The document discusses the legal and policy framework for education in the Philippines, outlining the responsibilities and rights of students, teachers, and schools as mandated by the 1987 Constitution, the Education Act of 1982, and the Higher Education Act of 1994. It emphasizes the role of various government agencies in overseeing education, standards for quality, and the importance of educational research in policy formulation and enhancement of teaching practices. Additionally, the document addresses the promotion of the English language in the educational system to prepare students for a competitive workforce.

1. Policy Making in
Education: Where
does policy come
from?
Chary Anne C. Gauani

2. Agenda
a. Where does policy come from?
b. How does education policy get
implemented?
c. How does education policy get
evaluated? Does education
research matter
10/21/2023 UNDERSTANDING EDUCATIONAL POLICIES AND REGULATIONS 2

3. A.
Policy Making in Education
Where does policy come from?
9/3/20XX Where does policy come from? 3

4. Legal Basis of Education:
THE 1987
CONSTITUTION OF THE
REPUBLIC OF THE
PHILIPPINES – ARTICLE
XIV
EDUCATION, SCIENCE AND
TECHNOLOGY, ARTS, CULTURE AND
SPORTS EDUCATION

5. THE 1987 Constitution ARTICLE XIV
Section 1. The State shall protect and promote the right of all citizens to
quality education at all levels, and shall take appropriate steps to make such
education accessible to all.
Section 2. Establish and maintain a system of free public education in the
elementary and high school levels. Without limiting the natural right of
parents to rear their children, elementary education is compulsory for all
children of school age

6. 9/3/20XX Presentation Title 6
THE 1987 Constitution ARTICLE XIV
Section 3. Establish and maintain a system of scholarship grants,
student loan programs, subsidies, and other incentives which shall be
available to deserving students in both public and private schools,
especially to the underprivileged;
Section 4. Encourage non-formal, informal, and indigenous learning
systems, as well as self-learning, independent, and out-of-school
study programs particularly those that respond to community needs;
and
Section 5. Provide adult citizens, the disabled, and out-of-school
youth with training in civics, vocational efficiency, and other skills

7. 9/3/20XX Presentation Title 7
Legal Basis of Education: Educational
Development Decree of 1972
AUTHORIZING THE UNDERTAKING OF
EDUCATIONAL DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS,
PROVIDING FOR THE MECHANICS OF
IMPLEMENTATION AND FINANCING THEREOF,
AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES.

8. 9/3/20XX Presentation Title 8
Educational Development Decree of 1972
Section 1. Title. - This Decree shall be known as the
"Educational Development Decree of 1972.“

9. 9/3/20XX Presentation Title 9
Section 2
Declaration of Policy. - It is hereby declared to be the policy of the
government to ensure, within the context of a free and democratic
system maximum contribution of the educational system to the
attainment of the following national development goals:
(a)To achieve and maintain an accelerating rate of economic
development and social progress;
(b) To assure the maximum participation of all the people in the
attainment and enjoyment of the benefits of such growth; and
(c) To strengthen national consciousness and promote desirable cultural
values in a changing world.

10. 9/3/20XX Presentation Title 10
Section 3
Statement of Objectives. - To this end, the educational system aims to:
(a)Provide for a broad general education that will assist each individual, in the peculiar
ecology of his own society, to (1) attain his potential as a human being; (2) enhance
the range and quality of individual and group participation in the basic functions of
society; and (3) acquire the essential educational foundation for his development
into a productive and versatile citizen:
(b)Train the nation's manpower in the middle level skill required for national
development;
(c) Develop the high-level professions that will provide leadership for the nation,
advance knowledge through research, and apply new knowledge for improving the
quality of human life; and (d) Respond effectively to changing needs and conditions of
the nation through a system of educational planning and evaluation.

11. Legal Basis of Education: BATAS
PAMBANSA BLG. 232 (THE
EDUCATION ACT OF 1982)
An act providing for the establishment and maintenance of
an integrated system of education. In accordance with
Section 2, this act shall apply to and govern both formal and
non- formal system in public and private schools in all levels
of the entire educational system.
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12. As provided by this Act, the national
development goals are as follows:
1.To achieve and maintain an accelerating rate of economic
development and social progress.
2. To assure the maximum participation of all the people in the
attainment and enjoyment of the benefits of such growth; and
3. To achieve and strengthen national unity and consciousness and
preserve, develop and promote desirable cultural, moral and spiritual
values in changing world
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13. It is also stated in Section 3 that:
The State shall promote the right of every individual to
relevant quality education, regardless of sex, age, creed
socio- economic status, physical and mental conditions, racial
or ethnic origin, political or other affiliation.
The State shall therefore promote and maintain equality of
access to education as well as the benefits of education by all
its citizens.
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14. Section 9: Rights of The Students
1.The right to receive competent instruction, relevant quality
education.
2.The right to freely choose their field of study subject to the
existing curricula and continue their course up to
graduation, except in cases of academic deficiency or
violations of disciplinary regulations.
3.The right to school guidance and counseling services.
4.The right to access to his owns school records and the
confidentiality of it.
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15. 5. The right to issuance of official certificates, diplomas, transcript of
records, grades, transfer credentials and similar document within thirty
days from request.
6. The right to publish a student newspaper and invite resource
persons during symposia, assemblies and other activities.
7. The right to free expression of opinions and suggestions and to
effective channels of communication with appropriate academic and
administrative bodies of the school or institutions.
8. The right to form or establish, join and participate in organizations
and societies recognized by the school…, or to form, join and maintain
organizations and societies for purposes not contrary to law.
9. The right to be free from involuntary contributions except those
approved by their organizations and societies.
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16. Section 10: Rights of the School Personnel
1. Free expression of opinions and suggestions.
2. To be provided with free legal service by the appropriate
government office in case of public school personnel and the
school authorities concerned in case of private school
personnel, when charged in administrative, civil and/or criminal
proceedings, by parties other than the school authorities
concerned, for actions committed directly in the lawful
discharged of professional duties and/or in defense of school
policies.
3. Establish join, maintain labor organization of their choice to
promote their welfare and defend their interest.
4. To be free from involuntary contributions except those imposed
by their own organizations.
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17. Section 11: Special Rights and/or Privileges of Teaching or
Academic Staff
1. Right to be free compulsory assignment not related to their
duties defined in their appointment or employment contracts
unless compensated thereof. (additional compensation Sec.
14 R.A. 4670- at least 25% his regular remuneration)
2. Right to intellectual property
3. Teachers are persons in authority when in lawful discharge
of duties and responsibilities… shall therefore be accorded
due respect and protection (Commonwealth Act No. 578)
4. Teachers shall be given opportunity to choose career
alternatives for advancements.
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18. Section 12: Rights of Administrators
School administrators shall be deemed persons in authority
while in the lawful discharge of their duties and
responsibilities…. Shall be accorded due respect and
protection (Commonwealth Act No. 578)
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19. Section 13. Rights of Schools
1. The right of their governing boards to adopt and enforce
administrative or management systems.
2. The right of institutions of higher learning to determine on
academic grounds who shall be admitted to study, who may
teach, and who shall be the subjects of the study and
research.
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20. Legal Basis of Education: Republic Act
No: 7722
AN ACT CREATING THE COMMISSION ON HIGHER
EDUCATION, APPROPRIATING FUNDS THEREFORE AND
FOR OTHER PURPOSES.
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21. Section 1: Title. – This Act shall be known as the "Higher
Education Act of 1994"
Section 2: Declaration of Policy. - The State shall protect, foster
and promote the right of all citizens to affordable quality education
at all levels and shall take appropriate steps to ensure that
education shall be accessible to all. The State shall likewise
ensure and protect academic freedom and shall promote its
exercise and observance for the continuing intellectual growth,
the advancement of learning and research, the development of
responsible and effective leadership, the education of high-level
and middle-level professionals, and the enrichment of our
historical and cultural heritage.
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22. State-supported institutions of higher learning shall gear their
programs to national, regional or local development plans.
Finally, all institutions of higher learning shall exemplify
through their physical and natural surroundings the dignity
and beauty of, as well as their pride in, the intellectual and
scholarly life.
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23. Section 3: Creation of the Commission on Higher Education.
In pursuance of the above-mentioned policies, the Commission on Higher
Education is hereby created, hereinafter referred to as the Commission.
The Commission shall be independent and separate from the Department of
Education, Culture and Sports (DECS), and attached to the Office of the
President for administrative purposes only. Its coverage shall be both public
and private institutions of higher education as well as degree-granting
programs in all post-secondary educational institutions, public and private
9/3/20XX Presentation Title 23

24. B.
Policy Making in Education
How does education policy get implemented?
9/3/20XX Where does policy come from? 24

25. The Three Agencies that are
handling the education system in
the Philippines:
The Department of Education (DepEd)
oversees basic (pre-university) education.
The Commission on Higher Education
manages tertiary and graduate education
Technical Education and Skills Development
Authority (TESDA) oversees technical-
vocational courses and middle education
9/3/20XX Presentation Title 25

26. C.
Policy Making in Education
How does education policy get evaluated? Does
education research matter?
9/3/20XX Where does policy come from? 26

27. Maintenance of
Quality Education
a. Voluntary Accreditation (Section 29)
b. Teachers and Administrators
obligations and qualification (Sections
16 and 17)
c. Government Financial Assistance to
Private Schools (Section 41)
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28. Voluntary Accreditation (Section 29 of
Batas Pambansa Blg. 232)
Section 29. Voluntary Accreditation - The Ministry shall
encourage programs of voluntary accreditation for institution
which desire to meet standards of quality over and above
minimum required for State recognition.
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29. Teachers and Administrators obligations
and Qualification (Sec. 16 & 17)
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30. Section 16: Teacher’s Obligation. – Every Teacher shall:
1. Perform his duties to the school by discharging his responsibilities in
accordance with the philosophy, goals, and objectives of the school.
2. Be accountable for the efficient and effective attainment of specified
learning objectives in pursuance of national development goals within
the limits of available school resources.
3. Render regular reports on performance of each student and to the
latter and the latter's parents and guardians with specific suggestions
for improvement.
4. Assume the responsibility to maintain and sustain his professional
growth and advancement and maintain professionalism in his behavior
at all times.
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31. 5. Refrain from making deductions in students' scholastic
ratings for acts that are clearly not manifestations of poor
scholarship.
6. Participate as an agent of constructive social, economic,
moral, intellectual, cultural and political change in his school
and the community within the context of national policies.
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32. Section 17: School Administrators ‘
Obligations – Every School Administrator
shall:
1. Perform his duties to the school by discharging his
responsibilities in accordance with the philosophy, goals
and objectives of the school.
2. Be accountable for the efficient and effective
administration and management of the school.
3. Develop and maintain a healthy school atmosphere
conducive to the promotion and preservation of academic
freedom and effective teaching
9/3/20XX Presentation Title 32

33. 4. Assume and maintain professional behavior in his work and in
dealing with students, teachers, academic non-teaching
personnel, administrative staff, and parents or guardians.
5. Render adequate reports to teachers, academic non-teaching
personnel and non-academic staff on their actual performance in
relation to their expected performance and counsel them on ways
of improving the same.
6. Observe due process, fairness, promptness, privacy,
constructiveness and consistency in disciplining his teachers and
other personnel.
7. Maintain adequate records and submit required reports to the
Ministry of Education, Culture and Sports
9/3/20XX Presentation Title 33

34. Government Assistance (Section 41)
The government, in recognition of its complementary role in
the educational system, may provide aid to the programs of
private schools in the form of grants or scholarships, or loans
from government financial institutions: Provided, That such
programs meet certain defined educational requirements and
standards and contribute to the attainment of national
development goals.
9/3/20XX Presentation Title 34

35. Does Educational Research Matter?
The primary purpose of educational research is to expand
the existing body of knowledge by providing solutions to
different problems in pedagogy while improving teaching and
learning practices.
Educational researchers also seek answers to questions
bothering on learner-motivation, development, and
classroom management.
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36. Importance of Educational Research
1. Educational research plays a crucial role in knowledge advancement
across different fields of study.
2. It provides answers to practical educational challenges using scientific
methods.
3. Findings from educational research; especially applied research, are
instrumental in policy reformulation.
4. For the researcher and other parties involved in this research approach,
educational research improves learning, knowledge, skills, and
understanding.
5. Educational research improves teaching and learning methods by
empowering you with data to help you teach and lead more strategically
and effectively
9/3/20XX Presentation Title 36

37. Executive Order No. 210, s. 2003
ESTABLISHING THE POLICY TO STRENGTHEN THE USE
OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE AS A MEDIUM OF
INSTRUCTION IN THE EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM
9/3/20XX Presentation Title 37

38. WHEREAS, Section 7, Article XIV of the 1987 Constitution provides
that for purposes of communication and instruction, the official
languages of the Philippines are Filipino and, until otherwise provided
by law, English;
WHEREAS, it is a declared policy of the State to promote education as
a means to achieve and maintain an accelerating rate of economic
development and social progress;
WHEREAS, there is a need to develop the aptitude, competence and
proficiency of our students in the English language to maintain and
improve their competitive edge in emerging and fast-growing local and
international industries, particularly in the area of Information and
Communications Technology [ICT];
9/3/20XX Presentation Title 38

39. WHEREAS, strengthening the use of the English language as a
medium of instruction also depends on the improvement of the
entire educational system, particularly in the training of educators
and the provision of learning materials and resources;
WHEREAS, the Department of Education [DepEd], the
Commission on Higher Education [CHED] and the Technical
Education and Skills Development Authority [TESDA] fully
support the policies sought to be established herein and have
favorably endorsed the issuance of this Executive Order;
9/3/20XX Presentation Title 39

40. SECTION 1. Declaration of Policies. – The following policies are hereby
established:
a. English shall be taught as a second language, starting with the First Grade.
b. As provided for in the 2002 Basic Education Curriculum, English shall be used
as the medium of instruction for English, Mathematics and Science from at least
the Third-Grade level.
c. The English language shall be used as the primary medium of instruction in all
public and private institutions of learning in the secondary level, including those
established as laboratory and/or experimental schools, and non-formal and
vocational or technical educational institutions. As the primary medium of
instruction, the percentage of time allotment for learning areas conducted in the
English language is expected to be not less than seventy percent (70%) of the
total time allotment for all learning areas in the secondary level.
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41. It is the objective of the foregoing policies to develop the
aptitude, competence and proficiency of all students in the
use of the English language to make them better prepared
for the job opportunities emerging in the new, technology-
driven sectors of the economy.
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42. SECTION 2. Institutions of Higher Education. –
Institutions of higher education, including State Colleges and
Universities [SUCs], are hereby encouraged to adopt the use
of the English language as the primary medium of instruction
in the tertiary level. The CHED shall adopt measures to
promote and encourage the use of the English language as
the primary medium of instruction in the tertiary or higher
education level.
9/3/20XX Presentation Title 42

43. SECTION 3. Proficiency of Teachers. – The DepEd, through
the National Educators’ Academy of the Philippines [NEAP], the
Educational Development Project Implementing Task Force
[EDPITAF], the CHED, the TESDA, as well as through the
educational institutions in the private sector, shall evaluate the
proficiency of educators in the English language and conduct
training programs nationwide to develop and improve it.
SECTION 4. Support Mechanisms. – The implementing
authorities specified in Section 5 hereof shall undertake to
secure the funding support necessary to provide adequate
learning materials and resources that will develop the aptitude,
competence and proficiency of students in the English language.
They shall also collaborate in developing an evaluation
instrument that will make it possible to monitor the progress of
educators and students in achieving the policy objectives
established herein.
9/3/20XX Presentation Title 43

44. SECTION 6. Implementing Rules and Regulations. – The
DepEd, the CHED and the TESDA are hereby authorized to
issue the appropriate rules and regulations for the effective
implementation of the policies established herein.
9/3/20XX Presentation Title 44

45. NINE-TENTHS OF
EDUCATION IS
ENCOURAGEMENT
ANATOLE FRANCE
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