The document discusses the Pythagorean theorem and distance formula. The Pythagorean theorem is used to find the unknown length of a right triangle using the formula a^2 + b^2 = c^2. The distance formula calculates the distance between two points (x1, y1) and (x2, y2) as √(x2 - x1)^2 + (y2 - y1)^2, which is demonstrated through an example of finding the distance between points (10,16) and (1,4).