This lecture discusses the key aspects of how clinical psychologists think and work. It describes clinical psychology as involving careful description, explanation, prediction, and facilitation of change for individuals and problems. It then provides an example case study of a teenage boy experiencing depression. The lecture outlines different employment settings for clinical psychologists and notes that private practice is the most common. It also discusses some pros and cons of working in the field.
Clinical psychologists work in a variety of settings including private practice, universities, hospitals, clinics, and research organizations. Their work in both research and practice is unified by a systematic approach involving careful description, explanation, prediction, and facilitating change regarding people and psychological problems. This approach is used whether helping individuals or developing broader scientific understandings of issues. Private practice and universities are the most common employment settings for clinical psychologists.
The Importance of Multiple Perspectives in Psychiatry | Crimson PublishersCrimsonpublishersPPrs
This document discusses the importance of considering multiple perspectives in psychiatry when formulating a patient's case. It outlines several perspectives to consider, including the medical model focusing on symptoms, pathologies and treatments; biological perspectives involving neurotransmitters; phenomenological perspectives articulating a patient's subjective experience; psychodynamic perspectives providing a dynamic understanding of a patient's psyche; interpersonal perspectives considering social and cultural influences as well as relationships; behavioral perspectives related to reinforcement and conditioning; and cognitive perspectives related to thoughts and associations. Considering multiple dimensions can provide a more comprehensive understanding of a patient to optimize treatment.
Positive psychology. By Theresa Lowry-Lehnen. Lecturer of PsychologyTheresa Lowry-Lehnen
Positive psychology is a branch of psychology that focuses on human thriving and optimal functioning rather than pathology. It emerged to study factors that allow individuals, communities, and institutions to flourish. Positive psychology aims to understand and build positive emotions, traits, and institutions. While traditional psychology focuses on dysfunction, positive psychology emphasizes identifying and developing competence and well-being.
Psychologists’ Attitudes and Ethical Concerns Regarding the Us.docxwoodruffeloisa
This document summarizes a survey of 695 psychology graduate students and psychologists about their use of social networking websites and opinions on regulation of online activities. Key findings include:
- Established psychologists seldom use social networking websites and may lack experience to guide trainees.
- No consensus emerged on the need for APA guidelines on social networking.
- Graduate training and continuing education should address ethics of social networking given issues of self-disclosure and maintaining professional boundaries online.
The document is the third issue of Elemental, the official mental health magazine of the University of Toronto. It explores anxiety as it presents itself at UofT and in higher education. The issue includes interviews on treating anxiety through cognitive behavioral therapy, mindfulness, and acceptance. It also discusses managing anxiety in undergraduate and graduate school, including how to talk to professors about mental health. Articles provide perspectives from students, faculty, and mental health professionals on coping with anxiety and the impacts of technology and media on mental health. The editors thank contributors for discussing anxiety and promoting mental health initiatives at UofT.
This document discusses cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) as a treatment for depression. It begins with definitions of depression and an overview of Beck's cognitive model of depression. It then describes the CBT approach, which aims to modify negative and distorted thoughts and behaviors. Therapists help clients develop a case formulation and use techniques like thought challenging to dispute negative automatic thoughts. The document concludes that numerous studies have shown CBT to be an effective treatment for depression and is comparable or superior to antidepressant medication alone.
Stimulus and Exposure Therapy--Final ProjectTamela McGhee
This document discusses how Christian counselors can effectively work with clients suffering from PTSD by incorporating both clinical and faith-based counseling techniques. It provides background on PTSD and explains how exposure therapy is an important clinical technique used to desensitize trauma responses. However, clients often first seek help from religious leaders rather than clinical therapists. Therefore, it is important for Christian counselors to understand clinical techniques like exposure therapy so they can properly support clients. When combined with biblical principles and spiritual guidance, faith-based counseling can further enhance clinical treatment by addressing underlying guilt or unhealthy thoughts that contributed to a client's trauma responses. The document argues that an optimal approach is for Christian counselors to be well-versed in both clinical and religious counseling methods.
Positive Psychology. By Theresa Lowry-Lehnen. Lecturer of PsychologyTheresa Lowry-Lehnen
Positive psychology is a branch of psychology that studies human thriving and optimal functioning. It emerged in the late 1990s due to the work of Martin Seligman and Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi, who were interested in moving psychology beyond a disease model and focusing more on strength and well-being. Positive psychology interventions aim to help individuals identify and build upon their character strengths and positive emotions to lead more fulfilling lives. While research is still emerging, studies show techniques like using signature strengths, practicing gratitude, and focusing on positive events can increase happiness and well-being. Critics argue that genetics and temperament limit how much people can change their baseline levels of happiness.
Clinical psychologists work in a variety of settings including private practice, universities, hospitals, clinics, and research organizations. Their work in both research and practice is unified by a systematic approach involving careful description, explanation, prediction, and facilitating change regarding people and psychological problems. This approach is used whether helping individuals or developing broader scientific understandings of issues. Private practice and universities are the most common employment settings for clinical psychologists.
The Importance of Multiple Perspectives in Psychiatry | Crimson PublishersCrimsonpublishersPPrs
This document discusses the importance of considering multiple perspectives in psychiatry when formulating a patient's case. It outlines several perspectives to consider, including the medical model focusing on symptoms, pathologies and treatments; biological perspectives involving neurotransmitters; phenomenological perspectives articulating a patient's subjective experience; psychodynamic perspectives providing a dynamic understanding of a patient's psyche; interpersonal perspectives considering social and cultural influences as well as relationships; behavioral perspectives related to reinforcement and conditioning; and cognitive perspectives related to thoughts and associations. Considering multiple dimensions can provide a more comprehensive understanding of a patient to optimize treatment.
Positive psychology. By Theresa Lowry-Lehnen. Lecturer of PsychologyTheresa Lowry-Lehnen
Positive psychology is a branch of psychology that focuses on human thriving and optimal functioning rather than pathology. It emerged to study factors that allow individuals, communities, and institutions to flourish. Positive psychology aims to understand and build positive emotions, traits, and institutions. While traditional psychology focuses on dysfunction, positive psychology emphasizes identifying and developing competence and well-being.
Psychologists’ Attitudes and Ethical Concerns Regarding the Us.docxwoodruffeloisa
This document summarizes a survey of 695 psychology graduate students and psychologists about their use of social networking websites and opinions on regulation of online activities. Key findings include:
- Established psychologists seldom use social networking websites and may lack experience to guide trainees.
- No consensus emerged on the need for APA guidelines on social networking.
- Graduate training and continuing education should address ethics of social networking given issues of self-disclosure and maintaining professional boundaries online.
The document is the third issue of Elemental, the official mental health magazine of the University of Toronto. It explores anxiety as it presents itself at UofT and in higher education. The issue includes interviews on treating anxiety through cognitive behavioral therapy, mindfulness, and acceptance. It also discusses managing anxiety in undergraduate and graduate school, including how to talk to professors about mental health. Articles provide perspectives from students, faculty, and mental health professionals on coping with anxiety and the impacts of technology and media on mental health. The editors thank contributors for discussing anxiety and promoting mental health initiatives at UofT.
This document discusses cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) as a treatment for depression. It begins with definitions of depression and an overview of Beck's cognitive model of depression. It then describes the CBT approach, which aims to modify negative and distorted thoughts and behaviors. Therapists help clients develop a case formulation and use techniques like thought challenging to dispute negative automatic thoughts. The document concludes that numerous studies have shown CBT to be an effective treatment for depression and is comparable or superior to antidepressant medication alone.
Stimulus and Exposure Therapy--Final ProjectTamela McGhee
This document discusses how Christian counselors can effectively work with clients suffering from PTSD by incorporating both clinical and faith-based counseling techniques. It provides background on PTSD and explains how exposure therapy is an important clinical technique used to desensitize trauma responses. However, clients often first seek help from religious leaders rather than clinical therapists. Therefore, it is important for Christian counselors to understand clinical techniques like exposure therapy so they can properly support clients. When combined with biblical principles and spiritual guidance, faith-based counseling can further enhance clinical treatment by addressing underlying guilt or unhealthy thoughts that contributed to a client's trauma responses. The document argues that an optimal approach is for Christian counselors to be well-versed in both clinical and religious counseling methods.
Positive Psychology. By Theresa Lowry-Lehnen. Lecturer of PsychologyTheresa Lowry-Lehnen
Positive psychology is a branch of psychology that studies human thriving and optimal functioning. It emerged in the late 1990s due to the work of Martin Seligman and Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi, who were interested in moving psychology beyond a disease model and focusing more on strength and well-being. Positive psychology interventions aim to help individuals identify and build upon their character strengths and positive emotions to lead more fulfilling lives. While research is still emerging, studies show techniques like using signature strengths, practicing gratitude, and focusing on positive events can increase happiness and well-being. Critics argue that genetics and temperament limit how much people can change their baseline levels of happiness.
The document contains 10 multiple choice questions from a past paper on sports psychology. The questions cover various concepts related to motivation, goal setting, attention, and assessment techniques:
1) Autonomy is central to self-determination theory and is necessary for self-actualization as an athlete.
2) Amotivation refers to behavior that is neither internally or externally motivated.
3) Rating scales involve the use of judges to observe and evaluate an individual in a given situation.
1. Sport psychology is a science that applies psychological principles to sports. It promotes the international society of sport psychology (ISSP) to disseminate information about sport psychology.
2. The clinical/counseling sport psychologist is specifically trained to deal with emotional and personality disorders that affect athletes.
3. Athletes who are highly motivated tend to have high situation-specific self-confidence in their abilities. Self-confidence is an important personality trait that encourages trying new things.
This document discusses various topics related to sports psychology including self-efficacy, goal orientation, motivation, team cohesion, special populations, eating disorders, burnout, emotional responses to injury, effects of banned substances, and approaches to combating drug abuse. It provides definitions and descriptions of key concepts, lists symptoms and models, and discusses strategies like cognitive and behavioral techniques.
There are five key factors that can increase precompetitive state anxiety:
1. Fear of performance failure and negative evaluation from opponents or spectators
2. Fear of physical harm from intense competition
3. Ambiguity about the competitive situation
4. Disruption of an athlete's normal routine
These five factors relate to threats against an athlete's ego, self-esteem, health, and preparedness. They represent psychological sources of tension that can increase anxiety levels before competition.
1. Sport psychology is a science that applies psychological principles to sports. It promotes the international society of sport psychology (ISSP) to disseminate information about sport psychology.
2. The clinical/counseling sport psychologist is specifically trained to deal with emotional and personality disorders that affect athletes.
3. Athletes who are highly motivated tend to have high situation-specific self-confidence in their abilities. Self-confidence is an important personality trait that encourages trying new things.
The document discusses various concepts related to sports psychology. It provides multiple choice questions and answers about (1) the Profile of Mood States questionnaire which measures six mood states, (2) relaxation procedures such as progressive relaxation and autogenic training, (3) pep talks being a common way to increase athlete activation, and (4) the need for athletes to be fully attentive and activated in maximum arousal situations. It also addresses imagery and its cognitive and motivational functions, imagery perspectives like pictorialism and descriptionism, psychoneuromuscular theory related to imagery and movement patterns, and uses of imagery like cognitive general imagery and restructuring thinking through imagery.
This document contains 10 multiple choice questions about motivation and goal orientation from a past solved paper for PSY 407. The questions cover topics like: 1) The age children begin comparing ability to peers, 2) The levels children pass through to understand goal orientation, 3) The transitional period where children start differentiating ability and effort. 4) Whether goal orientation is related to general or situation specific success.
The clinical/Counseling sport psychologist deals with emotions and personality disorder problems that affect athletes. Sport psychology is a science that applies psychological principles to sports, exercise, and health. In 1965, the International Society of Sport Psychology (ISSP) was formed to promote and disseminate information about the practice of sport psychology throughout the world. Athletes who are highly motivated tend to be very situation-specific self-confident about their abilities.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
The document contains 10 multiple choice questions from a past paper on sports psychology. The questions cover various concepts related to motivation, goal setting, attention, and assessment techniques:
1) Autonomy is central to self-determination theory and is necessary for self-actualization as an athlete.
2) Amotivation refers to behavior that is neither internally or externally motivated.
3) Rating scales involve the use of judges to observe and evaluate an individual in a given situation.
1. Sport psychology is a science that applies psychological principles to sports. It promotes the international society of sport psychology (ISSP) to disseminate information about sport psychology.
2. The clinical/counseling sport psychologist is specifically trained to deal with emotional and personality disorders that affect athletes.
3. Athletes who are highly motivated tend to have high situation-specific self-confidence in their abilities. Self-confidence is an important personality trait that encourages trying new things.
This document discusses various topics related to sports psychology including self-efficacy, goal orientation, motivation, team cohesion, special populations, eating disorders, burnout, emotional responses to injury, effects of banned substances, and approaches to combating drug abuse. It provides definitions and descriptions of key concepts, lists symptoms and models, and discusses strategies like cognitive and behavioral techniques.
There are five key factors that can increase precompetitive state anxiety:
1. Fear of performance failure and negative evaluation from opponents or spectators
2. Fear of physical harm from intense competition
3. Ambiguity about the competitive situation
4. Disruption of an athlete's normal routine
These five factors relate to threats against an athlete's ego, self-esteem, health, and preparedness. They represent psychological sources of tension that can increase anxiety levels before competition.
1. Sport psychology is a science that applies psychological principles to sports. It promotes the international society of sport psychology (ISSP) to disseminate information about sport psychology.
2. The clinical/counseling sport psychologist is specifically trained to deal with emotional and personality disorders that affect athletes.
3. Athletes who are highly motivated tend to have high situation-specific self-confidence in their abilities. Self-confidence is an important personality trait that encourages trying new things.
The document discusses various concepts related to sports psychology. It provides multiple choice questions and answers about (1) the Profile of Mood States questionnaire which measures six mood states, (2) relaxation procedures such as progressive relaxation and autogenic training, (3) pep talks being a common way to increase athlete activation, and (4) the need for athletes to be fully attentive and activated in maximum arousal situations. It also addresses imagery and its cognitive and motivational functions, imagery perspectives like pictorialism and descriptionism, psychoneuromuscular theory related to imagery and movement patterns, and uses of imagery like cognitive general imagery and restructuring thinking through imagery.
This document contains 10 multiple choice questions about motivation and goal orientation from a past solved paper for PSY 407. The questions cover topics like: 1) The age children begin comparing ability to peers, 2) The levels children pass through to understand goal orientation, 3) The transitional period where children start differentiating ability and effort. 4) Whether goal orientation is related to general or situation specific success.
The clinical/Counseling sport psychologist deals with emotions and personality disorder problems that affect athletes. Sport psychology is a science that applies psychological principles to sports, exercise, and health. In 1965, the International Society of Sport Psychology (ISSP) was formed to promote and disseminate information about the practice of sport psychology throughout the world. Athletes who are highly motivated tend to be very situation-specific self-confident about their abilities.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
1. LECTURE 3
How a Clinical
Psychologist Thinks
Linking Science & Practice Together
2. 2
Clinical Psychology, branch of psychology
devoted to the study, diagnosis, and treatment of
people with mental illnesses and other
psychological disorders.
This course will consist of 45 lectures, and will
be divided into four parts:
1. Foundations of Clinical Psychology
2. Clinical Assessment.
3. Clinical Interventions.
4. Specialties in Clinical Psychology
3. LECTURE 3
Brian’s Case; an example
Imagine that you are working as a clinical psychologist, and
an adolescent is referred to you for help. Brian is 16 years
old. Approximately one year ago his parents went through a
very difficult divorce. Following his parents' divorce, Brian,
his mother, and younger sister moved to a new town in order
for his mother to begin a new job and for the family to try to
"start over". Because Brian's father did not provide regular
financial support, the family was faced with significant
economic difficulties as they tried to get by on his mother's
salary. Brian did not adjust well either to his parents' divorce
or to the move to a new school and town. He had difficulty
making new friends at school and became progressively
more withdrawn and lonely. Three months before coming to
see you, Brian became severely depressed and made a
serious, but uncompleted, suicide attempt.
4. LECTURE 3
You are faced with a number of important questions in your
initial meetings with him. Is there a specific pattern of
behaviors, thoughts, or feelings that characterize the
difficulties that Brian is experiencing? Are these problems
unique to him, or are they similar to difficulties experienced
by other people?
After some initial information is obtained, the questions
should focus on Brian’s personal details including his
strengths, competencies, and motivations etc.
Answers to these questions are part of the task of
developing a careful, detailed description of the scope and
nature of Brian's problems, his strengths and capabilities,
and the environment or context in which he lives.
Such description places Brian's problems into a broader
context (the nature of depression during adolescence).
5. LECTURE 3
b) Explanation:
Description of an individual or a psychological problem is not
adequate for complete understanding of that person or
problem.
It is imperative that clinical psychologists develop careful
models to explain how or why the problem developed, either
in an individual or in people in general.
This task includes the development and testing of models of
etiology or cause, including but not limited to the use of
experimental methods to test causality.
6. LECTURE 3
For example, the following questions need explanation:
Why did Brian attempt to take his life?
Why has he sunk into a behavioral pattern in which he is
overwhelmed by daily responsibilities and feels that he
has lost control over his own life?
These questions lead to an answer: because of his
parents' divorce. But this answer again leads to more
general questions such as
"what are the psychological consequences of the
parental divorce and the losses and stresses that are
associated with divorce?" and "what is the relationship
between such a loss and later depression, suicidal
ideation, or suicide attempts?"
7. LECTURE 3
The answers to these questions lie beyond information that
you can obtain by examining a single case such as Brian's.
From here, the process of research begins, that attempts to
focus on all possible dimensions of the problem.
The clinical psychologists develop explanations of
problematic behavior using these questions as guidelines
for research.
They may explain psychological problems emphasizing the
role of biological factors, cognitive schemas and networking,
conditioning and learning processes, interpersonal
relationships, and an integration of one or more of these
factors.
8. LECTURE 3
c) Prediction:
The most stringent and necessary test of any explanation is
to see if it leads to predictions that are supported by
empirical research.
The importance of prediction, like description and
explanation, is evident in the work of psychologists helping
individuals as well as in the work of clinical researchers
trying to understand a problem in the general population.
Prediction is possible only through repeated observations in
which conditions are either controlled or well understood.
9. LECTURE 3
In Brian’s example, it is important to predict the course of his
symptoms e.g.,
Is he likely to make another suicide attempt?
What factors would be useful in trying to predict subsequent
suicidal thinking or attempts?
Are his problems likely to continue? Will they remit on their
own, or is psychological treatment or medication necessary?
Are there certain psychological treatments that are likely to
be effective in treating his depression?
10. LECTURE 3
In clinical psychology research, prediction is tested in
two ways:
(a) longitudinal studies of the course of problems as they
occur in real life; and
(b) experimental studies testing specific predictions or
hypotheses under controlled circumstances.
In both methods, the goal of clinical psychologist is to try
to identify cause-and-effect relationships regarding
important clinical problems.
11. LECTURE 3
d) Change:
Because clinical psychology involves the application of
psychological knowledge to alleviate human problems, it is
not enough for clinical psychologists to describe, explain, or
predict human functioning.
Clinical psychologists must also be concerned with
producing change in people's lives. Specifically, clinical
psychologists develop and carry out planned and controlled
interventions for the treatment and prevention of
psychopathology, for coping with and prevention of some
forms of physical illness, and for the promotion of
psychological and physiological health.
Facilitating change is a goal of researchers and practicing
clinicians alike.
12. LECTURE 3
Efforts to change people's lives must be based on research
evidence that allows the clinician to make reasonable
predictions about the effects of specific interventions.
For example, it may be important to change how Brian
thinks about his parents, about himself, and about the
reasons for his parents' divorce.
If Brian learns to think about his parents' divorce in a
different way, this new way of thinking may lead to
meaningful changes in his emotions and behaviors.
Alternatively, if Brian is systematically encouraged and
rewarded for increasing his involvement in pleasant and
constructive activities involving school, sports and friends, it
may be sufficient to alleviate his deep feelings of loss
related to his parents' divorce.
13. LECTURE 3
Clinical psychologists are concerned with developing
much more than a set of techniques for helping people
change.
They are committed to developing a broad set of
principles to understand how and why people change.
Without this type of comprehensive understanding of the
mechanisms of how people change, psychologists
cannot continue to systematically improve the ways that
they can help people, and they may be unaware of ways
to generalize their current methods to different people or
problems.
15. LECTURE 3
Although clinical psychologists function both as
scientists and as practitioners, their work in these
two realms is unified by a systematic way of thinking
about people and psychological problems.
Thus, a psychologist – whether trying to help an
individual cope with a traumatic event in his or her
life or trying to arrive at a broader understanding of
how people in general cope with trauma – must
engage in careful description, explanation,
prediction, and change of the person or problem.
17. LECTURE 3
Clinical psychologists are found in a number of service
settings, including the following:
General Hospitals and Medical Clinics;
Mental Health Clinics and Psychiatric Hospitals;
Rehabilitation Hospitals and Clinics;
Community Service Agencies;
Private Practice;
Universities and Colleges;
Industry;
The Military;
Prisons and Correctional Facilities;
Private and Government Research Agencies; and
Schools.
18. LECTURE 3
Research on the employment settings of clinical
psychologists reveals that the most frequent
employment setting for clinical psychologists is
private practice.
University settings are the second most common
employment sites.
The following table shows the different
employment sites for clinical psychologists in the
United States during year 1995.
19. LECTURE 3
Employment Site Percentage in Year: 1995
Psychiatric hospital 05 %
General hospital 04 %
Outpatient clinic 04 %
Community mental health center 04 %
Medical school 09 %
Private practice 40 %
University settings 19 %
Other settings 11 %
Source: Adapted from Norcross, Karg, & Prochaska (1997a).
20. LECTURE 3
PRIVATE PRACTICE:
About 40% of clinical psychologists work in solo or group
private practices.
As a private practitioner, the clinical psychologist offers
certain services to the public, as much as a dentist or
general medical doctor does.
Office hours are established and patients (i.e. clients)
are seen for assessment, diagnosis and psychotherapy.
21. LECTURE 3
Fees are charged for services rendered.
Many psychologists are drawn to independently
providing direct clinical, consultation and other
professional services to their clients and enjoy being
their own boss and setting their own hours and policies.
Research supports that, private practitioners report more
job satisfaction (Norcross& Prochaska, 1983; Norcross,
Karg & Prochaska 1997a) and less job stress than other
psychologists.
22. LECTURE 3
COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES:
About 20% of clinical psychologists are employed in academic
environments (American Psychological Association , 1993a).
Most of these psychologists work as Professors. They generally
teach psychology courses, supervise the clinical and or research
work of psychology students and conduct both independent and
collaborative research.
They also typically serve on various college or university
committees, providing leadership and assistance with the academic
community.
Some clinical psychologists work in academic clinical settings, such
as student counseling centers, providing direct clinical services to
students.
23. LECTURE 3
HOSPITALS:
Many clinical psychologists work in hospital settings.
They may conduct psychological testing, provide
individual, family or group psychotherapy act as a
consultant to other mental health or medical
professionals on psychiatric or general medical hospital
units, and may serve in administrative roles such as unit
chief on a psychiatric ward.
Many states now allow psychologists to become full
members of the medical staff of hospitals. In California,
for example, psychologists are allowed to have full
admitting, discharge and treatment privileges which
allow them to treat their patients when they are
hospitalized and to participate in hospital committees.
24. LECTURE 3
MEDICAL SCHOOLS:
Clinical psychologists serve on the faculties of many medical
schools. They typically act as “clinical faculty”, which generally
involves several hours (i.e., two to four) per week of pro bono time
contributed to the training of medical center trainees.
These trainees might include psychiatry residents, other medical
residents (e.g., pediatric residents), medical students, nursing
students or non medical hospital trainees such as psychology
interns or postdoctoral fellows ,social work interns, nursing students
etc.
These psychologists might conduct seminars & workshops or
provide individual case supervision and consultation.
Psychologists may also serve as academic or research faculty at
medical schools.
25. LECTURE 3
OUTPATIENT CLINICS:
Many psychologists work in various outpatient clinics such as
community mental health centers.
These psychologists often provide a range of clinical services to
other professionals and organizations.
For example, these psychologists might provide psychotherapy for
children who have been abused or group therapy for adult
substance abusers. They might also provide parent education
classes.
While psychologists in these settings may conduct research, direct
clinical service is often the primary activity and priority of these
settings
26. LECTURE 3
BUISNESS AND INDUSTRY:
Many clinical psychologists working in business and industry
settings offer consultation services to management, assessment and
brief psychotherapy to employees, and conduct research on various
psychosocial issues important to company functioning and
performance.
For example, these psychologists might consult with the human
resource department, provide stress management workshops, or
conduct interpersonal skills building workshops.
Psychologists might help managers learn to improve their ability to
motivate and supervise their employees.
They may assist in developing strategies for interviewing and hiring
job applicants.
27. LECTURE 3
MILITARY:
Many clinical psychologists are employed by one of the
branches of the military such as the Navy, Air Force, or
Army. They often provide direct clinical services.
Some conduct research while others act as
administrators in military hospitals and clinics.
Other psychologists are civilians working in military
hospitals.
Typically psychologists working in the military hold an
officer rank such as captain.
28. LECTURE 3
FORENSIC PSYCHOLOGIST (PRISON
AND PROBATION SERVICES):
Forensic psychology is concerned with the behavior of individuals
within the judicial and penal systems, such as offenders, victims,
witnesses, judges, juries, prisoners and prison staff.
Much of the work of a clinical forensic psychologist focuses on
therapy in correctional settings where specific activities include:
a) Carrying out one-to-one assessments - often to assess the risk
of re-offending) or to assess the risk of suicide or self-injury;
b) Developing and evaluating the contribution of assessment
techniques such as psychometrics;
29. LECTURE 3
c) Undertaking research projects to evaluate the contribution of
specific service elements, policy initiatives or group program
developments, e.g. exploring probation 'drop-out' rates or evaluating
a group program;
d) Participating in the delivery of, or acting as coordinating
'Treatment Manager' for, nationally recognized cognitive-behavioral
group programs, e.g. Enhanced Thinking Skills or Sex Offender
Treatment Program;
e) Overseeing the training of prison/probation service staff.
f) Dedicating time to the preparation of court reports.
30. LECTURE 3
OTHER LOCATIONS:
This category includes
Professional schools
Correctional facilities
Managed care organizations
Nursing homes
Child and family services
Rehabilitation centers
School systems
Health maintenance organizations, and so on.
32. LECTURE 3
Some key points to consider in support of Clinical psychology:
Personal Fulfillment Working with and helping clients can bring a
great deal of personal satisfaction.
Making a Difference Unique feelings come when you see a client
make changes in their lives because you have helped them.
Being Your Own Boss In private practice, clinical and counseling
psychologists are often their own bosses and set their own hours.
Changing Environment Each client provides different and
interesting information about themselves; therefore, the psychologist
is rarely bored from doing routine work.
Learning Experience Clients' diagnoses and therapeutic plans
tend to be at least somewhat unique, providing ongoing learning
opportunities.
33. LECTURE 3
Some cautions
The education and training is very demanding
and prolonged.
There are cases when treatment may produce
little or no improvement in the client’s condition.
Paperwork associated with each client requires
enormous care. Health insurance companies
alone require a lot of detailed documentation
about clients.
34. LECTURE 3
Conclusion
Clinical psychologists are unique from other
mental health professionals in their provided
services, service settings, populations seen,
and knowledge base.
35. LECTURE 3
Populations Seen
Clinical psychologists work with a broad range of populations,
including the following: individuals (infants, children, adolescents,
adults, and the elderly); couples (regardless of gender
composition); families (traditional, multi- generational, and blended
families); groups; organizations; and systems.
Service Settings
Clinical psychologists are found in a number of service settings,
including the following: General Hospitals and Medical Clinics;
Mental Health Clinics and Psychiatric Hospitals; Rehabilitation
Hospitals and Clinics; Community Service Agencies; Private
Practice; Universities and Colleges; Industry; the Military; Prisons
and Correctional Facilities; Private and Government Research
Agencies; and Schools.
36. LECTURE 3
Services Provided
The typical services provided by clinical psychologists include:
assessment and measurement; diagnosis; treatment;
consultation: teaching and supervision; policy planning; research;
program evaluation; and, administration.
Knowledge Base
The knowledge base within clinical psychology is so broad that no
individual clinical psychologist can become competent in all areas
of clinical psychology. Therefore, clinical psychologists must
function within the specific limits of their competence (i.e.,
knowledge and expertise), and are expected to clearly
acknowledge the limitations of their scope of practice. Clinical
psychologists are responsible for referring to others (either within
or outside the area of clinical psychology) when they are faced
with a task outside of the limits of their knowledge and skill.