American police and FBI training involves three main phases: basic academy training, field training/on-the-job training, and in-service training to update officers. State and local police attend a basic academy for approximately 628 hours over 16 weeks covering subjects like weapons, investigations, and law. They then undergo 13 weeks of field training with veteran officers. The FBI trains its own agents at the Quantico facility in Virginia, focusing on areas like new agent training, intelligence, and leadership. Both aim to provide effective cognitive and practical job training to address evolving criminal threats.
CJE3065 Police and Society - Module 2 Selection and DevelopmenVinaOconner450
CJE3065 Police and Society - Module 2 Selection and Development
The quality of police personnel is a
highly important issue, because of the
increasing complexity of police work.
Departments should be screening in,
rather than screening out potential
candidates:
1.Screening in – identifies the best
applicants in an employee pool
2.Screening out – identifies applicants
who are unqualified and removes them
from the applicant pool, while still
leaving those who are minimally
qualified
"The policy of merely eliminating the
least qualified results in mediocrity
because it allows marginal applicants to
be employed along with the most
qualified" (pg 192)
Recruitment
A Police Executive Research Forum found that the most common methods of recruitment for agencies were as follows:
1. Newspaper ads
2. Career fairs
3. The Internet
Approximately 50% of agencies used one of their own programs for recruitment. The most commonly used police programs included:
1. College internships
2. Explorer programs
3. School resource officers
A DOJ project called Hiring in the Sprit of Service aims at recruiting service-oriented individuals.
5 agencies, representing both rural and urban departments, have tailored their hiring process to market for individuals who have communication, people, leadership and organizational skills, and not just traditional paramilitary skills.
The agencies also developed valid pre-employment testing procedures, job task analysis, and performance measures related to community policing and service-oriented practices.
Selection
After recruitment, the selection process determines which candidates are best suited to the needs of the department
Selection criteria are used to rate candidates, and a ranking system is generally created for candidates.
Departments attempt to use selection criteria that are both reliable and valid
Validity is the degree to which a measure actually assesses the attribute that it was designed to measure
Reliability is a measure's ability to yield consistent results over time
Invalid criteria may have an adverse impact on groups that are protected by equal employment opportunity laws and regulations
Equal Employment Opportunity Act of 1972 prohibits any discrimination in the workplace based on race, color, religion, national origin, or gender
Griggs v. Duke Power Company (1971) – concluded that a selection method can have a disparate impact when the selection rate of a group is less than 80% of the most successful group; also known as the four-fifths rule
Albemarle Paper Company v. Moody (1975) – found that selection and promotion tests or standards must be shown to be related to job performance
However, a standard can be required, even though it may have a disparate impact, if the standard can be shown to be a valid predictor of job performance. Such a standard is called bone fide occupational qualification
(BFOQ)
Departments utilize job task analysis to identify behaviors that are necessary for ade ...
InstructionsDisciplinary Assignment Part 1 Instructions.docxaltheaboyer
Instructions:
Disciplinary Assignment Part 1 Instructions
Instructions:
Since 1963, a series of United States Supreme Court case decisions have clarified that in criminal cases, prosecutors must disclose to the defense evidence favorable to the defendant. This includes information that may be used to impeach the credibility of government witnesses, including law enforcement officers. These decisions mean that police officers who have documented histories of lying in official matters are liabilities to their agencies, and these histories may render them unable to testify credibly.
Part 1: Please write a professional memorandum summarizing the main issues that are involved in the following United States Supreme Court cases. You must have at least 2.5 pages not including your title page.
Brady v. Maryland
, 373 U.S. 83 (1963)
Giglio v. United States
, 405 U. S. 150 (1972)
United States v. Agurs
, 427 U. S. 97 (1976)
Disciplinary Assignment Part 2 Instructions
This is a continuation of the Disciplinary Assignment Part 1. Students read the following journal articles found in the Reading and Study section of Module/Week 7
.
Judge, Lisa A.
(November 2005).
Disclosing Officer Untruthfulness to the Defense: Is a Liars Squad Coming to Your Town?.
The Police Chief, 72
(11).
Serpas, Ronal, & Hagar, Michael.
(August 2010).
The Untruthful Employee: Is Termination the Only Response?.
The Police Chief, LXXVII
(8).
Copyrights held by the International Association of Chiefs of Police, 515 North Washington Street, Alexandria, VA 22314 USA.
Instructions:
Since 1963, a series of United States Supreme Court case decisions have clarified that in criminal cases, prosecutors must disclose to the defense evidence favorable to the defendant. This includes information that may be used to impeach the credibility of government witnesses, including law enforcement officers. These decisions mean that police officers who have documented histories of lying in official matters are liabilities to their agencies, and these histories may render them unable to testify credibly.
With this in mind, you are the Chief of Police of a municipality. Your Deputy Chief of Police advises you that one of your officers was investigated for inappropriate use of one of the computers in the patrol division. As a result of this internal investigation, it was determined that the officer used this computer to search pornographic web sites. When confronted with this allegation, the officer denied any knowledge of this incident. Upon further investigation, the computer crimes analyst determined that the officer’s logon password was used to enter the unauthorized web sites. The officer then admitted to his wrongdoing and stated it would never happen again. This officer has been with your organization for 15 years, and the only other disciplinary action taken against him was for being involved in an at fault traffic accident 10 years ago. As the Chief of Police, you mus.
Reflective Summary Review and reflect on the Counterintelligence .docxhennela
Reflective Summary:
Review and reflect on the Counterintelligence Program (COINTELPRO) Discussion Board. Based on your review and reflection of new learnings in this course, write at least 400 words on the following:
Throughout history, counterintelligence has played a key role in U.S. national security. From 1956 to 1971, the FBI conducted a series of controversial and sometimes illegal domestic counterintelligence operations referred to as COINTELPRO (counterintelligence program). The ultimate goal of these FBI operations was to disrupt, discredit, and destroy certain political groups, civil rights groups, and radical organizations that potentially posed a threat to U.S. national security. This program was officially disbanded in the 1970s after a series of inquiries and investigations into the legality of the program. Some critics argue that the COINTEL program was disbanded in name only and that the FBI continues its controversial domestic counterintelligence operations to this day. Others argue that the COINTEL program was and is a necessary tool used by the FBI to protect U.S. national security.
What have you learned from others' responses?
What were the most compelling points from the interaction with your fellow students?
How did participating in this discussion help in your understanding of the Discussion Board task?
What approaches could have yielded additional valuable information in the students' networking?
What is still unclear after the discussion with your classmates that needs to be clarified?
...
This is a graded discussion 30 points possibledue -.docxlillie234567
This is a graded discussion: 30 points possible
due -
Discussion 4 (Complete by
Sunday, Dec. 4)
13 13
This discussion aligns with Learning Outcomes 1–5.
Direction
The doctrine of separation of powers is integral to America’s system of
governance. To this end, many have pointed to the growth of the federal
bureaucracy as a direct affront to this constitutional provision, as agencies
in the bureaucracy make and execute laws, as well as issue rulings in the
same way that the three branches of government do within their respective
spheres of influence. To this end, the federal bureaucracy has been deemed
an unaccountable, fourth branch of government. With this in mind,
Select one of the bureaucratic agencies (cabinet departments or
independent agency/regulatory boards and commissions) from Official
US Executive Branch Web Sites
(https://www.loc.gov/rr/news/fedgov.html) .
Next, identify the function of your chosen agency. Does it function
include executive, legislative, or judicial powers.
12/2/22, 9:39 PM
Page 1 of 19
Search entries or author
Finally, make an assessment of your selected agency: Does its function
violate the doctrine of the separation of powers. Why or why not?
Be sure to properly cite your sources from the reading as well as any others
used. Sources should cited using APA 6 edition style and format.
Submission
Our discussions are a valuable opportunity to have thoughtful conversations
regarding a specific topic. You are required to provide a comprehensive
initial post with 3-4 well-developed paragraphs that include a topic
sentence and at least 3-5 supporting sentences with additional details,
explanations, and examples. In addition, you are required to respond
substantively to the initial posts of at least two other classmates on two
different days. All posts should be reflective and well written, meaning free
of errors in grammar, sentence structure, and other mechanics.
Grading
This discussion is worth 30 points toward your final grade and will be
graded using the Discussion Rubric. Please use it as a guide toward
successful completion of this discussion. For information on how to view the
rubric, refer to this Canvas Community Guide
(https://community.canvaslms.com/docs/DOC-10577-4212540120) .
th
Unread Subscribe
12/2/22, 9:39 PM
Page 2 of 19
Reply
(https://canvas.fscj.edu/courses/65283/users/135004)
Sarkis Boyajian (https://canvas.fscj.edu/courses/65283/users/135004)
Saturday
I’ve decided to assess the Federal Bureau of Investigation, also known
as the FBI. The FBI is an intelligence-driven and threat-focused national
security organization with both intelligence and law enforcement
responsibilities. It is the principal investigative arm of the U.S.
Department of Justice (1). Its mission is to protect America and uphold
the Constitution (2). Its primary investigative functions are divided into
programs such as domestic and international te.
Cyber Crime Essay | Essay on Cyber Crime for Students and Children in .... Cyber Crime Essay | Cybercrime | Identity Theft | Free 30-day Trial .... Cybercrime Essay | Spyware | Online Safety & Privacy. Cyber Crime Essay in English For Student ? Children. (PDF) Cybercrime, Media and Insecurity: The Shaping of Public .... Effects of cyber crime essays. Problem Of Cyber Crime and Security - Free Essay Example | PapersOwl.com.
Resource Guide for Enhancing Community Relationships and Protecting Privacy a...Dawn Dawson
Attorney General Eric Holder “information, tools, and best practices to maintain public safety while safeguarding constitutional rights during First Amendment-protected events.”
After the George Floyd murder by a Minneapolis police officer, n.docxjack60216
After the George Floyd murder by a Minneapolis police officer, nation wide anti-racism protesters asked for defunding the police, however the Minneapolis city council announced their aim is to dismantle the police department (Serhan, 2020). A promise as such may have been radical, but after police violence against peaceful protesters questions regarding police forces and how they should be protecting and serving their communities has become a vital emergency.
The Unites States can look at other countries for inspiration regarding revamping and training potential officers (Serhan, 2020). For example, in Germany police recruits are required to spend two and a half to four years in basic training in order to become an officer. They also have the option of obtaining a bachelor’s or master’s degree in policing. In the United States basic training can be as little as 21 weeks. The less training received means the less time for guided training on crisis intervention and de-escalation training. Paul Hirchsfield an associate sociology and criminal justice professor at Rutgers University stated, “If you only have 21 weeks of class room training, naturally you’re going to emphasize survival” (Serhan, 2020, p.1). I agree to some extent with Hirchfield’s statement, however as we know minorities have been police targets regarding mistreatment, abuse, and murder for numerous years. I do believe many police officers may be scared at times however they took the oath to protect and to serve their community not to abuse their authority and treat minorities as they have been doing for too long.
A senior research professor of criminology, Joachim, Kersten at the German Police University said that police training includes how to respond to domestic violence cases to how to disarm someone with a lethal weapon (Serhan, 2020). He said that the training emphasized how to deescalate situations without shooting or the use of lethal weapons. This level of restraint is a Europe-wide standard. Some European countries are stricter such as Finland and Norway. You must obtain permission before you can shoot someone. In Spain you must give verbal caution and warning shots before using deadly force. Chokeholds and the move used on George Floyd are prohibited in most of Europe. In the United states chokeholds and some other restraints are now prohibited in Minneapolis, California and New York.
After the tragic murders of black people done by police officers throughout the United States, we are long over due regarding the use of a diverse way of policing in the Unites States. It should not have to come to millions of peaceful protesters out in droves for minorities to receive respect, treated fairly, and their lives not taken by those we should be trusting, police officers. I have seen the way in which foreign police forces have operated and have always said we needed this type of policing. They demand respect and are respected because they have a no-nonsense approach without .
Running head Collegiate degrees vs high school 1Collegiate deg.docxhealdkathaleen
Running head: Collegiate degrees vs high school 1
Collegiate degrees vs high school 9Why Police Should Hire Candidates with Collegiate Degrees vice Just a High School/GED
Roger F. Lewis
St. Thomas University
Table of Contents
Abstract 3
Why Police Should Hire Candidates with Collegiate Degrees vice Just a High School/GED 4
Literature Review 7
Data Collection 10
Data Analysis/Findings. 11
Conclusion. 12
References 13
Abstract
Entry into law enforcement is considered one of the most prestigious things that one can do for their community. Law enforcement is also among the best careers that one can take up. It has been a matter of contention on whether the people who have college degrees should be given the priority when it comes to the police recruitment process. Today, law enforcement has changed and is asking for the individuals in the profession to have more education. The law enforcement of today require the education intangibles that a college student will have and there is the need for continuous learning. There are several things in law enforcement which require one to have an education. There are internal politics of the government that one will require an education to understand. There are several issues today in law enforcement which require someone to have the much-needed education. There are influences such as the economy, technology as well as community relations. A formal education is required to understand most of these things better and give services to the community. When a law enforcement officer is educated, they are able to open up new possibilities. With a college degree, one is able to understand the leadership theories that are there as well as new ideas in the world. The presence of a college degree also means that one is able to consider new ideas and process them as a result of the different experiences of people in class. Law enforcement officers need to have been exposed to various cultures and people and gotten into the culture of sharing information. Communication skills are also taught in colleges which can help an individual became a better officer.
Why Police Should Hire Candidates with Collegiate Degrees vice Just a High School/GED
Police recruitment has been an emphasis on law enforcement agencies for decades. This controversial topic has attracted different researchers to investigate the relationship between higher education and policing in combating crimes. The concepts of police modernization and professionalism are surrounded by the quality of police education and training concerning the effects it brings to organizational transformation and individual performance (Francis & McCafferty, 2003). Bearing in mind the security and safety of citizens is one of the key government goal pillars, education, and well-trained law enforcement officers are integral in revolutionizing the policing department. Expansive research has found that significant shifts in the nature of police work and policing practices have ...
CJE3065 Police and Society - Module 2 Selection and DevelopmenVinaOconner450
CJE3065 Police and Society - Module 2 Selection and Development
The quality of police personnel is a
highly important issue, because of the
increasing complexity of police work.
Departments should be screening in,
rather than screening out potential
candidates:
1.Screening in – identifies the best
applicants in an employee pool
2.Screening out – identifies applicants
who are unqualified and removes them
from the applicant pool, while still
leaving those who are minimally
qualified
"The policy of merely eliminating the
least qualified results in mediocrity
because it allows marginal applicants to
be employed along with the most
qualified" (pg 192)
Recruitment
A Police Executive Research Forum found that the most common methods of recruitment for agencies were as follows:
1. Newspaper ads
2. Career fairs
3. The Internet
Approximately 50% of agencies used one of their own programs for recruitment. The most commonly used police programs included:
1. College internships
2. Explorer programs
3. School resource officers
A DOJ project called Hiring in the Sprit of Service aims at recruiting service-oriented individuals.
5 agencies, representing both rural and urban departments, have tailored their hiring process to market for individuals who have communication, people, leadership and organizational skills, and not just traditional paramilitary skills.
The agencies also developed valid pre-employment testing procedures, job task analysis, and performance measures related to community policing and service-oriented practices.
Selection
After recruitment, the selection process determines which candidates are best suited to the needs of the department
Selection criteria are used to rate candidates, and a ranking system is generally created for candidates.
Departments attempt to use selection criteria that are both reliable and valid
Validity is the degree to which a measure actually assesses the attribute that it was designed to measure
Reliability is a measure's ability to yield consistent results over time
Invalid criteria may have an adverse impact on groups that are protected by equal employment opportunity laws and regulations
Equal Employment Opportunity Act of 1972 prohibits any discrimination in the workplace based on race, color, religion, national origin, or gender
Griggs v. Duke Power Company (1971) – concluded that a selection method can have a disparate impact when the selection rate of a group is less than 80% of the most successful group; also known as the four-fifths rule
Albemarle Paper Company v. Moody (1975) – found that selection and promotion tests or standards must be shown to be related to job performance
However, a standard can be required, even though it may have a disparate impact, if the standard can be shown to be a valid predictor of job performance. Such a standard is called bone fide occupational qualification
(BFOQ)
Departments utilize job task analysis to identify behaviors that are necessary for ade ...
InstructionsDisciplinary Assignment Part 1 Instructions.docxaltheaboyer
Instructions:
Disciplinary Assignment Part 1 Instructions
Instructions:
Since 1963, a series of United States Supreme Court case decisions have clarified that in criminal cases, prosecutors must disclose to the defense evidence favorable to the defendant. This includes information that may be used to impeach the credibility of government witnesses, including law enforcement officers. These decisions mean that police officers who have documented histories of lying in official matters are liabilities to their agencies, and these histories may render them unable to testify credibly.
Part 1: Please write a professional memorandum summarizing the main issues that are involved in the following United States Supreme Court cases. You must have at least 2.5 pages not including your title page.
Brady v. Maryland
, 373 U.S. 83 (1963)
Giglio v. United States
, 405 U. S. 150 (1972)
United States v. Agurs
, 427 U. S. 97 (1976)
Disciplinary Assignment Part 2 Instructions
This is a continuation of the Disciplinary Assignment Part 1. Students read the following journal articles found in the Reading and Study section of Module/Week 7
.
Judge, Lisa A.
(November 2005).
Disclosing Officer Untruthfulness to the Defense: Is a Liars Squad Coming to Your Town?.
The Police Chief, 72
(11).
Serpas, Ronal, & Hagar, Michael.
(August 2010).
The Untruthful Employee: Is Termination the Only Response?.
The Police Chief, LXXVII
(8).
Copyrights held by the International Association of Chiefs of Police, 515 North Washington Street, Alexandria, VA 22314 USA.
Instructions:
Since 1963, a series of United States Supreme Court case decisions have clarified that in criminal cases, prosecutors must disclose to the defense evidence favorable to the defendant. This includes information that may be used to impeach the credibility of government witnesses, including law enforcement officers. These decisions mean that police officers who have documented histories of lying in official matters are liabilities to their agencies, and these histories may render them unable to testify credibly.
With this in mind, you are the Chief of Police of a municipality. Your Deputy Chief of Police advises you that one of your officers was investigated for inappropriate use of one of the computers in the patrol division. As a result of this internal investigation, it was determined that the officer used this computer to search pornographic web sites. When confronted with this allegation, the officer denied any knowledge of this incident. Upon further investigation, the computer crimes analyst determined that the officer’s logon password was used to enter the unauthorized web sites. The officer then admitted to his wrongdoing and stated it would never happen again. This officer has been with your organization for 15 years, and the only other disciplinary action taken against him was for being involved in an at fault traffic accident 10 years ago. As the Chief of Police, you mus.
Reflective Summary Review and reflect on the Counterintelligence .docxhennela
Reflective Summary:
Review and reflect on the Counterintelligence Program (COINTELPRO) Discussion Board. Based on your review and reflection of new learnings in this course, write at least 400 words on the following:
Throughout history, counterintelligence has played a key role in U.S. national security. From 1956 to 1971, the FBI conducted a series of controversial and sometimes illegal domestic counterintelligence operations referred to as COINTELPRO (counterintelligence program). The ultimate goal of these FBI operations was to disrupt, discredit, and destroy certain political groups, civil rights groups, and radical organizations that potentially posed a threat to U.S. national security. This program was officially disbanded in the 1970s after a series of inquiries and investigations into the legality of the program. Some critics argue that the COINTEL program was disbanded in name only and that the FBI continues its controversial domestic counterintelligence operations to this day. Others argue that the COINTEL program was and is a necessary tool used by the FBI to protect U.S. national security.
What have you learned from others' responses?
What were the most compelling points from the interaction with your fellow students?
How did participating in this discussion help in your understanding of the Discussion Board task?
What approaches could have yielded additional valuable information in the students' networking?
What is still unclear after the discussion with your classmates that needs to be clarified?
...
This is a graded discussion 30 points possibledue -.docxlillie234567
This is a graded discussion: 30 points possible
due -
Discussion 4 (Complete by
Sunday, Dec. 4)
13 13
This discussion aligns with Learning Outcomes 1–5.
Direction
The doctrine of separation of powers is integral to America’s system of
governance. To this end, many have pointed to the growth of the federal
bureaucracy as a direct affront to this constitutional provision, as agencies
in the bureaucracy make and execute laws, as well as issue rulings in the
same way that the three branches of government do within their respective
spheres of influence. To this end, the federal bureaucracy has been deemed
an unaccountable, fourth branch of government. With this in mind,
Select one of the bureaucratic agencies (cabinet departments or
independent agency/regulatory boards and commissions) from Official
US Executive Branch Web Sites
(https://www.loc.gov/rr/news/fedgov.html) .
Next, identify the function of your chosen agency. Does it function
include executive, legislative, or judicial powers.
12/2/22, 9:39 PM
Page 1 of 19
Search entries or author
Finally, make an assessment of your selected agency: Does its function
violate the doctrine of the separation of powers. Why or why not?
Be sure to properly cite your sources from the reading as well as any others
used. Sources should cited using APA 6 edition style and format.
Submission
Our discussions are a valuable opportunity to have thoughtful conversations
regarding a specific topic. You are required to provide a comprehensive
initial post with 3-4 well-developed paragraphs that include a topic
sentence and at least 3-5 supporting sentences with additional details,
explanations, and examples. In addition, you are required to respond
substantively to the initial posts of at least two other classmates on two
different days. All posts should be reflective and well written, meaning free
of errors in grammar, sentence structure, and other mechanics.
Grading
This discussion is worth 30 points toward your final grade and will be
graded using the Discussion Rubric. Please use it as a guide toward
successful completion of this discussion. For information on how to view the
rubric, refer to this Canvas Community Guide
(https://community.canvaslms.com/docs/DOC-10577-4212540120) .
th
Unread Subscribe
12/2/22, 9:39 PM
Page 2 of 19
Reply
(https://canvas.fscj.edu/courses/65283/users/135004)
Sarkis Boyajian (https://canvas.fscj.edu/courses/65283/users/135004)
Saturday
I’ve decided to assess the Federal Bureau of Investigation, also known
as the FBI. The FBI is an intelligence-driven and threat-focused national
security organization with both intelligence and law enforcement
responsibilities. It is the principal investigative arm of the U.S.
Department of Justice (1). Its mission is to protect America and uphold
the Constitution (2). Its primary investigative functions are divided into
programs such as domestic and international te.
Cyber Crime Essay | Essay on Cyber Crime for Students and Children in .... Cyber Crime Essay | Cybercrime | Identity Theft | Free 30-day Trial .... Cybercrime Essay | Spyware | Online Safety & Privacy. Cyber Crime Essay in English For Student ? Children. (PDF) Cybercrime, Media and Insecurity: The Shaping of Public .... Effects of cyber crime essays. Problem Of Cyber Crime and Security - Free Essay Example | PapersOwl.com.
Resource Guide for Enhancing Community Relationships and Protecting Privacy a...Dawn Dawson
Attorney General Eric Holder “information, tools, and best practices to maintain public safety while safeguarding constitutional rights during First Amendment-protected events.”
After the George Floyd murder by a Minneapolis police officer, n.docxjack60216
After the George Floyd murder by a Minneapolis police officer, nation wide anti-racism protesters asked for defunding the police, however the Minneapolis city council announced their aim is to dismantle the police department (Serhan, 2020). A promise as such may have been radical, but after police violence against peaceful protesters questions regarding police forces and how they should be protecting and serving their communities has become a vital emergency.
The Unites States can look at other countries for inspiration regarding revamping and training potential officers (Serhan, 2020). For example, in Germany police recruits are required to spend two and a half to four years in basic training in order to become an officer. They also have the option of obtaining a bachelor’s or master’s degree in policing. In the United States basic training can be as little as 21 weeks. The less training received means the less time for guided training on crisis intervention and de-escalation training. Paul Hirchsfield an associate sociology and criminal justice professor at Rutgers University stated, “If you only have 21 weeks of class room training, naturally you’re going to emphasize survival” (Serhan, 2020, p.1). I agree to some extent with Hirchfield’s statement, however as we know minorities have been police targets regarding mistreatment, abuse, and murder for numerous years. I do believe many police officers may be scared at times however they took the oath to protect and to serve their community not to abuse their authority and treat minorities as they have been doing for too long.
A senior research professor of criminology, Joachim, Kersten at the German Police University said that police training includes how to respond to domestic violence cases to how to disarm someone with a lethal weapon (Serhan, 2020). He said that the training emphasized how to deescalate situations without shooting or the use of lethal weapons. This level of restraint is a Europe-wide standard. Some European countries are stricter such as Finland and Norway. You must obtain permission before you can shoot someone. In Spain you must give verbal caution and warning shots before using deadly force. Chokeholds and the move used on George Floyd are prohibited in most of Europe. In the United states chokeholds and some other restraints are now prohibited in Minneapolis, California and New York.
After the tragic murders of black people done by police officers throughout the United States, we are long over due regarding the use of a diverse way of policing in the Unites States. It should not have to come to millions of peaceful protesters out in droves for minorities to receive respect, treated fairly, and their lives not taken by those we should be trusting, police officers. I have seen the way in which foreign police forces have operated and have always said we needed this type of policing. They demand respect and are respected because they have a no-nonsense approach without .
Running head Collegiate degrees vs high school 1Collegiate deg.docxhealdkathaleen
Running head: Collegiate degrees vs high school 1
Collegiate degrees vs high school 9Why Police Should Hire Candidates with Collegiate Degrees vice Just a High School/GED
Roger F. Lewis
St. Thomas University
Table of Contents
Abstract 3
Why Police Should Hire Candidates with Collegiate Degrees vice Just a High School/GED 4
Literature Review 7
Data Collection 10
Data Analysis/Findings. 11
Conclusion. 12
References 13
Abstract
Entry into law enforcement is considered one of the most prestigious things that one can do for their community. Law enforcement is also among the best careers that one can take up. It has been a matter of contention on whether the people who have college degrees should be given the priority when it comes to the police recruitment process. Today, law enforcement has changed and is asking for the individuals in the profession to have more education. The law enforcement of today require the education intangibles that a college student will have and there is the need for continuous learning. There are several things in law enforcement which require one to have an education. There are internal politics of the government that one will require an education to understand. There are several issues today in law enforcement which require someone to have the much-needed education. There are influences such as the economy, technology as well as community relations. A formal education is required to understand most of these things better and give services to the community. When a law enforcement officer is educated, they are able to open up new possibilities. With a college degree, one is able to understand the leadership theories that are there as well as new ideas in the world. The presence of a college degree also means that one is able to consider new ideas and process them as a result of the different experiences of people in class. Law enforcement officers need to have been exposed to various cultures and people and gotten into the culture of sharing information. Communication skills are also taught in colleges which can help an individual became a better officer.
Why Police Should Hire Candidates with Collegiate Degrees vice Just a High School/GED
Police recruitment has been an emphasis on law enforcement agencies for decades. This controversial topic has attracted different researchers to investigate the relationship between higher education and policing in combating crimes. The concepts of police modernization and professionalism are surrounded by the quality of police education and training concerning the effects it brings to organizational transformation and individual performance (Francis & McCafferty, 2003). Bearing in mind the security and safety of citizens is one of the key government goal pillars, education, and well-trained law enforcement officers are integral in revolutionizing the policing department. Expansive research has found that significant shifts in the nature of police work and policing practices have ...
Illegal Drug Use_Illegal Prostitution_and Money Laundering_Anderson_Richard
Police and FBI Training_Anderson_Richard
1. American Police and FBI Training 1
American Police and FBI Training
Richard W. Anderson
American Public University System
Dr. Matthew Collins
CMRJ302 U.S. Law Enforcement
17 December 2014
2. American Police and FBI Training 2
Abstract
American police has been functioning since the early 1900s, but has gone through several
phases. State and local police organizations have had to train and retrain officers in accordance
to evolving and changing needs of the public. The Bureau of Investigation was begun in 1924,
and then officially changed its name to the long-standing title of the Federal Bureau of
Investigation (FBI) in 1935 under the directorship of J. Edgar Hoover. The FBI has been
training officers since its onset, but the training is somewhat different than that of traditional
American police. This paper describes the basic San Jose model for state and local American
police training, and then aspects of FBI training.
3. American Police and FBI Training 3
State/Local Police Training
American police training today consists of three primary arenas: (1) basic academy
training; (2) field training, which also might be considered on-the-job training, actual supervised
performance of what was learned in the academy plus the modifications or improvements from
the seasoned veterans; and (3) in-service training, whereby veteran officers are updated with
subjects including but not limited to new technologies, public input, and/or legislative
enhancements recently implemented into our evolving criminal justice system (Gaines &
Kappeler, 2011, p. 118).
Police training actually begins prior to any actual classroom work. Written tests by
prospective recruits are often required prior to entering police education. Also included to justify
consideration for employment are the successful passing of vision tests (p. 105), polygraph
examinations, background checks, drug testing, physical fitness abilities, and a minimum of prior
educational accomplishments (p. 93). Also considered from applicants is their ability to handle
finances, past driving record, and interpersonal relationships (p. 109). Having passed these and
perhaps other prerequisites required from the now semi-standardized Peace Officer Standards
and Training (POST) requirements, officer candidates begin the first of the three basic elements
of officer training: the academic phase.
The San Jose FTO academy training program created in 1972 provides the basic model
for many state officer programs today. They include an enormous amount of subject matter.
Approximately 628 hours of training include around 41 subjects which each range from 4 hours
(criminal justice system, criminal statistics, missing persons, hazardous materials, and more) to
topics requiring 40+ hours of instruction time (weaponless defense, physical fitness, preliminary
4. American Police and FBI Training 4
investigations, firearms/chemical agents, and report writing). Other classes varying between 10
to less than 40 hours include: community relations, crimes against property, persons, and
children; traffic enforcement and investigation; first aid/CPR; crisis intervention, vehicle
operations; use of force; patrol techniques; and much more (p. 120). Having passed the first
phase, lasting about 16 weeks of training, officers move into field operations.
Approximately 13 weeks of training provide the new police officer with hands-on patrol
with three different veteran officers, divided also into working different shifts. After
successfully completing these three micro-phases, and having passed district evaluations in
between each one, the trained officer completes another two weeks with his or her original field
officer. Lastly, the trainee moves on to the last phase of their introduction to becoming a full-
fledged officer: Phase III. (p. 123).
During these final approximately five months, the new officer goes solo and incorporates
his abilities into the community on his/her own (if that is department policy; many still place
officers in pairs for patrol duty). There is a ten-month review board, after which the officer
either enters remedial training should they be remanded to such, or they continue outside of their
original training district (p. 123). At the end of nearly a year of successful training, the officer
can become a permanent employee.
FBI Training
The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) is a federal organization as opposed to a state
police entity. The FBI, not unlike American police, has trained and operated with evolving
concerns since their incept during the 1920s and 1930s. The training in identifying individuals
began with fingerprinting during the 1920s, accumulating some 810,000 fingerprint cards.
5. American Police and FBI Training 5
Today, their are over 200 million fingerprints on file in the Identification Division, and computer
technology designed to search through the prints and assist a final observer in identifying prints
belonging to suspects, known offenders, and a variety of other individuals for varying reasons (p.
24).
The FBI train their own agents, foreign partners, as well as American police (over 1,000 a
year) (p. 25) on many current and past criminal justice topics such as: terrorist attacks and their
prevention; foreign intelligence operations and espionage; cyber crimes; public corruption;
international criminal organizations; white collar crime; violent crime; and the support in local
and international partners (p. 25). To accomplish training in these many areas, the FBI has a
component devoted to accomplish these goals: The FBI Training Division (TD) (FBI Training
Division At-A-Glance, 2010, p. 16).
The Quantico, Virginia facility was opened in 1940, and now boasts over 400 employees
in their training department, many being former agents. The FBI TD focuses on five major
areas: (1) new agent training; (2) intelligence training; (3) leadership and development; (4)
national academy; and (5) international training. New agents are exposed to a 20-week program
include three basic areas of investigative, tactical, and non-tactical training. Other
concentrations are academics, firearms, operations, and case scenarios (FBI TD, p. 16).
Intelligence Training focuses on America's current domestic security priorities. The National
Academy training includes education in behavioral science, forensic science, leadership,
communication, and health issues. The Leadership Development Institute (LDI) of the FBI
training mission focuses on domestic and international law enforcement cooperation, as well as
counterterrorism efforts. The International Unit trains both domestic as well as international
6. American Police and FBI Training 6
groups in an effort to understand and combat terrorist attacks against civilians and institutions
both here and abroad.
In addition to the above training departments, the FBI has an extensive library whose
components are available to both FBI employees and other law enforcement agencies. The FBI
also has a Forensic Research and Training Center, a mock city known as Hogan's Alley, built in
1987 (FBI.gov, 2014) which trains both FBI and Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA) in practical
experiences in community settings. Also, there is a 1.1 mile road course available for driver
training education (FBI TD p. 17).
As far as FBI teaching is concerned, as a whole they believe that instruction is an art, and
the manner in which the students and instructors perceive one another makes a difference
between success and failure of the variety of topics being absorbed by each student (Vecchi,
2010, p. 74). Teaching and training are considered two separate categories for instruction.
Teaching is education from a cognitive perspective and is composed of lectures, case studies, and
presentations. Training encompasses actual job-related operational components such as
forensics, policing, and psychotherapy to name a few. These two approaches combine effective
cognitive and sensory methodology (p. 75).
The FBI Quantico facility itself has undergone continued renovations to provide for a
more modern training environment. In 2007, the 40-year-old dormitories and dining facilities
were completely upgraded, new firing ranges have been created, additional classrooms have been
added, physical training buildings have been modernized, and Intelligence and Investigative
Training Centers have been brought up to date with focus on the ever-evolving high-technology
instrumentation. Virtual reality programs are also being used to assist in training (FBI.gov). In
7. American Police and FBI Training 7
addition, real-time driving in emergency situations must also be practiced.
An FBI program known as the Tactical and Emergency Vehicle Operations Center
(TEVOC) teaches agents to handle a variety of automotive scenarios which may be encountered
on our world's roadways. Students, which range from local law enforcement, DEA, military, and
other global partners, learn how to track down and apprehend suspect drivers with minimal harm
to themselves and others during the process. Recognizing roadway dangers from vehicles and
being alert and reacting quickly are taught, as well as handling spin-out situations and instruction
on how to effectively ram an automobile, should that be necessary. Other driver training
techniques include evasive lane changes, remaining under control during extreme skidding, and
emergency braking (FBI.gov). In addition to training field officers, the FBI has a program for
training executive officers.
In 1975, the FBI created what would eventually become titled the National Executive
Institute, whereby special emphasis would be placed on training selected Academy graduates and
other persons of sufficient accomplished standing from metropolitan areas (cities of 250,000 or
more residents and 500 or more officers) to meet and discuss the challenges facing today's law
enforcement. Major topics for discussion at the NEI seminars include international political and
social trends which affect policing processes, ethics, hiring policies, media and labor relations,
financing, and modern criminal activity in general (FBI.gov). It was the NEI which created the
Law Enforcement Executive Development Seminar (LEEDS) program.
The Law Enforcement Executive Development Seminar (LEEDS) was begun in 1981,
and its focus is on training executive officers who monitor the training and capabilities of those
under them in the hierarchy of their respective agencies. LEEDS seminars include training on
8. American Police and FBI Training 8
subjects such as leadership in general, strategic planning, social issues, legal issues, relations
with media, and more. Attendants to these seminars are also able to exchange information with
their peers, and have the opportunity to go over what works and what does not work within their
respective communities. Many graduates of the LEEDS seminars continue communication
afterward by becoming members of the non-profit FBI Law Enforcement Executive
Development Association (FBI-LEEDA) to continue their education in law enforcement matters
(FBI.gov). In addition to executive and special agent education and training, the FBI has
developed programs to bring them more in touch with communities. These include the Citizens'
Academy, the Chaplains' Program, and InfraGuard (Ennis, 2008, p. 13).
The Citizens' Academy program, separate from the formal FBI, was developed to create a
distinction that the FBI is an organization of community assistance rather than something to be
feared. Local citizens are encouraged to work and communicate with members of the some 56
FBI field offices in America. Citizen's Academy graduates or an FBI agent nominate potential
candidates, who then undergo a background check prior to being permitted to work within FBI
space. Students must be over 21 and a resident within the specific FBI field office. They attend
several three-hour classes over a period of eight to ten meetings, and learn about problems
associated with evidence collection, preservation of physical evidence, FBI jurisdiction,
fingerprint and forensic services, other related subject matter, and are instructed by senior agent
experts (Ennis, 2008, p. 13). The Citizen's Academy of the FBI works to promote a safer
community through service projects, educating businesses, labor, media, and other citizens on
how law enforcement functions as well as the limitations on FBI authority (p. 13).
The FBI Chaplains' program is designed to help people during times of emotional duress
9. American Police and FBI Training 9
such as after shooting incidents, natural disasters, and accidents. Volunteer chaplains assisted in
consoling people after the September 11 attacks, combat veterans returning from recent Middle
East wars, and other events requiring similar assistance. There are currently over 100 chaplains
contributing to this program, providing relief during grief services and crisis intervention (Ennis,
p. 14).
InfraGuard was begun in 1996, and was developed at the request of computer
professionals who saw a need for protection against cyber crimes. A need was seen to share
information regarding network intrusions, information exploitation, and other computer software
associated threats to the computer infrastructure. There now exists several thousand private
sector members who work with the FBI in detecting intrusions to email, suspicious activities, and
reporting such events to the FBI for possible further investigation. In 1995 alone, there was
some 95 investigations conducted providing excellent results from the FBI/InfraGuard
partnership between some 16,000 InfraGuard members from 84 chapters nationwide. InfraGuard
has expanded from detecting possible criminals and terrorists to efforts focusing on potential
threats from chemical, energy, and possibly agricultural arenas. FBI Director Robert Mueller is
pleased with the InfraGuard membership expertise and assistance, and expects the organization
will continue to grow and provide help to Homeland Security and the Secret Service as well
(Ennis, 2008, p. 15).
Group efforts, such as those by InfraGuard and others, are instrumental in bringing
greater understanding of the many problems facing law enforcement, and how organizations can
work together to improve our ways of life. But every once in a while, certain individuals stand
above others in ability and achievement; Howard Teten is one of those people.
10. American Police and FBI Training 10
Howard Teten is a former Marine and target shooting enthusiast. Teten was encouraged
by his local sheriffs to join law enforcement. After becoming a reserve deputy, Teten found
interest in crime lab activities, followed by a thirst for understanding the homicide crime scene
investigation, particularly where the psychology of the more abstract murderers was concerned.
He studied under forensic psychiatrist Douglas Kelly, a member of the team who conducted the
Nuremberg trials of post-World War II. Kelly encouraged Teten to take up criminal psychology,
which he did (Ramsland, 2011, p. 23).
Teten advanced on the understanding that a crime scene had the potential, due to the
physical evidence available, to tell much about the personality profile of the offender. In 1962,
Teten joined the FBI and obtained a master's degree in social psychology. Teten spent years
gathering information on homicide cases and abnormal psychology. By 1970, Teten asked to
teach a class on Applied Criminology, which he was permitted to do. Amazingly enough, Teten
and associates solved a cold case almost immediately. He then hooked up with Patrick Mullany,
a successful agent with an advanced degree in psychology and a seasoned instructor (p. 24).
Teten and Mullany teamed up to teach at the FBI National Academy in Quantico, Virginia.
Teten emphasized that criminal profiling was not an end-all exact science, and that it
should be enlisted as a tool primarily after all physical evidence was not enough to solve a case.
Teten taught that to be adept at profiling, one must see many crime scenes, have a background in
abnormal psychology, and look at bodies in autopsy rooms. One needed to know just how easy
it was to lose valuable physical evidence quickly at a crime scene, and that a body must be
looked upon no longer as a human being, but a treasure trove of evidence (p. 26). He taught that
the criminalist must look at where the violence, if any, occurred; where did it all begin; who
11. American Police and FBI Training 11
found the body, and where was it dumped if that was the final resting place. He also instructed
that one should work in a large city for a period of perhaps six months, which was not well-
received by students, or they would lack the experience necessary for being a good criminalist
(p. 26).
After criminal profiling became inflamed by the media during the 1970s, with more
people claiming to be experts in who did what and why because of some vague understanding of
human behavior, Teten left teaching but developed additional topics of training which he valued
as much as criminal profiling. These topics included: stress studies so as to help undercover
agents; tests to determine an agent's ability to handle firearms effectively; a national assessment
as to the needs of police training; as well as important criteria to focus on with regards to
selecting special agents (p. 27).
In 1986, Teten retired from the FBI, but continued working as a consultant to television
shows with respect to forensic accuracy, which was sometimes ignored for sake of viewer
interest, and remains an instructor but on a volunteer basis for assisting senior citizens with their
computer needs (p. 27).
Conclusion
Whether individuals work as a reserve deputy sheriff for a small town, or have been
educated to the point of instructing at one of America's finest institutions for the support of
criminal investigation, federal undercover work, drug enforcement activities, or any of the
myriad of functions and processes comprising our criminal justice system, training of police and
FBI is integral to the successful mission of crime control. Police administration in its
12. American Police and FBI Training 12
paramilitary format has proven to be successful on many fronts. The FBI's specialized focuses
on federal matters is a parent foundation for delivering up-to-date information regarding current
criminal trends and the elements necessary for suppression of crime-oriented processes. The
globalization of industry and its unfortunate criminal consequences, both high-tech and low-tech
entities, require that motivated instructors and current teaching and training programs continue to
be created and fill our students' minds, and produce effective individuals to handle the many law
enforcement tasks at hand.
13. American Police and FBI Training 13
References
Bowman, M. D., Carlson, P. M., Colvin, R. E., & Green, G. S. (2006). The loss of talent: Why
local and state law enforcement officers resign to become FBI agents and what agencies
can do about it. Public Personnel Management, 35(2), 121-136. Retrieved from
http://search.proquest.com/docview/215948529?accountid=8289
Ennis, A. (2008). FBI pairs with community. Forensic Examiner, 17(3), 13-16. Retrieved from
http://search.proquest.com/docview/207645636?accountid=8289
FBI.gov. (2014). http://www.fbi.gov/about-us/training/history.
FBI Training Division At-A-Glance. (2010). Forensic Examiner, 19(3), 16-17. Retrieved from
http://search.proquest.com/docview/859010219?accountid=8289
Gaines, L. K., Kappeler, V. E. (2011). Policing in America. Anderson Publishing.
Ramsland, K., PhD. (2011). Howard Teten: An FBI visionary. Forensic Examiner, 20(2), 22-27.
Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/1315341881?accountid=8289
Vecchi, Gregory M, PhD, CFC,C.H.S.-V., F.A.C.F.E.I., & Dover, T. J., M.S. (2010). The FBI
behavioral science unit's approach to world-class training. Forensic Examiner, 19(3), 74-
80. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/859010174?accountid=8289