hygenic value and regulations

1. Insolation and lighting
Hygienic value
Regulations
practical lesson number 2

2. Solar Radiation

3. Solar radiation
• The sun is a source of energy, heat and light on the globe.
• Solar energy heats the surface of the Earth, causes the evaporation of
water, the formation of air currents and weather changes associated
with these phenomena and the climate in this region.
• Solar energy, the surface of which has a temperature of 6000 ° C,
• is an electromagnetic oscillation propagating at a speed of 3.10580
km / s.

4. What is Solar Radiation?
• Solar radiation is radiant (electromagnetic) energy from the sun.
• It provides light and heat for the Earth and energy for photosynthesis.
This radiant energy is necessary for the metabolism of the
environment and its inhabitants
• The three relevant bands, or ranges, along the solar radiation
spectrum, are ultraviolet, visible (PAR), and infrared.
• Of the light that reaches Earth’s surface, infrared radiation makes up
49.4% of while visible light provides 42.3% 9. Ultraviolet radiation
makes up just over 8% of the total solar radiation.
• Each of these bands has a different impact on the environment

6. The electromagnetic spectrum
radio waves
microwaves
infrared radiation
visible light
ultraviolet
radiation
X-rays
gamma
rays
They occupy different wavelength ranges and have
different applications.
The electromagnetic spectrum is made up of:

8. Sunlight
Sunlight is essential for a normal person.
Natural light provides the visual analyzer.
Visible rays of the solar spectrum (400-760 microns)
• provide the function of vision,
• determine the natural biorhythm of the body,
• positively affect emotions,
• the intensity of metabolic processes;
The ultraviolet spectrum of solar radiation (290-400 microns)
- stimulates the processes of metabolism,
- blood formation,
- tissue regeneration and has antirachitic (synthesis of vitamin D) and
bactericidal action.

9. Biological effect of visible light:
• - work of the visual analyzer;
• - color perception creates a gamut of colors;
• -activation of excitation processes in the cerebral cortex;
• - improvement of the activity of other (except visual) analyzers;
• -positive effect on the emotional sphere during wakefulness;
• - activation of biochemical processes, activation of metabolism;
• -increase vitality;
• Light - a regulator of daily biological rhythms.

10. Hygienic Lighting Requirements
• Hygienic requirements for lighting are based on the characteristics of the
perception of light and its effects on humans and are as follows:
• - the spectral composition of light should approach natural
• - the level of illumination must comply with regulatory indicators that take
into account working conditions;
• - uniformity and stability of the level of illumination, the lack of brilliance
created by the source or objects in the working area are also necessary.

11. All rooms with a permanent stay of people should
have natural light.
Natural light is created by direct, diffused, and reflected sunlight.
Natural lighting can be side, top, combined.
Lateral lighting - through light holes in the external walls,
overhead lighting - through light holes in the coating (roof),
combined lighting - in the external walls and in the coatings.
The most hygienic is the side lighting, it penetrates through the
windows, since the top light with the same glazing area creates less
room lighting

12. overhead lighting - through light holes in the coating (roof)

13. Lateral lighting - through light holes in the
external walls

14. combined lighting - in the external walls and
in the coatings

15. The design of natural lighting for buildings should be based on a detailed study
of technological or other processes carried out indoors (visual work
performed), as well as on the light-climatic features of the territory.
should be considered:
• characteristic of visual work;
• location of the building on a light climate map;
• necessary uniformity of natural light;
• location of equipment;
• the direction of incidence of the light flux on the working surface;
• the duration of daylight use during the day;
The need for protection against glare from direct sunlight

16. calculation of insolation in the design of buildings

17. •The intensity of natural light depends to a large
extent on the arrangement and location of
windows, their orientation to the cardinal
cardinal directions, the shading of windows by
other buildings, and green spaces.

19. Hygienic indicators of natural daylight:
The coefficient of natural light (KEO) is the ratio of natural light indoors
at the control points of measurement (at least 5) to the lighting outside
the building (%).
Coefficient of illumination - the ratio of the area of ​​the glazed surface
of the windows to the floor area
•In industrial, commercial and administrative premises, it should be at least -
1: 8, in household premises - 1:10, in training rooms - 1: 5, in hospitals
(wards) - 1: 5, 1: 6.

20. Hygienic indicators of natural daylight:
• The angle of incidence is the angle formed by two lines, one of which
extends from the workplace to the upper edge of the glazed part of the
window opening, and the other horizontally from the workplace to the
window. The angle of incidence decreases with distance from the window.
• For normal daylight, the angle of incidence should be at least 27 °.
• The higher the window, the greater the angle of incidence.
• The opening angle is the angle formed by two lines, one of which connects
the workplace with the top edge of the window, the other with the highest
point of the dimming object located in front of the window (opposite
building, tree, etc.).
• The angle of inclination of the hole should be not less than 5 °

22. • Lighting of rooms directly depends on the number, shape and size of
windows, as well as on the quality and cleanliness of the glass.
• Contaminated glass with double glazing reduces natural light by 50-
70%, frozen glass - up to 80%.
• The color of the walls affects the lighting of the room: white reflects
up to 80% of sunlight, gray and yellow - 40%, and blue and green - 10-
17%.

23. Adequate natural lighting for buildings depends on
a number of reasons:
• a) Orientation of windows to the cardinal points. From a hygienic point of view, orientation to the south and southeast is most
appropriate.
• At mid-latitudes, the longitudinal axis of the building should be directed from the north-east to the south-west.
• Orientation of living quarters to the west is not recommended, since with this orientation significant radiation in summer and low
winter.
• In the northern and southern latitudes it is recommended to use the axis of buildings from west to east (equatorial) with the
orientation of the windows of residential premises to the south and auxiliary to the north;
• b) the size and location of the windows. The upper edge of the window should be closer to the ceiling, which contributes to a
deeper penetration of light into the room. The width of the walls should not exceed half the width of the window openings.
Important for lighting are the numbers and sizes of the opening, the nature of the covers. The best shape is rectangular windows;
• c) the depth of the room (rooms with side lighting - this is the distance from the wall with windows to the opposite wall). The
depth of the room should not exceed more than 2 times the distance from the top edge of the window to the floor (not more than
6.5 m);
• d) the gap between the buildings. This rent should be no less than two times the height of the opposite tall buildings;
• d) glass quality and cleanliness. Ordinary glasses absorb some of the light, especially the ultraviolet plot. Contaminated glass
reduces light transmission by 25-50%. Curtains can absorb up to 40% of light;
• e) the color of the walls and ceiling. Light tones in reflected light increase illumination.

24. RESEARCH REPORT (insolation and lighting)
_______________________________
Date Time
1. The definition of natural and artificial lighting was carried out in the
classroom (ward) No. ______
room area ______________,
number of windows __________,
glass area _____________________________, (window height, window
width)
Room color ______________________________________________, (walls,
ceiling, floor, tables, equipment)
orientation of window openings _______________________________ room
height ________________,
2. The following instruments were used for the study: light meter

25. Table 1 — The illumination

26. Determination of the coefficient of natural light:
• at the same time measurements are taken at control points indoors and
outdoors in a horizontal area, illuminated with all the light of the sky (for
example, outside on the roof of a building or in another elevated place).
• KEO = (natural light in the room/ horizontal illumination outdoors)* 100%
• KEO at each point in the room is a constant value, because illumination
indoors.
• Hygienic standards the minimum allowable KEO.
• So, the optimal natural lighting in classic rooms, laboratories and medical
rooms corresponds to the number of KEO 1.2-1.5%.

27. Determination of light coefficient (SC)
• The light coefficient is the ratio of the light (glazed) surface of all
windows to the floor area. To calculate the light coefficient, measure
the glazed surface of the windows (without frames and binders) and
divide it by the floor area.
• Satisfactory natural light is provided by SC equal to for classrooms and
laboratories up to 1: 5, hospital rooms - 1: 7, living rooms - up to 1:10.

30. Insufficient natural light should be replaced by
artificial light
requirement for artificial lighting: sufficient intensity and uniformity of the
created lighting.
Quantitative and qualitative features of artificial lighting are determined by:
• - artificial lighting system: general, local, combined;
• - type of light source: electric incandescent lamps, fluorescent lamps
• - type of lighting devices for general and local lighting: lamp of direct,
diffused and reflected light;
• - the number of general lighting fixtures, their placement and the height of
the suspension;
• - the power of individual lamps and their total power in watts;
• - protective fittings.

34. Norms of artificial lighting
Premises of residential and public
of buildings
Norm of artificial illumination
of work surfaces, Lx
1. Living rooms in apartments
2. Classrooms, classes, study rooms
3. Recreational and sports halls
4. Game rooms in kindergartens and nurseries
5. Operating rooms in hospitals
6. Doctor's offices (in the clinic)
7. Chambers of hospitals and sanatoriums
8. Laboratory analysis
9. Corridors and walkways in hospitals and schools
150
300
200
200
400
300
100
500
150

35. Indicators of
artificial
lighting
include:
• - Average illumination (lux);
• - Illumination of the working surface (lux);
• - Coefficient of unevenness;
• - brightness;
• - Reflection coefficient;
• - The contrast of the object of distinction with the background.
• Illumination - the surface density of the light flux, defined as the ratio
of the light flux incident on the surface to the area of ​​this surface;
unit of measure is lux (lx).
• Average Illumination - Illumination averaged over the area of ​​the
illuminated area.
• Brightness is the main light value to which the human eye directly
responds - the spatial density of the light flux, depending on the
properties of a given surface, its reflectivity; the unit is candela per
square meter (cd / m).

36. Figure - Location of control points when
measuring the average illumination in the room

37. Sample protocol for completing a task
Research and hygienic assessment of artificial lighting
IN___________________________________________________________
(name of the facility, site)
Date and time of the study ______________________________________
Study of artificial lighting ________________________
(specify which)
His organization: general, local, combined _______________
Type of fixtures (direct, diffused, reflected) ______________
Number ___________________________, placement _____________
suspension height _________________, lamp power, ____________ W
total power, _______________ watts, valve condition __________
protective devices (yes, no) _____________________________
Combined lighting _______________________________________
Natural lighting _______________________________________ Artificial lighting in the workplace
______________________
The average illumination of the study room _________________________
CONCLUSION: ____________________________________________
Signature______________________