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Radioaktivitás és
atomenergia
Fodor Ákos: Axióma
mindünk anyaga
sugárzó lehetne, ha
mernénk hasadni
1. Radioaktivitás
• Becquerel, Curie házaspár 1903. Nobel-díj
• A radioaktív elemek atommagja nem
stabil, külső hatás nélkül elbomlanak,
miközben radioaktív sugárzás lép fel.
• Ilyen sugárzás: α, β, γ
Alfa-sugárzás
Béta sugárzás
Gamma sugárzás
A radioaktív izotópok gyakorlati
alkalmazása
• Izotópdiagnosztika
• Nyomjelzés
Hevesy György Nobel-díj
• Kormeghatározás
Hevesy György
(1895-1966)
A radioaktív
nyomjelzés
felfedezője, az
izotópfogalom
kiteljesítője.
Nobel-díj (1944).
A kormeghatározás alapja
Felezési idő: Az az időtartam, amely alatt a
radioaktív izotóp eredeti
anyagmennyiségének a fele elbomlik.
Másodperc töredéke < t1/2 < milliárd év
Felezési idő
14
C t1/2=5700 év
235
U t1/2=713 millió év
40
K t1/2=11900 millió év=11,9 milliárd év
2. ATOMENERGIA
A radioaktív izotópok bomlása során energia
szabadul fel
Hogyan lehetne ezt az energiát
hasznosítani?
Magreakciók: Az atommagban
bekövetkező reakciók, melyek hatalmas
energia-felszabadulással járnak.
Ezt az energiát nevezzük
ATOMENERGIÁNAK
1 g 235
U maghasadása annyi energiát
szolgáltat, mint 2,5 tonna (2 500 000 g)
antracit égetése!!!!!
Magreakciók
Maghasadás
Magfúzió
A. Maghasadás
Láncreakció
no
+ 235
U= 236
U 92
Kr+142
Ba+2,4 no
A hiányzó tömeg energiává alakul
Szilárd Leó
(1908-1964)
A neutron
láncreakció
elméletének
kidolgozója.
Fermivel az első
atomreaktor
megalkotója (1942).
„Atom a Békéért”
díj (USA).
A robbanás feltétele a
KRITIKUS TÖMEG
Vagyis a hasadó anyagban kellő tömegben
kell legyenek a hasadásra képes
uránmagok.
Atombomba
Atomtámadások
1945. augusztus 6. HIROSIMA
(uránbomba)
1945. augusztus 9. NAGASZAKI
(plutónium bomba)
Az atomenergia megszelídítése
Wigner Jenő
(1902-1995)
• A kvantum-mechanika
alkalmzója az atommag-
kutatásban.
A vízhűtésű atomreaktor
megalkotója. Nobel-díj
(1963).
• „Atom a Békéért” díj
(USA).
Atomerőművek
Szabályozott láncreakció
kritikus tömegű 235
U + neutron-elnyelő rudak
Atomerőmű balesetek
1986 április 26. Csernobil
Atomenergia és környezetvédelem
• A legkevesebb környezeti terheléssel jár
• A kiégett fűtőelemek (ritka földfémek,
kripton és xenon, cirkon, cézium,
molibdén, rádium és ruténium)
Deponálás
Újrafelhasználás
Neutron-besugárzással ártalmatlanítás
B. Magfúzió
2
H+3
H 4
He + no
A hiányzó tömeg energiává alakul
Csillagok
Hidrogénbomba
Teller Ede
(1908- 2003 )
• A termonukleáris
reakciók
elméletének
kidolgozója és
megvalósítója.
• Fermi-díj (USA).
A hidrogénbomba
A magfúzió „megszelídítése”
• Problémák
• Kísérleti reaktorok
Miért kell az atomenergia?
• Földgáz és kőolajkészlet kb. 100-150 évre elég
Hagyományos tüzelőanyagok égetésével levegő-
és vízszennyezés
(szén-dioxid, kén-dioxid, nitrogén oxidok, rákkeltő
vegyületek)
• A Föld uránkészlete 1014
tonna, ez több tízezer
évig fedezné a teljes energiaigényt
Neumann János
(1903-1957)
• A XX. század
legnagyobb hatású
matematikusa, aki
kidolgozta a
programozható
számítógép elvét.
• Szabadság-érem
(USA).
• Ecker, Atanasoff
Radioaktivitas es atomenergia

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Radioaktivitas es atomenergia