1) The study investigated how larval and adult diet affect desiccation resistance in the marula fruit fly Ceratitis cosyra. Larvae were reared on either high- or low-yeast diets and adults were fed either sugar alone or sugar with additional yeast hydrolysate (a protein source).
2) Results showed that larval diet had a greater influence than adult diet on desiccation resistance. Flies reared as larvae on a low-yeast diet exhibited higher desiccation resistance as adults compared to those from a high-yeast larval diet.
3) Adult diet effects differed between males and females. Females thrived on a low protein adult diet irrespective
Water is fundamental forever. From the time that primitive species wandered from the seas to live ashore, a significant key to endurance has been counteraction of drying out. The basic variations cross a variety of species, including man.
Without water, people can endure just for quite a long time. Water contains from 75% body weight in babies to 55% in older and is fundamental for cell homeostasis and life.1 In any case there are numerous unanswered inquiries regarding this most fundamental part of our body and our eating routine.
This survey endeavors to give some feeling of our ebb and flow information on water including generally examples of admission and a few elements connected with consumption, the mind boggling components behind water homeostasis, the impacts of variety in water admission on wellbeing and energy admission, weight, and human execution and working.
Perchlorate Exposure from Diet and Drinking Water in a Representative Sample ...REY DECASTRO
Perchlorate (ClO4-) is ubiquitous in the environment and inhibits the thyroid’s uptake of iodide. Food and tap water are likely sources of environmental exposure to perchlorate. The aim of this study was to identify significant dietary sources of perchlorate using perchlorate measured in urine as an exposure indicator. Sample-weighted, age-stratified linear regression models of National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2001–2008 data (n = 16,955 participants) characterized the association between urinary perchlorate and the mass consumed in USDA food groups, controlling for urinary creatinine and other potential confounders. Separate models of NHANES 2005–2006 data (n = 2,841) evaluated the association between urinary perchlorate and perchlorate consumed via residential tap water. Consumption of milk products was associated with statistically significant contributions to urinary perchlorate across all age strata: 2.93 ng ClO4-/ml per kg consumed for children (6–11 years-old (YO)); 1.54 ng ClO4-/ml per kg for adolescents (12–19 YO); and 0.69 ng ClO4-/ml per kg for adults (20–84 YO). Vegetables were a significant contributor for adolescents and adults, whereas fruits and eggs contributed significantly only for adults. Dark-green leafy vegetables contributed the most among all age strata: 30.83 ng ClO4-/ml per kg for adults. Fats, oils, and salad dressings were significant contributors only for children. Three food groups were negatively associated with urinary perchlorate: grain products for children; sugars, sweets, and beverages for adolescents; and home tap water for adults. In a separate model, however, perchlorate consumed via home tap water contributed significantly to adult urinary perchlorate: 2.11E–4 ng ClO4-/ml per ng perchlorate in tap water consumed. In a nationally representative sample of the United States 6–84 YO, diet and tap water contributed significantly to urinary perchlorate, with diet contributing substantially more than tap water.
Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology (2013) 23, 207–214; doi:10.1038/jes.2012.108
Keywords: perchlorate; NHANES; urine; water; diet
Diarrhea is a very common daily based issue with lots of contributing factors. The need is to determine the underlying causes, otherwise the consequences may get worsen.
Popular Unsustainable and Environmentally Concerning Aqu.docxharrisonhoward80223
Popular Unsustainable and Environmentally Concerning Aquaculture Methodology
Arizona State University
TotalScore
=100
Criteria Description Grade % Score Comments
Good content
and analysis
with specific
recommendations
to their client.
25% 25
Great content and analysis
Structured
Paper has
introductory,
evidential, and
conclusive
statements.
25% 25
Well organized
Word Count
Stays close to
range of 3,750 to
7,250 words.
25% 25
4205
Good grammar
It is not hard to
interpret the
meaning of
statements because
of poor grammar.
12.50% 12.5
Proper
References
Paper has both
APA format in-text
and bibliographic
citations (numbering
at least 5).
12.50% 12.5
Attachments area
Comment [ENB1]:
2
Abstract
Aquaculture will continue to grow as the expected fish demand will increase inevitably with the
rising population. The reliance on aquaculture systems comes with responsibility of owners and
respective stakeholders to assure that the systems are using sustainable and environmentally
friendly mechanisms. This report discusses various ways to create a more sustainable and
environmentally friendly aquaculture system in terms of fishmeal alternatives, built-structure
types, and antibiotics and chemical usage to give recommendations to fish farm owners. The
report also touches on ethical practices in owning an aquaculture system. The most sustainable
3
method was found to be feed using microalgae and insects, structure type of pen and cage, and
phage therapy as an antibiotic treatment replacement.
1.0 Introduction: Background of Aquaculture Systems
1.1 Current Unsustainable Aquaculture Methodology
With the world’s increasing in population, fish and seafood in general has become widely relied
on as a source of protein, and this reliance will continue and grow. In 2030, it is expected that
150 to 160 million tons of fish will be consumed (“Global and regional food”, n.d.). Besides
fishing, aquaculture is a major method in which we obtain fish, and will continue to be to meet
the world demand of fish. Aquaculture is diverse in its methods, but the main idea is to create a
farm in a body of water to efficiently produce copious amounts of seafood like fish (freshwater
and saltwater), and shellfish. Many factors go into an aquaculture system to assure its success,
such as the feed type, the farm location, and the farm structure. Many may assume that
aquaculture would decrease pressure on fisheries because fish are being separately farmed for the
purpose of eating, however this is not the case. Currently “Around 85% of global fish stocks are
over-exploited, depleted, fully exploited or in recovery from exploitation” (Vince, 2012). This is
greatly concerning as it is known that the global population is only increasing, and therefore the
global demand for fish consumption will only increase as well..
Water is fundamental forever. From the time that primitive species wandered from the seas to live ashore, a significant key to endurance has been counteraction of drying out. The basic variations cross a variety of species, including man.
Without water, people can endure just for quite a long time. Water contains from 75% body weight in babies to 55% in older and is fundamental for cell homeostasis and life.1 In any case there are numerous unanswered inquiries regarding this most fundamental part of our body and our eating routine.
This survey endeavors to give some feeling of our ebb and flow information on water including generally examples of admission and a few elements connected with consumption, the mind boggling components behind water homeostasis, the impacts of variety in water admission on wellbeing and energy admission, weight, and human execution and working.
Perchlorate Exposure from Diet and Drinking Water in a Representative Sample ...REY DECASTRO
Perchlorate (ClO4-) is ubiquitous in the environment and inhibits the thyroid’s uptake of iodide. Food and tap water are likely sources of environmental exposure to perchlorate. The aim of this study was to identify significant dietary sources of perchlorate using perchlorate measured in urine as an exposure indicator. Sample-weighted, age-stratified linear regression models of National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2001–2008 data (n = 16,955 participants) characterized the association between urinary perchlorate and the mass consumed in USDA food groups, controlling for urinary creatinine and other potential confounders. Separate models of NHANES 2005–2006 data (n = 2,841) evaluated the association between urinary perchlorate and perchlorate consumed via residential tap water. Consumption of milk products was associated with statistically significant contributions to urinary perchlorate across all age strata: 2.93 ng ClO4-/ml per kg consumed for children (6–11 years-old (YO)); 1.54 ng ClO4-/ml per kg for adolescents (12–19 YO); and 0.69 ng ClO4-/ml per kg for adults (20–84 YO). Vegetables were a significant contributor for adolescents and adults, whereas fruits and eggs contributed significantly only for adults. Dark-green leafy vegetables contributed the most among all age strata: 30.83 ng ClO4-/ml per kg for adults. Fats, oils, and salad dressings were significant contributors only for children. Three food groups were negatively associated with urinary perchlorate: grain products for children; sugars, sweets, and beverages for adolescents; and home tap water for adults. In a separate model, however, perchlorate consumed via home tap water contributed significantly to adult urinary perchlorate: 2.11E–4 ng ClO4-/ml per ng perchlorate in tap water consumed. In a nationally representative sample of the United States 6–84 YO, diet and tap water contributed significantly to urinary perchlorate, with diet contributing substantially more than tap water.
Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology (2013) 23, 207–214; doi:10.1038/jes.2012.108
Keywords: perchlorate; NHANES; urine; water; diet
Diarrhea is a very common daily based issue with lots of contributing factors. The need is to determine the underlying causes, otherwise the consequences may get worsen.
Popular Unsustainable and Environmentally Concerning Aqu.docxharrisonhoward80223
Popular Unsustainable and Environmentally Concerning Aquaculture Methodology
Arizona State University
TotalScore
=100
Criteria Description Grade % Score Comments
Good content
and analysis
with specific
recommendations
to their client.
25% 25
Great content and analysis
Structured
Paper has
introductory,
evidential, and
conclusive
statements.
25% 25
Well organized
Word Count
Stays close to
range of 3,750 to
7,250 words.
25% 25
4205
Good grammar
It is not hard to
interpret the
meaning of
statements because
of poor grammar.
12.50% 12.5
Proper
References
Paper has both
APA format in-text
and bibliographic
citations (numbering
at least 5).
12.50% 12.5
Attachments area
Comment [ENB1]:
2
Abstract
Aquaculture will continue to grow as the expected fish demand will increase inevitably with the
rising population. The reliance on aquaculture systems comes with responsibility of owners and
respective stakeholders to assure that the systems are using sustainable and environmentally
friendly mechanisms. This report discusses various ways to create a more sustainable and
environmentally friendly aquaculture system in terms of fishmeal alternatives, built-structure
types, and antibiotics and chemical usage to give recommendations to fish farm owners. The
report also touches on ethical practices in owning an aquaculture system. The most sustainable
3
method was found to be feed using microalgae and insects, structure type of pen and cage, and
phage therapy as an antibiotic treatment replacement.
1.0 Introduction: Background of Aquaculture Systems
1.1 Current Unsustainable Aquaculture Methodology
With the world’s increasing in population, fish and seafood in general has become widely relied
on as a source of protein, and this reliance will continue and grow. In 2030, it is expected that
150 to 160 million tons of fish will be consumed (“Global and regional food”, n.d.). Besides
fishing, aquaculture is a major method in which we obtain fish, and will continue to be to meet
the world demand of fish. Aquaculture is diverse in its methods, but the main idea is to create a
farm in a body of water to efficiently produce copious amounts of seafood like fish (freshwater
and saltwater), and shellfish. Many factors go into an aquaculture system to assure its success,
such as the feed type, the farm location, and the farm structure. Many may assume that
aquaculture would decrease pressure on fisheries because fish are being separately farmed for the
purpose of eating, however this is not the case. Currently “Around 85% of global fish stocks are
over-exploited, depleted, fully exploited or in recovery from exploitation” (Vince, 2012). This is
greatly concerning as it is known that the global population is only increasing, and therefore the
global demand for fish consumption will only increase as well..
1. Effect of larval and adult diet on desiccation
resistance of marula fruit fly, Ceratitis cosyra
(Walker) (Diptera: Tephritidae)
Mnguni Sandiso 10358626
Supervisors: Dr C.W. Weldon & Prof S.W. Nicolson
C.W Weldon C.W Weldon
2. Introduction
• Water availability
– survival, distribution & fitness
• Small size of insects is a challenge
• Water acquisition
– food consumption, drinking, atmospheric H2O & by-
product
A. Coetzer
3. Physiological adaptations
• Physiological adaptations
– water loss rates, water storage & dehydration tolerance
• Role of heamolymph
– reservoir
• Nutrition role
• Importance of metabolic reserves
– Larval feeding
– Adult feeding
4. Study species
• Ceratitis cosyra (Walker)
• Diptera: Tephritidae
• Fly of economic importance
• Serious pest
– Wide distribution
– Many plant families
Dr C.W Weldon www.dermis.lnC.W Weldon
5. Hypothesis
Manipulation of larval and adult diet
results in increased nutrient content thus
enhances desiccation resistance
A. Coetzer A. Coetzer
7. Assays
• Initial mass, dry mass, water content &
dehydration tolerance assays
• Desiccation resistance assay
At 0 days and 10 days after emergence
A. Coetzer A. Coetzer
8. Data analysis
• Generalised Linear Modelling
– Independent variable
Larval and adult diet
– Dependent variable
Initial mass, dry mass, water content & dehydration tolerance
• Cox Proportional Hazards
Desiccation resistance
All data analysed in Statistica (version 11)
9. Initial mass - unfed flies
High yeast
leads to more
body mass
SEX
female
SEX
male
low yeast high yeast
LARVAL DIET
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
8.0
8.5
9.0
9.5
10.0
10.5
11.0
INITIALMASS(mg)
10. Water content - unfed flies
high initial
mass leads to
more body
water content
SEX
female
SEX
male
low yeast high yeast
LARVAL DIET
5.4
5.5
5.6
5.7
5.8
5.9
6.0
WATERCONTENT
11. Desiccation - unfed flies
LARVAL DIET
LONGEVITY(hours)
SEX: female
SEX: male
high yeast low yeast
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
high initial
mass and
water content
leads to low
desiccation
resistance
12. Initial mass - fed flies
high protein leads
to more body
mass, irrespective
of larval diet
SEX
female
SEX
maleLARVA DIET: low yeast
ADULT DIET:
sugar
sugar + YH
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
INITIALMASS(mg)
LARVA DIET: high yeast
ADULT DIET:
sugar
sugar + YH
13. Water content - fed flies
water
content
varied
depending
on larval
diet,
exhibiting
sex-specific
differences
SEX
female
SEX
maleLARVA DIET: low yeast
ADULT DIET:
sugar
sugar + YH
5.4
5.5
5.6
5.7
5.8
5.9
6.0
6.1
6.2
WATERCONTENT
LARVA DIET: high yeast
ADULT DIET:
sugar
sugar + YH
14. Desiccation resistance - fed flies
ADULT DIET
LONGEVITY(hours)
LARVAL DIET: low yeast,
SEX: female
LARVAL DIET: low yeast,
SEX: male
LARVAL DIET: high yeast,
SEX: female
LARVAL DIET: high yeast,
SEX: male
sugar sugar + YH
28
30
32
34
36
38
40
42
44
46
48
50
52
54
56
58
high
resistance
when
reared in
low yeast
larval diet
15. Discussion
• Larval and adult diet both affect desiccation resistance
• Larval diet plays a greater role than adult diet
• Adult diet affected desiccation in a sex-specific way
• Larvae with high initial mass had high water content but low
desiccation resistance
• Water content is not responsible for desiccation resistance (similar
patterns) in adult flies reared in low yeast larval diet
• High initial mass could be causing high water loss rates
• Prior exposure to stress environment could be key
• Females (larger in size) had greater desiccation resistance than
males and performed better when they fed in low protein,
irrespective of the larval diet
16. Conclusion
Desiccation resistance largely depends on larval diet.
Adult diet leads to sex-specific differences.
Adult females thrive in low protein while adult males
thrive in both high and low protein.
The findings were irrespective whether adult flies were
reared in high or low yeast as larvae.
17. Acknowledgements
• Dr Aruna Manrakhan (Citrus Research International)
• Ezette Du Rand (Department of Biochemistry)
• Tshidi Hlalele (Department of Zoology and Entomology)
• Andre Coetzer (Photographer)
Dr C.W Weldon Dr C.W Weldon