This work was carried out for the discipline of Economics of European Union taught by prof. dr. Anca Dodescu and assist. Lavinia Chirila at the University of Oradea.
The work focuses on the position of Portugal in the European Union. It is studied the accession of Portugal, as well the advantages and disadvantages and the difficulties facing the country today caused by the recent enlargements.
The present paper first takes a step backwards with an attempt to situate the adoption of this Treaty in discussion of the SGP and the “Maastricht criteria” (the criteria for EMU membership fixed in the Maastricht Treaty) in a longer perspective of the sharing of competences for macroeconomic policy making within the EU from the initial Treaty to the Maastricht Treaty and the Stability and Growth Pact (SGP). It then presents the main features of the Fiscal Treaty and its relation to the SGP and draws some conclusions as regards the importance and relevance of this new step in the process of economic policy coordination. It concludes that the Treaty on Stability, Coordination and Governance in the Economic and Monetary Union does not seem to offer a definitive solution to the problem of finding the appropriate budgetary-monetary policy mix in the EMU already well identified in the Delors report in 1989 and regularly emphasised ever since and now seriously aggravated due to the Crisis. Furthermore, the implementation of this Treaty may under certain circumstances contribute to an increase in the uncertainties as regards the distribution of the competences between the European Parliament.
Authored by: Jorgen Mortenson
ANALYSIS OF BREXIT IMPACT ON POLAND's MANUFACTURING INDUSTRYAlodia Fedora
EU has a long history with UK since UK was among the first countries that signed and joined the union yet due political, economical and social issues, Brexit referendum finally occurred. The term of Brexit refers to the withdrawal of UK from EU, it has caused tremendous uncertainties in different aspects of European Union. These uncertainties of post-Brexit provoke different assumptions and speculations about what will happen to European Union and to the rest of the members (i.e Poland). Poland, which is the biggest source of UK immigrants, might be directly influenced by Brexit both in positive and negative ways.
Therefore, this report will describe the EU history followed by the reasons and processes of Brexit. Furthermore, this report aims to analyse how the uncertainty of Brexit will impact on the EU, the Poland and Polish manufacturing industries.
The present paper first takes a step backwards with an attempt to situate the adoption of this Treaty in discussion of the SGP and the “Maastricht criteria” (the criteria for EMU membership fixed in the Maastricht Treaty) in a longer perspective of the sharing of competences for macroeconomic policy making within the EU from the initial Treaty to the Maastricht Treaty and the Stability and Growth Pact (SGP). It then presents the main features of the Fiscal Treaty and its relation to the SGP and draws some conclusions as regards the importance and relevance of this new step in the process of economic policy coordination. It concludes that the Treaty on Stability, Coordination and Governance in the Economic and Monetary Union does not seem to offer a definitive solution to the problem of finding the appropriate budgetary-monetary policy mix in the EMU already well identified in the Delors report in 1989 and regularly emphasised ever since and now seriously aggravated due to the Crisis. Furthermore, the implementation of this Treaty may under certain circumstances contribute to an increase in the uncertainties as regards the distribution of the competences between the European Parliament.
Authored by: Jorgen Mortenson
ANALYSIS OF BREXIT IMPACT ON POLAND's MANUFACTURING INDUSTRYAlodia Fedora
EU has a long history with UK since UK was among the first countries that signed and joined the union yet due political, economical and social issues, Brexit referendum finally occurred. The term of Brexit refers to the withdrawal of UK from EU, it has caused tremendous uncertainties in different aspects of European Union. These uncertainties of post-Brexit provoke different assumptions and speculations about what will happen to European Union and to the rest of the members (i.e Poland). Poland, which is the biggest source of UK immigrants, might be directly influenced by Brexit both in positive and negative ways.
Therefore, this report will describe the EU history followed by the reasons and processes of Brexit. Furthermore, this report aims to analyse how the uncertainty of Brexit will impact on the EU, the Poland and Polish manufacturing industries.
The British took the decision to separate of the European Union, the political and economic bloc which now congregates together 28 countries which joined in 1973. The negotiation of the UK break with the European Union should take two years. The option to leave the European Union won per 51.9% to 48.1%, shaking financial markets and triggering a shock wave and global unbelief. There is a risk of domino effect in other countries of the bloc, which can mimic the popular consultation to bargain advantage in negotiations with the European Union, as well as boost separatist movements like the Scottish and Catalan.
The paper briefly discusses the main economic developments in Poland since its accession to the EU in May 2004 and sees how they relate to the regulatory environment and policies which the EU imposes on the member states. Even though the paper concerns the recent period of 2004-2006 there are frequent references to developments that took place in Poland in the pre-accession period. This is because the country’s integration into the EU economy was a gradual and lengthy process which had formally been initiated in December 16, 1991 when Poland and the EU signed the Europe Agreement.
Authored by: Ewa Balcerowicz
Published in 2007
Agenda europea para la integración de nacionalidades de terceros países (2011)IntegraLocal
La Comisión Europea ha adoptado la `Agenda Europea para la Integración de Nacionales de Terceros Países´, destinada a gestionar de manera eficiente la inmigración en Europa. Las situacioens se repiten en los diversos ámbitos locales de la Unión, por ello Bruselas tiene el poder de unificar los esfuerzos y dar apoyo económico a las iniciativas existentes.
EU wants pilot projects on migration with AfricaThierry Debels
The EU wants to swiftly develop and launch pilot projects on migration with countries from Africa and other partner countries which show a commitment to partnership in migration management.
What if...? The Consequences, challenges & opportunities facing Britain outsi...chmcorpp
E se...? As consequências , desafios e oportunidades que a Grã-Bretanha enfrentará fora da UE
Neste estudo, olharam principalmente o impacto econômico se a Grã-Bretanha deixar a UE. No entanto, dado que Brexit se resume em cálculos, as considerações não quantificáveis , tais como: perda de soberania e responsabilidade democrática podem ser o que determina se a Grã-Bretanha continua ou não a ser um membro da União Europeia.
In this study, we look primarily at the economic impact of Britain leaving the EU. However, given that Brexit comes down to a finely balanced calculation, unquantifiable considerations such as lost sovereignty and democratic accountability may be what in the end determines whether Britain remains a member.
In this issue of Insight Brussels, we bring you notable changes related to energy, media, information and communication, consumer policies and trade with reference to the terms of the EU-US trade and investment partnership agreement under negotiation.
For real-time updates, follow the team on Twitter: @MSL_Brussels
Neste trabalho são abordados alguns aspectos com que os consumidores são abordados todos os dias enquanto fazem as suas compras: Promoções, debruçando-nos nos tipos de estratégias, nos seu objectivos, passando ainda pela execução de uma campanha.
The British took the decision to separate of the European Union, the political and economic bloc which now congregates together 28 countries which joined in 1973. The negotiation of the UK break with the European Union should take two years. The option to leave the European Union won per 51.9% to 48.1%, shaking financial markets and triggering a shock wave and global unbelief. There is a risk of domino effect in other countries of the bloc, which can mimic the popular consultation to bargain advantage in negotiations with the European Union, as well as boost separatist movements like the Scottish and Catalan.
The paper briefly discusses the main economic developments in Poland since its accession to the EU in May 2004 and sees how they relate to the regulatory environment and policies which the EU imposes on the member states. Even though the paper concerns the recent period of 2004-2006 there are frequent references to developments that took place in Poland in the pre-accession period. This is because the country’s integration into the EU economy was a gradual and lengthy process which had formally been initiated in December 16, 1991 when Poland and the EU signed the Europe Agreement.
Authored by: Ewa Balcerowicz
Published in 2007
Agenda europea para la integración de nacionalidades de terceros países (2011)IntegraLocal
La Comisión Europea ha adoptado la `Agenda Europea para la Integración de Nacionales de Terceros Países´, destinada a gestionar de manera eficiente la inmigración en Europa. Las situacioens se repiten en los diversos ámbitos locales de la Unión, por ello Bruselas tiene el poder de unificar los esfuerzos y dar apoyo económico a las iniciativas existentes.
EU wants pilot projects on migration with AfricaThierry Debels
The EU wants to swiftly develop and launch pilot projects on migration with countries from Africa and other partner countries which show a commitment to partnership in migration management.
What if...? The Consequences, challenges & opportunities facing Britain outsi...chmcorpp
E se...? As consequências , desafios e oportunidades que a Grã-Bretanha enfrentará fora da UE
Neste estudo, olharam principalmente o impacto econômico se a Grã-Bretanha deixar a UE. No entanto, dado que Brexit se resume em cálculos, as considerações não quantificáveis , tais como: perda de soberania e responsabilidade democrática podem ser o que determina se a Grã-Bretanha continua ou não a ser um membro da União Europeia.
In this study, we look primarily at the economic impact of Britain leaving the EU. However, given that Brexit comes down to a finely balanced calculation, unquantifiable considerations such as lost sovereignty and democratic accountability may be what in the end determines whether Britain remains a member.
In this issue of Insight Brussels, we bring you notable changes related to energy, media, information and communication, consumer policies and trade with reference to the terms of the EU-US trade and investment partnership agreement under negotiation.
For real-time updates, follow the team on Twitter: @MSL_Brussels
Neste trabalho são abordados alguns aspectos com que os consumidores são abordados todos os dias enquanto fazem as suas compras: Promoções, debruçando-nos nos tipos de estratégias, nos seu objectivos, passando ainda pela execução de uma campanha.
Accounting for small and medium Enterprises in PortugalVitor Santos
This paper, "Accounting for small and medium enterprises in Portugal", was proposed by the teacher Mrs. Mariana FARCAŞ Course in Financial Accounting.
We will begin this work with the definition of Small and Medium Enterprise, according to the European Commission's recommendation, also listing the objectives that led to the need to change this setting.
Competition and oligopoly in telecommunications industry in the EUVitor Santos
This work arose in the course of Advanced Microeconomics taught by Ms. Prof. Dr. Alina Badulescu at the University of Oradea.
The work focuses on the telecommunications market, through market analysis and study of oligopolistic characteristics.
Competition and oligopoly in telecommunications industry in the EU
Portugal accession to the European Union
1. Coordinator teacher:
Prof. univ. dr. Anca Dodescu
The Economics of European Union
Oradea 2010
PORTUGAL’S ACCESSION TO THE IMPACT OF THE EU REGIONAL
THE EUROPEAN UNION POLICY ON PORTUGAL
Student: Vítor Santos
ovitorsantos@hotmail.com
University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro
Portugal
2. PORTUGAL’S ACCESSION TO THE EUROPEAN UNION. THE IMPACT OF THE EU REGIONAL POLICY ON PORTUGAL. 2|20
Table of contents
Introduction .......................................................................................................................................... 3
Portugal’s accession to EU .................................................................................................................. 4
A short summary of the history of European Union ..................................................................... 4
April 25, 1974 (the CARNATION revolution)............................................................................. 4
The accession of Portugal to the European Union ........................................................................ 5
Advantages and Disadvantages ............................................................................................. 6
Advantages and Disadvantages of EU enlargement for Portugal ................................................. 7
Impact of enlargement for Portugal ....................................................................................... 7
Advantages ..................................................................................................................... 7
Difficults ......................................................................................................................... 8
Action needed ................................................................................................................. 8
EU Regional Policy 2007-2013 ........................................................................................................... 8
Objectives ..................................................................................................................................... 9
Classification of Regions .............................................................................................................. 9
Common border .......................................................................................................................... 10
Regional disparities in Portugal ......................................................................................................... 10
Structural Funds and Cohesion Fund in Portugal for the period 2007-2013 ..................................... 13
3 Examples of success projects of regional development implemented in Portugal ......................... 16
Hydroelectric Alqueva ................................................................................................................ 16
Expansion of Funchal Airport ..................................................................................................... 16
Expansion of sewage treatment plant wastewater of the Alto Zêzere e Côa .............................. 17
Conclusion ......................................................................................................................................... 18
Bibliography ...................................................................................................................................... 19
Attachments ....................................................................................................................................... 20
Index of graphs and tables.
Table 1: EU Regional Policy ............................................................................................................. 10
Graphic 1: Unemployment rate by NUTS II in 2006 and 2007 ......................................................... 10
Graphic 2: Unemployment rate by gender and educational level ...................................................... 10
Graphic 3: Inhabitants per hospital and health centers, by NUTS ..................................................... 11
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Introduction
This work was carried out for the discipline of Economics of European Union taught by
prof. dr. Anca Dodescu and assist. Lavinia Chirila at the University of Oradea.
The work focuses on the position of Portugal in the European Union. It is studied the
accession of Portugal, as well the advantages and disadvantages and the difficulties facing the
country today caused by the recent enlargements.
It is taken into account to study also provides support for the EU to support member
countries, including the structural and cohesion funds for the period 2007 to 2013.
Following the previous section, we present a picture of regional disparities in Portugal as well
as structural and cohesion funds for the period under review.
Finally present some projects in Portugal using the support offered by the European Union,
and these represent some of the sectors supported, such as transport, energy and environment.
THE ECONOMICS OF EUROPEAN UNION ORADEA 2010
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Portugal’s accession to EU
A short summary of the history of European Union
At the end of World War II, Europe was completely devastated. Western Europe, who until
the second war had taken the role as the main center of power and decision of the world had
lost him for the two powers now emerged that the U.S.A. and the USSR.
For the reconstruction of Western Europe was essential American economic help, known
as the Marshall Plan. To administer the pool money allocated by America, was created OEEC -
Organization for European Economic Cooperation.
The Treaty of Paris established the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC). The idea
of putting two basic benefits to the restoration of Western Europe on a common management,
had as main aim to liberalize trade in these two products among signatory countries.
The merit of the ECSC is twofold: on the political, encouraged the reconciliation and
cooperation Franco-German and opened the way for the European community, in economic
terms, contributed to the recovery of Europe to liberate the production and trade of raw
materials essential to industry.
April 25, 1974 (the CARNATION revolution)
An important factor to Portugal joining the EEC was the end of dictatorship that lived in
Portugal.
The fall of the Salazar regime in Portugal (1974) and the death of General Franco in Spain
(1975) put an end to the latest right-wing dictatorships in Europe.
The two countries are committed to the establishment of democratic governments, which
constituted an important step towards accession to the European community.
The Carnation Revolution was a period in the history of Portugal,
triggered by a military coup took place on April 25, 1974 that toppled the
dictatorial regime in force since 1933 and initiated a process that would end
with the deployment of a democratic regime with the entry into force of a new
Constitution on 25 April 1976.
This movement was born around 1973, originally based on claims from
the business world as a struggle for the prestige of the armed forces, eventually
extending to the current political regime. Without military support, and with
the accession of the population, the regime's resistance to the coup was
virtually nonexistent, recording only four fatalities.
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Among the immediate measures of the Revolution include the extinction of the political
police (PIDE / DGS) and Censorship.
The accession of Portugal to the European Union
Portugal is a member of the European Union since January 1, 1986, after submitting its
candidacy to join the March 28, 1977 and have signed the pre-accession agreement to
December 3, 1980.
The accession of Portugal to the European Union was done at same time that Spain.
Portugal's accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) is one of the
consequences of the April 25, 1974 and subsequent amendments to this resolution resulted in
economic, political and social.
The 25th of April have just ended a breakdown in economic
policy, with a huge external dependency, and political power
challenged by a population with poor living conditions and poor
purchasing power. With it, Portugal lost the colonial market and is
forced to focus more attention on the European market.
The EEC is concerned about the accession of Portugal, who will
encounter many difficulties in view of their economic situation. But from 1980 the Portuguese
economy and political power will have the first priority of foreign policy membership of the
EEC, verifying from 1985 a period of expansion in economic activity.
On January 1, 1986 Portugal is formally a member of the EEC, an important milestone for
the current situation of the Portuguese economy.
From 1986 to 1991 we have a transitional period of accession to the EEC, since the level of
development in Portugal is lower than the other member states.
So that Portugal can win this inequality, will receive the EEC Structural Funds which aim
to modernize the manufacturing sector.
The EEC also imposes certain directives in the legislative area covering various economic
sectors outside, such as taxation, energy, environment. Portugal has to gradually adapt its
legislation to EU standards. During this period the Portuguese economy is positive, verifying
an effective economic development. However, it is still far from the Portuguese economy by
leveling the other member states.
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Advantages and Disadvantages
The European Union (EU), as the EEC has brought enormous benefits to Portugal, thereby
improving the living conditions of most of the population:
It was easier movement of people between countries;
Ease the exchange of products without be subject to border controls and customs fees
which favors trade;
A bet on export industries with higher added value, and great technological innovation
and labor-skilled workforce. But progress remains very slow;
A bet on skilled services - tourism, conferences, international trade, logistics, aviation
and maritime transport, etc.. Portugal has significant competitive advantages in these
sectors;
A bet on agriculture and agro forestry specializes in companies with competitive products
with high added value. Some sectors, such as wine or the cork has been very dynamic in
the world.
Increased quality and access to information;
Conditions of public roads have improved greatly;
Came into being better doctors and hospitals, due to the contribution of EU funds
People began to spend their holidays abroad more frequently,
Increased wages, hours of work per week decreased
Bet more on education, began to have other courses and education became compulsory
up to age 15.
Due to an amazing succession of incompetent politicians, backed supporters in machines
that feed the corruption that is rampant in the state, municipalities and public enterprises, the
overall results were not the best for the country. Portugal continues to diverge in
their development of the EU average.
Portugal became vulnerable to the entry of competing products from other
Member States and as our productivity is low compared with the average
European, competition does not favor us.
Due to some factors such as technological backwardness and geographical
characteristics of our country, as well as due to a common agricultural
policy that does absolutely nothing for Portugal, we were very prejudiced
in sectors such as Agriculture and Fisheries.
The loss of sovereignty of Portugal;
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Advantages and Disadvantages of EU enlargement for Portugal
Portugal was faced with new challenges since 2000 with the accession of new countries,
from 15 to 27 member states of the European Union.
The benefits of EU enlargement have political, economic and cultural contexts:
The enlargement of the zone of peace, prosperity and stability in Europe will provide
better security to the population.
The increase for the European market of over 100 million people in fast growing
economies, boost economic growth and employment and the current Member States or
candidate countries.
Is there a better quality of life for the citizens of Europe, as candidate countries to adopt
European standards of environmental protection and the fight against crime, drugs and
illegal immigration.
The new member states will enrich the EU for increased cultural diversity, exchange of
ideas and improve knowledge and understanding between peoples.
The enlargement will strengthen the EU position in world affairs, as regards foreign
policy, security, trade etc..
Impact of enlargement for Portugal
Advantages
New opportunities for business and for economic and financial groups;
Export and investment opportunities in new markets;
The fact that these countries were emerging economies will enhance the attractive
conditions for Portuguese investment in these countries;
Free movement of workers - flows;
Prospects for a major increase in trade in products and services.
Low wages are our main competitive factor with the disadvantage that in Portugal the
manpower is not as high educational qualifications;
Allowed the strengthening of democracy and political stability and society in general.
THE ECONOMICS OF EUROPEAN UNION ORADEA 2010
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Difficults
Migratory movements;
Increased competition in the economy domestic and foreign markets, including
competition with labor-national work;
Relocation of enterprises and investment (including foreign direct investment);
Loss of power and political influence in the European Union;
Worsening of the position;
Increase in commercial competition;
Divert investment flows;
Reduction in the intensity of Community grants;
Potential effects on competitiveness and competition between companies;
Fears about a transfer of existing EU financial aid to other countries and regions;
Movement of foreign direct investment and multinational enterprises.
Action needed
Entrepreneurs with initiative and support for internationalization;
Enjoy all the benefits of the enlargement of the market;
Harness the huge investments in the candidate countries, notably in infrastructure
(environment and transport as priority areas) and technical assistance;
Enjoy the whole experience that Portugal is in services (banking, insurance) are important
for these countries;
Modernize and enhance the competitiveness of productive sectors, increasing the export
capacity
EU Regional Policy 2007-2013
The European Union is one of its main tasks, enshrined in the Treaties, the promotion of
economic, social and territorial cohesion. In this context, cohesion policy aims primarily to
promote harmonious development of the whole Union, and in particular, contribute to reducing
disparities between levels of development of various regions.
The persistence of inequality between countries of the European Union led to the creation of
a Community regional policy, to reduce the differences from region to region, so as to create a
community based on cohesion.
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In order to make the community a space solid and cohesive regional policy works in three
key areas, monitoring and support of regional policies for each member, Integration of regional
common policies in various sectors, eg CAP and implementation of Structural Funds (ERDF,
FSE, EAGF, EAFRD, FIFG)
It was created a Committee of the Regions that is an institution that emerged in the
Maastricht Treaty (1992) and seeks, through structural funds to help poorer EU regions,
requiring the participation of representatives of regions in policy.
By giving special treatment to those areas, benefiting the most disadvantaged in the
distribution of funds from the Structural Funds, aims to contribute to reducing inequality at
Community level.
In the current Community Framework (CSF IV - 2017 - 2013) funding from the Structural
Funds are organized according to three objectives:
Convergence - the more favored regions for about 80% of the total by seeking to improve
conditions for growth and employment. It focuses on the physical and human capital,
innovation, environment and administrative efficiency
Competitiveness - increase competitiveness, employment and attractiveness
Cooperation Strengthening cooperation across borders, transnational and interregional.
Objectives
Reduce disparities between countries and regions.
Support the poorer regions.
Promote competitiveness;
Implement the exchange of good practices and exchange of goods between regions;
Improving the living conditions of populations;
Classification of Regions
The regions are classified according to different objectives and data to their specific needs,
this classification will determine which receive support.1
These classifications are divided by:
Regions competitiveness
Phasing-in Regions
Phasing-out Regions
Convergence Regions
1
Attachment 1
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10. PORTUGAL’S ACCESSION TO THE EUROPEAN UNION. THE IMPACT OF THE EU REGIONAL POLICY ON PORTUGAL. 10|20
Common border
The EU also enjoys the gift of subsidies to regions across borders in order to provide the use
of capabilities and solve common problems, extending to many fields.
An example is Galicia and Northern Portugal.2
Regional disparities in Portugal
Table 1:
portuguesas-e-a-politica-regional-da-UE-11-%C2%BA#open_download
In Portugal the differences and
inequalities between regions are
Source: http://www.scribd.com/doc/31204953/As-regioes-
evident.
We watch, therefore, an almost
uninhabited interior, where the
population is aging.
And in return, we see a coastline
with a large concentration of young
and enterprising population.
The regional differences are visible by
the strong demographic pressure on the coast.
The rural areas are left behind and urban areas grow.
This fact leads to economic costs, social and environmental impacts that can skew the
cohesion of our development.
This inequality is reflected naturally in the well-being and quality of life.
Graphic 1: Unemployment rate by NUTS II in 2006 and 2007 Graphic 2: Unemployment rate by gender and educational level
gfgin 2007
3rd cycle secondary higher
2nd quarter 2006 2nd quarter 2007 Men Women
2
Attachment 2
THE ECONOMICS OF EUROPEAN UNION ORADEA 2010
11. PORTUGAL’S ACCESSION TO THE EUROPEAN UNION. THE IMPACT OF THE EU REGIONAL POLICY ON PORTUGAL. 11|20
Graphic 3: Inhabitants per hospital and health centers, by NUTS
II, 2004
gfgin 2007
Inhabitants per hospital
Inhabitants per health centers
thousands of inhabitants
As the community level is also nationally important to strengthen the economic and social
cohesion in order to appreciate the whole and all its human and natural resources.
To make our country a country with a more balanced development, it is proposed:
Improved accessibility
Qualification of manpower
Creation of local services
Incentives for positive discrimination (fiscal, credit, subsidies of various sorts) that
attract investment and leverage existing resources to set young people
Since 1989, when the first application of the Community Support Framework (CSF I) were
invested in Portugal over the past three CSF (1989-2006) more than 47 billion euros of EU
funds, which contributed decisively to modernization of our economy, our society and our
territory.
The National Strategic Reference Framework for 2007-2013 finds that social policies should
ensure the removal of factors of social exclusion and mitigate the risks of poverty and social
exclusion. Therefore it is planned policies of educational qualifications and professional
upgrading of tools to support integration in employment and combating poverty.
The development of differences and the measurement of convergence between Portuguese
regions in economic and social terms, is a very important aspect of the analysis of the Portuguese
situation.
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The effect of "population size" is crucial: as would be
expected, the Lisbon region significantly influences the
behavior of the national average, exceeding even that in both
variables. In this quadrant also forms part of the Algarve
region, revealing its attractiveness and its good economic
performance. In contrast, the North shows a smaller effect on
GDP growth.
The Alentejo reveals, for their part, some homogeneity in
the behavior of sub-regions, being less favorable quadrant
(with growth rates in positions below the national average).
With a favorable performance in terms of GDP growth, but
with reduction in population terms, are the Centre, the Azores (very near the national average in
both variables) and Madeira.
The Portuguese regional situation as regards the correction of disparities - measured by GDP
per capita in various regions - does not seem to be stabilized to the extent that they are not
showing a clear trend towards the inter-regional convergence is to be realized. The inherent lack
of a consolidated process of convergence inter-regional calls, hence the continuity of the
orientation of public policies to overcome the inter-regional disparities.
The portrait of the country in territorial terms of competitiveness and territorial cohesion
shows us a reality that has progressively away from dichotomies Coast/Interior and North/South
in favor of a system increasingly based on clusters that do not obey this territorial pattern, where
emerge new centers of economic and demographic dynamics, not consistent with the dichotomy
Coast/Interior and with the transformations in production specialization in major metropolitan
areas of North and Lisbon. These promising poles are located on the main roads along the coast
of Central/North connection to Spain, which allowed them to benefit from the intensification of
relations between the two countries (often dependent on non-market services) and/or have
entered an area Wider influence of large metropolitan regions, but still without power are
projected to change in sub-regional qualitative visible, whose sustainability in terms of market is
very differentiated.
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Structural Funds and Cohesion Fund in Portugal for the period
2007-2013
The organization of the Operational Programmes of the 2007-2013 period reflects the
significant changes to the new EU regulations of structural and cohesion funds, compared to the
previous programming period, as evidenced by the introduction of rules de49 single-fund
programming and single-objective and the convergence between structural funds and cohesion
on the multi-annual programming.
The rule of single-fund programming requires that each program is operating only received
funding for a structural fund (ERDF and ESF) by invoking this rule to the Cohesion Fund and
without prejudice to the adoption of the flexibility mechanism corresponding to the possibility of
each of the Structural Funds may co-finance investments and development actions encompassed
in the types of intervention of another structural fund by up to 10% of the funding allocated per
axis.
The rule of single-objective programming requires that each program is only part of an
operational objective of EU cohesion policy for 2007-2013 (unless otherwise agreed between the
Commission and Member State), being first imposed in Portugal very differentiations significant
between regions.
The convergence between the structural funds and cohesion fund for programming multi
translates into the requirement for joint programming of the ERDF and Cohesion Fund
operational programs of national territorial coverage (in which each priority is funded only by a
fund) .
In terms of eligibility of the Portuguese regions, we have:
The regions North, Centre, Alentejo and the Azores, are included in the Convergence
Objective;
The Algarve is framed in the transitional regime of the Convergence Objective,
called Statistical phasing-out;
The Lisbon region is part of the Regional Competitiveness and Employment;
The Autonomous Region of Madeira is included in the transitional Regional
Competitiveness and Employment, called phasing-in.
The diversity in the framework of the Portuguese regions in the objectives of cohesion
policy has, given the rule of single-objective programming, another very important effect: the
thematic operational programs have a limited territorial reach EU standards in the areas framed
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the Convergence Objective (except, of course, national eligibility of assistance from the
Cohesion Fund). This territorial limitation adds to the national decision, reached in consensus
with the Government of the Azores, to restrict the coverage of thematic operational programs to
the mainland (which stated that the Community regulatory discipline make it impossible to fit
into the operational programs thematic interventions carried Autonomous Region of Madeira).
Reference should also be the following:
Given the exceptional possibilities exist and having regard to the consecration of
both the strategic priority on the qualification of the Portuguese population, whether
the guiding principle relating to the concentration of assistance, adopt a single
thematic operational program co-funded by European Social Fund ( that framework
to integrate the priorities of investments and development actions to be undertaken in
the region of Lisbon and the Algarve region, with rigid financial allocations);
Taking also into account the guiding principle for the concentration of operations
and, as well as the rule of single-fund programming, the Regional Operational
Programmes of the Mainland will be exclusively co-financed by the European
Regional Development Fund.
For Portugal it is assumed as the main strategic aim qualification of the Portuguese
population, valuing the knowledge, science, technology and innovation, as well as the promotion
of high and sustained levels of economic development and socio-cultural and territorial
qualification, a framework for development and equal opportunities, as well as increasing the
efficiency and quality of public institutions. This is essential for the support of Structural Funds
and Cohesion Fund, for all the Operational Programmes for the period 2007-2013, three major
Thematic Operational Agendas, focused on three key areas of intervention, the potential human
factors economic competitiveness and improving the area: Operational Agenda for Human
Potential, which brings together a set of interventions aimed at promoting academic and
professional qualifications of the Portuguese and the promotion of employment and social
inclusion, and the conditions for the development of equal gender and citizenship. The agenda
includes the following main areas of intervention: Initial Qualification, Adaptability and
Lifelong Learning, Management and Professional Development, Advanced Training for
Competitiveness, Entrepreneurship Support and Transition to Working Life, Citizenship,
Inclusion and Social Development In addition, the Promotion of Gender Equality. Operational
Agenda for Competitiveness Factors, which includes measures that aim to stimulate the
qualification of the productive sector, through innovation, technological development and
stimulation of entrepreneurship and improvement of various components of entrepreneurial
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activity, with relief to reduce the public costs of context. The agenda includes, as its main areas
of intervention, incentives for the Production of Knowledge and Technological Development,
Incentives for Innovation and Renewal of Business Model and the pattern of specialization,
Tools Financial Engineering Finance and Risk Sharing in Innovation, Integrated Interventions
for Reducing Costs of Public Context, Class Actions for Enterprise Development, Incentives for
Development of Information Society, Network and Infrastructure Support for Regional
Competitiveness and also Integrated Actions for the Economic Enhancement of the Territories
are less competitive. Operational Agenda for Territorial Development which, in order to
provide the country and its regions and subregions of a better attractiveness for investment in
production and living conditions for populations, covers interventions in nature and
infrastructural endowment equipment essential to the qualification of the territories and the
strengthening of economic, social and territorial cohesion. This Agenda hosts as key areas for
action on improving international connectivity, the Accessibility and Mobility, Protection and
Exploitation of the Environment, Cities Policy and also the Network Infrastructure and
Equipment for the territorial and social cohesion.
Consistent with the strategic and operational priorities, it is feasible to deploy significant
resources community - about 21 500 M €, whose use will comply with three main orientations:
Increase in appropriations for the Qualification of Human Resources, through the
ESF account for approximately 37% of all structural funds, increasing by 10
percentage points to its relative position compared to CSF III - in an amount
exceeding 6 000 M €;
Strengthening of funds aimed at promoting the sustained growth of the Portuguese
economy, which will receive more than 5 000 M €, involving the Competitiveness
Factors Thematic OP and the Regional OPs, the corresponding interventions, co-
financed by ERDF, come to represent about 65% of the Fund (an increase of 11
percentage points over the equivalent amount in the CSF III);
Strengthening the financial importance of the Regional Operational Programmes of
the Mainland, only co-financed by the ERDF, which now represent 55% of ERDF
funds in the mainland (a rise of 9 percentage points to their relative importance
compared to the equivalent of the CSF III ), indicating that the financial allocation
from the Regional Operational Programmes of the Mainland Convergence regions
(North, Centre and Alentejo) will increase by 10% in real terms over the equivalent
amount of CSF III.
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3 Examples of success projects of regional development implemented
in Portugal
Hydroelectric Alqueva
Total Value: 116.9 Million Euros
The Alqueva dam is the largest Portuguese dam, situated
on the Guadiana river in the Alentejo countryside near the village
of Alqueva.
It has a height of 96 m above the foundation and a length
of 458 m. crowning The installed capacity of electricity generation
is 260 MW. The reservoir reaches the full height, the 250 sq km,
the largest artificial lake in Europe.
It was built for the purpose of irrigation throughout the Alentejo and electricity
generation, in addition to other complementary activities. Several of the global
infrastructure are already built (dam Pedrógão, 12 infrastructure, Aldeia da Luz) and
many other advanced phase of the project.
Is currently under construction to strengthen the power of the Alqueva Dam, which
is made up of two new power generators reversible, with 130mW of power each.
Thus, the installed capacity of the dam will double. The new plant will be functional
in July 2012.
Expansion of Funchal Airport
Total Value: 269.8 Million Euros
The Madeira International Airport occasionally known as
Funchal Airport is the main airport of Madeira.
Madeira Airport was inaugurated on July 8, 1964 with a
runway 1,600 meters long. The archipelago has thus gained new connections to the
continent since until then the trips were made by boat. The first landing of an
airplane occurred in 1957 in Madeira, an experimental track in Santa Catarina.
In 1972, given the inability of the small airstrip in receiving aircraft capable of
venting the flow of tourists seeking the Madeira Island, began to be considered an
extension so they could recognize intercontinental flights. A project engineer Edgar
Cardoso was then presented and the following year, opened a new terminal capable
of receiving 500 thousand passengers per year. Between 1982 and 1986 the runway
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was increased to 1800 meters, and it proceeded to the expansion of aircraft parking
platform.
However, the engineer Antonio Tavares adapted Segadães studies Edgar Cardoso
and planned a new extension to the runway. Thus, the September 15, 2000 took place
the inauguration of the extension of the runway to 2,781 meters. This is partly built
on slab on the sea, being built on 180 pillars.
Today, this is qualified to receive Boeing 747 as well as almost any type of civil
aviation, the main gateway for tourists in the region as well as postal services and
urgent orders as well as some essential services. It is also an international airport
which serves domestic flights.
Expansion of sewage treatment plant wastewater of the Alto Zêzere e Côa
Total Value: 154.9 Million Euros
Municipal System Water Supply and Sanitation and the
Alto Zêzere Coa was created in July 2000 with the aim of
satisfying the needs of the population of the region, the amount and
quality of water and increase levels of treatment wastewater.
With the completion of the enlargement project to Superior
Mondego, the Municipal System of Water Supply and Sanitation
and the Alto Zêzere Coa has the capacity to provide a maximum
water flow of about 17.3 million m3 per year and will be sized to handle a flow of
sewage, industrial and domestic, from 11.6 million m3 per year.
In terms of water supply and wastewater disposal will be served a population of
around 149 million inhabitants to supply about 111,500 inhabitants and Sanitation.
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Conclusion
For the purpose of presenting the new cohesion policy for the period 2007 to 2013, observed
that the policies have changed little from the previous period. What is seen as a most relevant
change is incorporated into the new EU countries which, in turn, economic indicators are far
below what the former members. This situation presents itself as a new challenge for the bloc.
However, in view of the success of policies for regional development and territorial
cohesion put in place by then, new policies are virtually reproductions of old. Development of
transport and support for small and medium enterprises continue to top the investments.
Moreover, it also transfers resources to encourage innovation, sustainable development, better
organization of cities and municipal infrastructure, investing in people, assistance to the regions
to improve their financial management capacity; border, transnational and interregional
cooperation.
A very important issue is the financial audit to monitor the use of funds so that it is correctly
and effectively.
In an international context increasingly integrated and rapidly changing, the positive
evolution of the Portuguese economy will depend heavily on the ability to change the structural
characteristics of its tissue organization and productive, streamlining the activities of tradable
goods and services to enhance their comparative attractiveness and also to facilitate the
internationalization of activities with strong potential for global growth over the coming years -
particularly to internationalize in a sustained way, knowledge and innovation capacity in
economic activities with export vocation.
The preparation of this work was very interesting to me because it was a theme that I did not
have great knowledge, the level of funds available for Europe and the projects were carried out
in Portugal with this support.
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