The document discusses personality from several perspectives. It defines personality as a stable pattern of behaviors, thoughts and emotions that characterize an individual. It describes key personality characteristics like physical traits, mental abilities, emotions, social skills and values. It also discusses personality development factors like heredity, environment and culture. Several personality theories are introduced, including psychoanalytic theories from Freud and Jung focusing on conscious/unconscious minds and archetypes, and humanistic theories from Maslow focusing on self-actualization. Common personality assessments and traits are also outlined.

1. PERSONALITY

3. The term personality is taken from the Latin
term Persona meaning “masks” which were
first used in Greek drama, and later adopted by
Roman payers.

4. DEFINITION
Personality -A distinctive and
relatively stable pattern of
behavior, thoughts, motives, and
emotions that characterizes an
individual

5. DEFINITION
While most definitions are agreed that
personality is the totality of one’s
physical or inherited attributes as
well as those psychological factors
that determine one’s characteristics
behavior – however personality is also
unique in the sense that how this
totality is arranged in an individual.

6. Characteristics
1. Physical – bodily build, height,
weight, etc.
2. Mental - range of ideas, mental
alertness, ability to reason, etc.
3. Emotional – moods, bias, emotional
responses
4. Social – relations with others
5. Moral – values and moral principles.
6. Spiritual – faith and beliefs

7. PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT
FACTORS
• Heredity
• Environment
• Family
• Social
• Culture

8. Personality Types
Introvert:
• Intimate - most comfortable in
small groups and with one-on-
one relationships.
• Quiet - present themselves
modestly, drawn to the calm
away from the center of action.
• Contained - well controlled, calm
exterior, often difficult for others
to “read.”.
• Visual - learn through
observation, reflection, reading,
and more solitary means
Extrovert:
• Gregarious - drawn to large
number and variety of
relationships.
• Enthusiastic - being energetically
with the “action” and at the
center of things.
• Initiator - social facilitator,
assertively outgoing, build
bridges among people.
• Expressive - easy to know,
approachable, warm, readily
show feelings.
• Auditory - learn through
listening, active dialogue, and
involvement with others.

9. PERSONALITY TRAITS
• A personality trait is a personality characteristic
that endures (lasts) over time and across
different situations
• Trait theories of personality focus on
measuring, identifying and describing
individual differences in personality in terms
of traits
• Focus is on what is different- not what is the
same
• Can be used to predict behaviour based on traits

10. • Enduring characteristics that describe an
individual’s behavior.
PERSONALITY TRAITS

11. 4–11
Extroversion
This trait includes characteristics such as excitability, sociability,
talkativeness, assertiveness, and high amounts of emotional
expressiveness.
Sociable, gregarious, and assertive
I love excitement and am a cheerful person
Agreeableness
This personality dimension includes attributes such as trust,
altruism, kindness, affection, and other prosocial behaviors.
Good-natured, cooperative, and trusting.
People find me warm and generous and selfless
Big Five Personality Traits
Conscientiousness
Common features of this dimension include high levels of
thoughtfulness, with good impulse control and goal-directed
behaviors
Responsible, dependable, persistent, and organized.
People find me reliable and I keep my house clean

12. Emotional Stability
Individuals high in this trait tend to experience emotional
instability, anxiety, moodiness, irritability, and sadness.
calm, self-confident, secure (positive)
versus nervous, depressed, and insecure
(negative).
am very moody I often feel sad and down
Openness to Experience
This trait features characteristics such as imagination and
insight, and those high in this trait also tend to have a broad
range of interests.
I am a very curious person & enjoy challenges
Imaginativeness, artistic, sensitivity, and intellectualism.

13. Personality Assessment and Tests

14. Personality Assessment
• Interview: Face-to-face meeting designed to
gain information about someone’s personality,
current psychological state, or personal history
–Unstructured Interview: Conversation is
informal, and topics are discussed as they
arise
–Structured Interview: Follows a
prearranged plan, using a series of planned
questions
• Direct Observation: Looking at behavior

15. The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator(MBTI)
A personality test that taps four characteristics and
classifies people into 1 of 16 personality types.
Personality Types
Extroverted vs. Introverted (E or I)
Sensing vs. Intuitive (S or N)
Thinking vs. Feeling (T or F)
Judging vs. Perceiving (P or J)

16. Other Types of Personality Assessments
• Behavioral Assessment: Recording the frequency of
specific behaviors
• Situational Test: Real life situations are simulated so
that someone’s spontaneous reactions can be
recorded
• In-Basket Test: Simulates decision-making challenges
that executives face
– Basket full of memos is given to applicant, and
applicant must act appropriately as quickly as
possible
• Leaderless Group Discussion: Test of leadership that
simulates group decision making and problem

17. Projective Tests
• Psychological tests that use ambiguous or unstructured
stimuli; person needs to describe the ambiguous stimuli or
make up stories about them
– Rorschach Technique: Developed by Swiss psychologist
Hermann Rorschach; contains 10 standardized inkblots
(the “inkblot” test)
– Thematic Apperception Test (TAT): Developed by Henry
Murray, personality theorist; projective device consisting
of 20 drawings (black and white) of various situations;
people must make up stories about the people in it

19. PERSONALITY
THEORIES

20. PERSONALITY
THEORIES
1. Psychoanalytic Approach
2. Genetics Approach
3. Humanistic Approach

21. PSYCHOANALYTIC APPROACH

22. PSYCHOANALYTIC APPROACH
Sigmund Freud
Freud’s fundamental assumption about
our mental life was that it is divided
into three parts (of awareness):
Conscious – ideas and sensations which
we are aware
Preconscious – contains experiences
that are unconscious but that could
become conscious with little effort
Unconscious – operates on the deepest
level of personality; consists of those
experiences and memories of which we
are not aware.

23. PSYCHOANALYTIC APPROACH

24. PSYCHOANALYTIC APPROACH
id
The part of personality
containing inherited psychic
energy, particularly sexual and
aggressive instincts
ego
The part of personality that
represent reason, good-sense,
rational and self-control
superego
The part of personality that
represents conscience,
morality and social standards
The Structure of
Personality

25. PSYCHOANALYTIC APPROACH

26. PSYCHOANALYTIC APPROACH
INSTINCTS
The Driving Forces of
Personality
Rooted in the unconscious are the
instincts, which, in Freud’s view,
largely govern our behavior.
Four basic characteristics:
(1)A source in some bodily deficit
(2)An aim focuses on gratification of
the need
(3)An impetus that propels the
person to act
(4)An object through which the
instinct achieves its aim

27. PSYCHOANALYTIC APPROACH
DEFENSE MECHANISM
If a person feels anxious or threatened when the wishes of the id
conflict with social rules, the ego has weapons at its command to
relieve the tension.
Repression
An attempt by the ego to keep undesirable id impulses from
reaching consciousness.
Suppression
Involves the individual’s active and conscious attempt to stop
anxiety-provoking thoughts by simply not thinking about them.

28. PSYCHOANALYTIC APPROACH
DEFENSE MECHANISM
Denial
Refers to a person’s refusal to perceive an unpleasant event in
external reality
Displacement
Refers to the unconscious attempt to obtain gratification for id
impulses by shifting them to substitute object if objects that
would directly satisfy the impulses are not available
Sublimation
A form of displacement in which the unacceptable id impulses are
transformed, rather than the object at which they aim

29. PSYCHOANALYTIC APPROACH
DEFENSE MECHANISM
Regression
A movement from mature behavior to immature behavior
Projection
When a person protects the ego by attributing his or her own
undesirable characteristics to others
Reaction formation
The conversion of an unavoidable impulse into its opposite
Rationalization
The justification of behavior through the use of plausible, but
inaccurate excuses

30. PSYCHOANALYTIC APPROACH
DEFENSE MECHANISM
Intellectualization
A process that allows individuals to protect themselves against
unbearable pain
Undoing
A person who thinks or acts on an undesirable impulse makes
amends by performing some action that nullifies the undesirable
one
Compromise formation
Involves the use of contradictory behaviors to gain some
satisfaction for an undesirable impulse

31. PSYCHOANALYTIC APPROACH
DEFENSE MECHANISM

32. PSYCHOANALYTIC APPROACH
Carl Jung
JUNGIAN THEORY
This theory differs from Freud’s
definition and nature of
unconscious.
According to Carl Jung, in addition
to the individual’s own
unconscious, all human beings
share a vast collective unconscious,
containing universal memories,
symbol, images, and themes, which
he called archetypes.

33. PSYCHOANALYTIC APPROACH
Carl Jung
JUNGIAN THEORY
collective unconscious
The universal memories and
experiences of humankind,
represented in the symbols, stories,
and images that occur across all
cultures
archetypes
Universal, symbolic images that
appear in myths, arts, stories and
dreams; according to Carl Jung,
they reflect the collective
unconscious

34. PSYCHOANALYTIC APPROACH

35. PSYCHOANALYTIC APPROACH
JUNGIAN THEORY
Jung proposed that in their attempt to evolve
toward selfhood, people adopt different ways of
relating to experience
Extraversion
Refers to “an outgoing, candid and accommodating
nature that adapts easily to a given situation…”
Introversion
Signifies “a hesitant, reflective, retiring nature that
keeps itself to itself, shrinks from objects, is always
slightly on the defensive, and prefers to hide
behind mistrustful scrutiny”

36. PSYCHOANALYTIC APPROACH

37. HUMANIST APPROACH

38. HUMANIST APPROACH
Abraham Maslow
For Maslow, personality development
could be viewed as a gradual
progression toward self-actualization.
The trouble with psychology was that
it had ignored many of the positive
aspects of life such as joy, laughter,
love, happiness, etc.
The traits that Maslow thought most
important to personality were the
qualities of the self – actualized
person – the person who strives for a
life that is meaningful, challenging,
and satisfying.

39. HUMANIST APPROACH

40. GENETICS APPROACH

41. GENETICS APPROACH
Genes, the basic units of heredity, are
made up of elements of DNA
(deoxyribonucleic acid). These
elements affect virtually every aspect
of the body, form its structure to the
chemicals. Genes can affect the
behaviors we call “personality”
through their effects on an infant’s
developing brain and nervous system.

42. PERSONALITY
DISORDERS
Presented By:-
Hannah Daffodils Sorrera

43. PERSONALITY
DISORDER
A PERSONALITY DISORDER IS A TYPE OF
MENTAL DISORDER IN WHICH YOU HAVE A RIGID
AND UNHEALTHY PATTERN OF THINKING,
FUNCTIONING AND BEHAVING. A PERSON WITH A
PERSONALITY DISORDER HAS TROUBLE PERCEIVING
AND RELATING TO SITUATIONS AND PEOPLE. THIS
CAUSES SIGNIFICANT PROBLEMS AND LIMITATIONS
IN RELATIONSHIPS, SOCIAL ACTIVITIES, WORK AND
SCHOOL.

44. PERSONALITY DISORDER
CLUSTERS
• CLUSTER A: SUSPICIOUS, ODD
• PARANOID, SCHIZOID,
SCHIZOTYPAL
• CLUSTER B: DRAMATIC
• ANTISOCIAL, BORDERLINE,
HISTRIONIC, NARCISSISTIC
• CLUSTER C:ANXIOUS
• AVOIDANT, DEPENDENT,
OBSESSIVE-COMPULSIVE

45. PARANOID PERSONALITY
DISORDER
PARANOID PERSONALITY DISORDER IS CHARACTERIZED
BY A PERVASIVE DISTRUST AND SUSPICIOUSNESS OF OTHERS
SUCH THAT THEIR MOTIVES ARE INTERPRETED AS
MALEVOLENT.
SUSPECTS, WITHOUT SUFFICIENT BASIS, THAT OTHERS
ARE EXPLOITING, HARMING, OR DECEIVING HIM/HER.
IS PREOCCUPIED WITH UNJUSTIFIED DOUBTS ABOUT
THE LOYALTY OR TRUSTWORTHINESS OF FRIENDS.
IS RELUCTANT TO CONFIDE IN OTHERS BECAUSE OF
UNWARRANTED FEAR THAT THE INFORMATION WILL BE USED
MALICIOUSLY AGAINST HIM OR HER.
READS HIDDEN DEMEANING OR THREATENING
MEANINGS INTO BENIGN REMARKS OR EVENTS.
PERSISTENTLY BEARS GRUDGES (I.E., IS UNFORGIVING
OF INSULTS, INJURIES, OR SLIGHTS)

46. EXAMPLES:

47. SCHIZOID PERSONALITY
DISORDER
PERVASIVE PATTERN OF DETACHMENT
FROM SOCIAL RELATIONSHIPS AND
RESTRICTED EXPRESSION OF EMOTION WITH 4
OR MORE THE FOLLOWING:
NEITHER DESIRES NOR ENJOYS CLOSE
RELATIONSHIPS
ALMOST ALWAYS CHOOSES SOLITARY
ACTIVITIES
LITTLE IF ANY INTEREST IN SEXUAL
EXPERIENCES WITH ANOTHER PERSON

48. LACKS CLOSE FRIENDS OTHER THAN
FIRST-DEGREE RELATIVES
APPEARS INDIFFERENT TO THE PRAISE
OR CRITICISM OF OTHERS
SHOWS EMOTIONAL COLDNESS OR
FLATTENED AFFECT
EXAMPLE:

49. SCHIZOTYPAL PERSONALITY
DISORDER
A PERVASIVE PATTERN OF SOCIAL AND
INTERPERSONAL DEFICITS WITH REDUCED CAPACITY FOR
CLOSE RELATIONSHIPS AS WELL AS COGNITIVE OR
PERCEPTUAL DISTORTIONS AND ECCENTRICITIES OF
BEHAVIOR
`UNUSUAL PERCEPTUAL EXPERIENCES INCLUDING
BODILY ILLUSIONS
ODD THINKING AND SPEECH
SUSPICIOUSNESS OR PARANOID IDEATION
BEHAVIOR OR APPEARANCE THAT IS ODD OR
ECCENTRIC
LACK OF CLOSE FRIENDS OTHER THAN FIRST-DEGREE
RELATIVES
EXCESSIVE SOCIAL ANXIETY THAT DOES NOT
DIMINISH WITH FAMILIARITY

50. EXAMPLES:

51. ANTISOCIAL PERSONALITY
DISORDER
A PERVASIVE PATTERN OF DISREGARD FOR AND
VIOLATION OF THE RIGHTS OF OTHERS OCCURRING SINCE THE
AGE OF 15 YEARS
FAILURE TO CONFORM TO SOCIAL NORMS WITH
RESPECT TO LAWFUL BEHAVIORS
DECEITFULNESS AND CONNING OTHERS FOR PERSONAL
PROFIT OR PLEASURE
IMPULSIVITY OR FAILURE TO PLAN AHEAD
IRRITABILITY OR AGGRESSIVENESS AS INDICATED BY
REPEATED FIGHTS OR ASSAULTS
RECKLESS DISREGARD FOR SAFETY OF SELF OR OTHERS
CONSISTENT IRRESPONSIBILITY

52. EXAMPLES:

53. BORDERLINE PERSONALITY
DISORDER
THE SYMPTOMS OF BORDERLINE PERSONALITY DISORDER
INCLUDE: A RECURRING PATTERN OF INSTABILITY IN
RELATIONSHIPS, EFFORTS TO AVOID ABANDONMENT, IDENTITY
DISTURBANCE, IMPULSIVITY, EMOTIONAL INSTABILITY, AND
CHRONIC FEELINGS OF EMPTINESS, AMONG OTHER SYMPTOMS.
FRANTIC EFFORTS TO AVOID REAL OR IMAGINED
ABANDONMENT
A PATTERN OF UNSTABLE AND INTENSE INTERPERSONAL
RELATIONSHIPS IDENTITY DISTURBANCE OF SELF
IMPULSIVITY RECURRENT SUICIDAL BEHAVIOR
EMOTIONAL INSTABILITY CHRONIC FEELINGS OF EMPTINESS
INAPPROPRIATE, INTENSE ANGER

54. EXAMPLES:

55. HISTRIONIC PERSONALITY DISORDER
A PERVASIVE PATTERN OF EXCESSIVE EMOTIONALITY AND
ATTENTION SEEKING, BEGINNING BY EARLY ADULTHOOD AND
PRESENT IN A VARIETY OF CONTEXTS, AS INDICATED BY FIVE (OR
MORE) OF THE FOLLOWING:
IS UNCOMFORTABLE IN SITUATIONS IN WHICH HE OR SHE IS NOT
THE CENTER OF ATTENTION
DISPLAYS RAPIDLY SHIFTING AND SHALLOW EXPRESSION OF
EMOTIONS
CONSISTENTLY USES PHYSICAL APPEARANCE TO DRAW
ATTENTION TO THEMSELVES.
HAS A STYLE OF SPEECH THAT IS EXCESSIVELY IMPRESSIONISTIC
AND LACKING IN DETAIL
SHOWS SELF-DRAMATIZATION, THEATRICALITY, AND
EXAGGERATED EXPRESSION OF EMOTION
IS HIGHLY SUGGESTIBLE, I.E., EASILY INFLUENCED BY OTHERS OR

56. EXAMPLES:

57. NARCISSISTIC PERSONALITY
DISORDER
NARCISSISTIC PERSONALITY DISORDER IS A
MENTAL DISORDER IN WHICH PEOPLE HAVE AN INFLATED
SENSE OF THEIR OWN IMPORTANCE, A DEEP NEED FOR
ADMIRATION AND A LACK OF EMPATHY FOR OTHERS. BUT
BEHIND THIS MASK OF ULTRA CONFIDENCE LIES A FRAGILE
SELF-ESTEEM THAT'S VULNERABLE TO THE SLIGHTEST
CRITICISM.
HAS A GRANDIOSE SENSE OF SELF-IMPORTANCE (E.G.,
EXAGGERATES ACHIEVEMENTS AND TALENTS, EXPECTS TO BE
RECOGNIZED AS SUPERIOR WITHOUT COMMENSURATE
ACHIEVEMENTS)
IS PREOCCUPIED WITH FANTASIES OF UNLIMITED
SUCCESS, POWER, BRILLIANCE, BEAUTY, OR IDEAL LOVE
BELIEVES THAT HE OR SHE IS “SPECIAL” AND
UNIQUE AND CAN ONLY BE UNDERSTOOD BY, OR SHOULD
ASSOCIATE WITH, OTHER SPECIAL OR HIGH-STATUS PEOPLE

58. EXAMPLE:

59. AVOIDANT PERSONALITY
DISORDER
AVOIDANT PERSONALITY DISORDER IS CHARACTERIZED
BY A LONG-STANDING PATTERN OF FEELINGS OF INADEQUACY,
EXTREME SENSITIVITY TO WHAT OTHER PEOPLE THINK ABOUT
THEM, AND SOCIAL INHIBITION.:
AVOIDS OCCUPATIONAL ACTIVITIES
IS UNWILLING TO GET INVOLVED WITH PEOPLE
SHOWS RESTRAINT WITHIN INTIMATE RELATIONSHIPS
IS PREOCCUPIED WITH BEING CRITICIZED OR REJECTED IN
SOCIAL SITUATIONS
IS INHIBITED IN NEW INTERPERSONAL SITUATIONS BECAUSE OF
FEELINGS OF INADEQUACY
VIEWS THEMSELF AS SOCIALLY INEPT, PERSONALLY
UNAPPEALING, OR INFERIOR TO OTHERS

60. EXAMPLE:

61. DEPENDENT PERSONALITY
DISORDERDEPENDENT PERSONALITY DISORDER IS CHARACTERIZED
BY A PERVASIVE FEAR THAT LEADS TO “CLINGING BEHAVIOR”
AND USUALLY MANIFESTS ITSELF BY EARLY ADULTHOOD.
HAS DIFFICULTY MAKING EVERYDAY DECISIONS WITHOUT AN
EXCESSIVE AMOUNT OF ADVICE AND REASSURANCE FROM
OTHERS
NEEDS OTHERS TO ASSUME RESPONSIBILITY FOR MOST
MAJOR AREAS
HAS DIFFICULTY EXPRESSING DISAGREEMENT WITH
OTHERS
HAS DIFFICULTY INITIATING PROJECTS
FEELS UNCOMFORTABLE OR HELPLESS WHEN ALONE
URGENTLY SEEKS ANOTHER RELATIONSHIP

62. EXAMPLES:

63. OBSESSIVE-COMPULSIVE PERSONALITY
DISORDER
A PERVASIVE PATTERN OF PREOCCUPATION WITH
ORDERLINESS, PERFECTIONISM, AND MENTAL AND
INTERPERSONAL CONTROL, AT THE EXPENSE OF
FLEXIBILITY, OPENNESS, AND EFFICIENCY, BEGINNING
BY EARLY ADULTHOOD
IS PREOCCUPIED WITH DETAILS, RULES, LISTS,
ORDER, ORGANIZATION, OR SCHEDULES TO THE
EXTENT THAT THE MAJOR POINT OF THE ACTIVITY IS
LOST
SHOWS PERFECTIONISM THAT INTERFERES WITH
TASK COMPLETION (E.G., IS UNABLE TO COMPLETE
APROJECT BECAUSE HIS OR HER OWN OVERLY
STRICT STANDARDS ARE NOT MET)

64. IS OVERCONSCIENTIOUS, SCRUPULOUS, AND
INFLEXIBLE ABOUT MATTERS OF MORALITY, ETHICS, OR
VALUES (NOT ACCOUNTED FOR BY CULTURAL
OR RELIGIOUS IDENTIFICATION)
IS UNABLE TO DISCARD WORN-OUT OR WORTHLESS
OBJECTS EVEN WHEN THEY HAVE NO SENTIMENTAL
VALUE
IS RELUCTANT TO DELEGATE TASKS OR TO WORK
WITH OTHERS UNLESS THEY SUBMIT TO EXACTLY HIS
OR HER WAY OF DOING THINGS
ADOPTS A MISERLY SPENDING STYLE TOWARD BOTH
SELF AND OTHERS; MONEY IS VIEWED AS SOMETHING
TO BE HOARDED FOR FUTURE CATASTROPHES
SHOWS SIGNIFICANT RIGIDITY AND STUBBORNNESS

65. EXAMPLES: