour tout le temps de son absence. Art. 5. Les évêques, les curés et les vicaires ne pourront accepter de charges, d’emplois ou de commissions qui les obligeraient de s’éloigner de leurs diocèses ou de leurs paroisses ou qui les enlèveraient aux fonctions de leur ministère, et ceux qui en sont actuellement pourvus seront tenus de faire leur option dans le délai de trois mois, à compter de la notification qui leur sera faite du présent décret par le procureur général-syndic de leur département; sinon, et après l’expiration de ce délai, leur office sera réputé vacant, et il leur sera donné un successeur en la forme ci-dessus prescrite. Art. 6. Les évêques, les curés et vicaires pourront, comme citoyens actifs, assister aux assemblées primaires et électorales, y être nommés électeurs, députés aux assemblées législatives, élus membres du conseil général de la commune et du conseil des administrations des districts et des départements; mais leurs fonctions sont déclarées incompatibles avec celles de maire et autres officiers municipaux et de membres des directoires de district et de département, et s’ils étaient nommés, ils seraient tenus de faire leur option. Art. 7. L’incompatibilité mentionnée dans l’article 6 n’aura effet que pour l’avenir; et si aucuns évêques, curés ou vicaires ont été appelés par les vœux de leurs concitoyens aux offices de maire et autres municipaux, ou nommés membres des directoires de district et de département, ils pourront continuer d’en exercer les fonctions.
- 68. NOTES [1] Cette Commissionest composée de MM. Ferdinand Buisson, président; Bepmale, Baudon, vice-présidents; Gabriel Deville, Albert Sarraut, secrétaires; Cazeneuve, Loup, Lefas, baron Amédée Reille, Prache, Rouanet, Catalogne, Trannoy, Rose, Léon Mougeot, Ballande, Henry Boucher, Georges Grosjean, Allard, Vaillant, Krantz, Dèche, Roger-Ballu, Aristide Briand, Trouain, Gervais, Dejeante, Colliard, Bussière, Minier, Georges Berger, Georges Berry, Cachet. [2] L’Histoire générale de Lavisse et Rambaud. [3] Histoire des rapports de l’Eglise et de l’Etat en France, de 1789 à 1870.—F. Alcan et Cie, Paris. [4] Voir le texte aux annexes. [5] Texte de l’ordre du jour voté par la Chambre, le 10 février 1905, à la majorité de 386 voix contre 111: «La Chambre, constatant que l’attitude du Vatican a rendu nécessaire la séparation des Eglises et de l’Etat, et comptant sur le Gouvernement pour en faire aboutir le vote immédiatement après le budget et la loi militaire... passe à l’ordre du jour.» [6] Budget des cultes depuis le Concordat. [7] Budgets de la France depuis le commencement du XIXe siècle.
- 69. [8] En 1660,on comptait en France 631 Eglises desservies par 712 pasteurs, et la population protestante représentait le dixième de la population totale. [9] L’Union des Eglises libres de France se compose d’Eglises situées dans les départements les plus divers, Ardèche, Tarn, Lot-et- Garonne, Gironde, Rhône, Deux-Sèvres, Charente-Inférieure, Seine, Aveyron. Ces Eglises, au même titre que les Eglises réformées, ont un caractère national. [10] En dehors des Eglises reconnues par l’Etat, se trouvent de nombreuses communautés se rattachant cependant aux Eglises réformées et qui au lendemain de la séparation en seraient parties intégrantes. [11] Stato e chiesa (traduit en français par L. Borguet). [12] L’État et L’Église (traduction Borguet), p. 37. [13] Ayral, La Séparation des Églises et de l’État en Angleterre (Annales de l’École libre des Sciences politiques, année 1886.) [14] On n’en compte guère plus de 40.000 dans toute la Suisse: le total de la population catholique est d’environ 1.379.000. Il y a près de 2.000.000 de protestants. [15] Voir un article de M. P. G. la Chesnais, dans l’Européen du 14 janvier 1905. [16] Voir The Case for disestablishment, p. 257-261 (publication de la Liberation Society). [17] Alexandra Myrial. La question religieuse au Japon (Courrier européen du 10 février 1905). [18] On consultera avec fruit sur ce point comme sur beaucoup d’autres, l’intéressant et suggestif ouvrage de M. Grunebaum-Ballin, la Séparation des Eglises et de l’Etat, Paris 1905. [19] Voir aux annexes les textes abrogés.
- 70. [20] Voir ci-aprèsl’article 1er du décret du 28 février 1810, qui excepte de cette disposition les brefs de la pénitencerie, pour le for intérieur seulement. [21] Voir les articles 2 et 4 de l’ordonnance du 25 décembre 1830. [22] Ces dispositions ont été abrogées et remplacées par les articles 2, 3 et 4 du décret du 28 février 1810. [23] Cet article a été abrogé et remplacé par les articles 5 et 6 du décret du 28 février 1810. [24] Voir l’ordonnance du 12 janvier 1825. qui modifie et complète les dispositions des articles 7 et 8 du présent décret. [25] Le jour de cette réunion a été fixé au dimanche de Quasimodo par l’article 2 de l’ordonnance du 12 janvier 1825. [26] Voir l’article 6 de l’ordonnance du 12 janvier 1825. [27] Voir l’article 2 de l’ordonnance du 12 janvier 1825. [28] Voir l’article 7 de l’ordonnance du 12 janvier 1825. [29] Abrogé par l’article 168, de la loi du 5 avril 1844. [30] Abrogé par l’article 168 de la loi du 5 avril 1844. [31] Abrogé par l’article 168 de la loi du 5 avril 1884. [32] Cette dernière disposition a été abrogée par l’article 17 de la loi de finances du 18 avril 1831, qui a soumis ces dons et legs aux droits d’enregistrement par les lois existantes. [33] Voir l’article 2 de l’ordonnance du 12 janvier 1825. [34] Les articles 92 à 103 ont été abrogés par l’article 168 de la loi du 5 avril 1884.
- 72. TABLE DES MATIÈRES Pages Introduction1 Chapitre Ier. — Culte catholique: De Clovis à Mirabeau 5 De la Révolution au Concordat 46 Du Concordat au Syllabus 79 De 1870 à 1905 125 Budget du culte catholique 144 Chapitre II. — Culte protestant 149 Chapitre III. — Culte israélite 163 Chapitre IV. — Législations étrangères 175 Chapitre V. — Analyse des propositions et projets de loi 221 Proposition de M. Dejeante 224 — M. Ernest Roche 224 — M. de Pressensé 225 — M. Hubbard 227 — M. Flourens 228 — M. Reveillaud 229 — MM. Grosjean et Berthoulat 230 — M. Senac 230 Premier texte présenté par la commission 234 Projet du gouvernement (Projet Combes) 243
- 73. Projet du gouvernement(Projet Bienvenu-Martin) 255 Chapitre VI. — Discussion des articles 265 Chapitre VII. — Conclusion 347 Projet de loi définitif présenté par la commission 353 ANNEXES: Loi du 18 germinal, an X, relative à l’organisation des cultes 363 Articles organiques du culte catholique 366 Articles organiques des cultes protestants 375 Loi du 1er août 1879, portant modification à l’organisation de l’Eglise de la confession d’Augsbourg 384 Décrets du 17 mars 1808, relatifs à l’exécution du règlement du 10 décembre 1806, sur les Juifs 389 Loi du 8 février 1831, relative aux traitements des ministres du culte israélite 394 Ordonnance du 25 mai 1844, portant règlement pour l’organisation du culte israélite 394 Décret du 22 décembre 1812, relatif au mode d’autorisation des chapelles domestiques et oratoires particuliers 406 Décret du 19 mars 1859, relatif à l’autorisation d’ouvrir de nouveaux temples, chapelles et oratoires protestants 407 Code pénal. (Articles concernant l’exercice des différents cultes) 409 Loi du 5 avril 1884, sur l’organisation municipale 411 Décret du 30 décembre 1809, concernant les fabriques des églises 413 Loi de finances du 26 janvier 1892 (article 78) au sujet de la comptabilité des fabriques et consistoires 431
- 74. Loi du 24août 1790, sur la constitution civile du clergé et la fixation de son traitement 431 Imprimerie Valéry, rue Dauphine, 18, Paris.
- 75. Au lecteur Cette versionnumérisée reproduit dans son intégralité la version originale. L’orthographe a été conservée. Seules les erreurs évidentes de typographie ont été corrigées. La ponctuation n’a pas été modifiée hormis quelques corrections mineures. En cliquant sur les liens suivants, vous accédez directement aux livres français publiés sur gutenberg.org et qui sont classés par popularité, genre, auteurs.
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