Root cause analysis (RCA) is a structured process to determine the underlying cause of problems or risks. It involves defining the problem, analyzing causes and effects, identifying solutions, and tracking effectiveness. RCA helps prevent recurrence by examining why risks happen and altering environments to minimize or eliminate causes. The key steps are: 1) defining the problem, 2) analyzing causal relationships through cause-and-effect charts, 3) evaluating and selecting solutions, and 4) designing metrics to track solutions and ensure prevention. While RCA is often reactive, it can also be proactively applied to hypothetical risks to help organizations learn and implement preventative measures.