The document discusses various methods of classroom assessment including measurement of student learning through tests, performance assessments, and evaluation. It describes the purposes of assessment as formative to improve instruction, summative to measure learning, and assessment as learning to help teachers and students. The document outlines norm-referenced and criterion-referenced grading, noting strengths and weaknesses, and recommends a mastery approach. It advises teachers to avoid certain assessment practices and explores using technology to support assessment.

1. Chapter 14
Assessment
of Classroom
Learning

2. Overview
•
•
•
•
The Role of Assessment in Teaching
Ways to Measure Student Learning
Ways to Evaluate Student Learning
Improving Your Grading Methods: Assessment
Practices to Avoid
• Technology for Classroom Assessment
© 2013 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.
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3. The Role of Assessment in Teaching
• The primary purpose of classroom assessment
is . . .
 to provide teachers with diagnostic
information they can use to increase student
achievement and improve their instruction
(assessment for learning)
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4. What Is Assessment?
• What Is Assessment?
 Classroom assessment involves two major types of
activities:
– Measurement: Using a rule-governed system
(such as tests or ratings) to collect information
about how much knowledge and skill students
have learned
– Evaluation: Using a rule-governed system to
make judgments about the adequacy or
acceptability of each student’s level of learning
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5. Why Should We Assess Student
Learning?
• Why Should We Assess Student Learning?
 Summative Assessment (Assessment OF Learning)
– Conducted to measure how much has been learned
over time and with a variety of tasks
 Formative Assessment (Assessment FOR Learning)
– Conducted to provide periodic feedback to teachers and
students about the effectiveness of instruction and the
progress of learning
 Assessment AS Learning
– Formative assessment, properly done, helps teachers
and students learn how to become more effective
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6. Ways to Measure Student Learning
• Written Tests
 Selected-response tests
 Short-answer tests
 Essay tests
• Performance Assessments
 Direct writing assessments
 Portfolios
 Exhibitions
 Demonstrations
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7. Ways to Measure Student Learning
• Written Tests
 Constructing a Useful Test
– Significance
– Teachability
– Describability
– Reportability
– Nonintrusiveness
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8. Performance Assessments
• Performance Assessments
 What Are Performance Assessments?
– Students required to use a wide range of
knowledge and skills over an extended
period of time to complete a task or solve a
problem under more or less realistic
conditions
 See Online Video Case “Portfolio Assessment: Elementary
Classroom”
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9. Characteristics of Performance
Assessments
• Performance Assessments
 Characteristics of Performance Assessments
– Emphasis on active responding
–
–
–
–
–
–
Degree of realism
Emphasis on complex problems
Close relationship between teaching and testing
Use of scoring rubrics
Use of formative assessment
Responsiveness to cultural diversity
 See Online Video Case “Portfolio Assessment: Elementary
Classroom”
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10. Some Concerns About Performance
Assessment
• Performance Tests
 Some Concerns About Performance Assessment
– Teachers may be reluctant to use them
because of the emphasis on standardized
testing and summative assessment
– More difficult to establish reliability and
validity
 See Online Video Case “Performance Assessment: Student
Presentations in a High School English Class”
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11. Ways to Evaluate Student Learning
• Norm-referenced grading
 The Nature of Norm-Referenced Grading
– System assumes that classroom achievement will
naturally vary among a group of heterogeneous
students because of student differences and so
compares the score of each student to the scores
of the other students in order to determine grades
– Also referred to as “grading on the curve” because
under ideal circumstances distribution of grades
takes the shape of a bell-shaped curve
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12. Strengths and Weaknesses of NormReferenced Grading
• Norm-Referenced Grading
 Strengths and Weaknesses of NormReferenced Grading
– Strengths
 System is useful for evaluating advanced levels of
learning
 System is useful for selecting students for limitedenrollment programs
– Weaknesses
 There are few situations in which the typical public
school teacher can appropriately use it
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13. The Nature of Criterion-Referenced
Grading
• Criterion-Referenced Grading
 The Nature of Criterion-Referenced Grading
– System in which grades are determined on
the basis of whether each student has
attained a defined standard of achievement
or performance
 See Online Video Case “Assessment in the Middle
Grades: Measurement of Student Learning”
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14. Criterion-Referenced Grading
• Criterion-Referenced Grading
 Strengths and Weaknesses of Criterion-Referenced
Grading
– Strengths
Provides more specific and useful information about
student strengths and weaknesses
Promotes the motivation to learn because it holds out the
promise that all students can master most of a teacher’s
objectives
– Weaknesses
Performance standards are arbitrary and may be difficult
to justify
Standards may fluctuate as a result of unnoticed
variation
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15. A Mastery Approach
• Criterion-Referenced Grading
 A Mastery Approach
– A form of criterion-referenced grading in
which students are given multiple
opportunities to master a set of objectives
– Assumes all students can achieve if given
good quality instruction, sufficient time to
learn, and are motivated to learn
– Lends itself to formative assessment and is
closely aligned with the Response to
Intervention procedure
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16. Improving Your Grading Methods:
Assessment Practices to Avoid
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Worshiping averages
Using zeros indiscriminately
Providing insufficient instruction before testing
Teaching for one thing but testing for another
Using pop quizzes to motivate students
Keeping the nature and content of the test a
secret
• Keeping the criteria for assignments a secret
• Shifting criteria
• Combining apples and oranges
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17. Technology for Classroom Assessment
• Electronic Gradebooks and Grading Programs
 Reduces grading errors, increases efficiency
of the grading process
• Technology-Based Performance Assessment
 Web sites like GLOBE and Quest Atlantis
can be used for performance assessment
• Digital Portfolios
 Computer-based portfolios of projects that
may include sound, audio, and video
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