The document discusses how a theology and religion degree develops skills relevant for a career in public policy research. It analyzes the degree's development of the four components of employability identified by Knight and Yorke's USEM model: understanding, skills, efficacy beliefs, and meta-cognition. It argues that through developing critical thinking, communication skills, independence, self-reflection, and an appreciation for complexity, a theology degree cultivates transferable skills well-suited to public policy research careers. The author's placement experience reinforced how their degree strengthened their research abilities.
Social Networks and Employability in the Tamale Metropolis of the Northern Re...Premier Publishers
The research examined how social networks contribute to enhance employability and the factors that determine employability in the Tamale metropolis of Ghana. Data were collected from 90 respondents using questionnaire. SPSS was used in the data analysis to run a binary logistic regression and factor analysis. Based on the analysis, the following were evident: The research found out that a high percentage of respondents were graduates from tertiary institutes with a low percentage of the respondents having been through the basic level of education. Out of the various forms of the job strategies, social network was found to be accessed by respondents for work for job. It was also realized that majority of individuals who mostly accessed social networks for job were from the private sector. The factors that contributed overall in enhancing employability: relation to organizational member, prevalence of shift work, participation in symposia, engagement in part-time jobs and access to social support. Year’s respondents for work for job. It was also realized that majority of individuals who mostly accessed social networks for job were form the private sector. The factors that contributed overall in enhancing employability: relation to organizational member, prevalence of shift work, participation in symposia, engagement in part-time jobs and access to social support. The researcher recommends that higher educational institutes as well as organizations should include participation in workshops, seminars, conferences to enhance new entrants into the job market with career-oriented skills and those in the working field with skills to promote organizational performance.
This document summarizes research on social capital among Iraqis conducted in 2005. The researchers administered a 192-item survey in Basra, Iraq and the Netherlands to measure trust and perceptions of ethnic/religious threats within Iraqi social networks. The researchers found relationships and trust were related to patterns of social capital. Perceptions of outgroups seemed related to social capital resources. The researchers shared their findings widely via email and the internet, attracting up to 350 readers/contributors daily. This rapid dissemination allowed them to quickly share timely research with stakeholders. The researchers conclude internet-facilitated communication can increase the visibility and impact of research.
Smart Discipleship: Applying Transformational Leadership to a Discipleship Model of Worship, to Train Ministers for Smart Phone Engagements.
This work advances the scientific body of knowledge surrounding three domains of communication: 1) transformational leadership; 2) Christian discipleship; and 3) smartphone/social media interaction. Its aim is to develop an online training model to prepare ministers to conduct 21st century discipleship.
Institutional decay and religious proliferation inAlexander Decker
The document discusses institutional decay and religious proliferation in Nigeria. It argues that while institutions are critical to societal functioning, Nigeria is experiencing widespread institutional decay across both governmental and non-governmental sectors. Religious proliferation has occurred alongside this decay. However, rather than strengthening morality, religion has contributed to its erosion due to issues like mere formalism and lack of cohesion among religious groups. The paper examines the relationship between institutional decay and religious proliferation in Nigeria and their impacts.
Get your quality homework help now and stand out.Our professional writers are committed to excellence. We have trained the best scholars in different fields of study.Contact us now at http://www.premiumessays.net/ and place your order at affordable price done within set deadlines.We always have someone online ready to answer all your queries and take your requests.
The document discusses the definition and purposes of language testing. It defines a test as an activity meant to convey how well a test-taker knows or can perform something. Tests serve several functions, including reinforcing learning, assessing student performance, and providing diagnostic information. There are two main types of assessment: formative, to check student progress, and summative, used at the end to measure achievement. The document also outlines five common types of language tests: proficiency, achievement, diagnostic, placement, and direct/indirect. It discusses the advantages and disadvantages of different testing methods.
RESEARCH TOPIC; SOCIAL WORKERS AND IDENTIFICATION OF HUMAN TRAFF.docxbrittneyj3
RESEARCH TOPIC; SOCIAL WORKERS AND IDENTIFICATION OF HUMAN TRAFFICKING VICTIMS
PART 1
Role of Theoretical Framework in Qualitative Research
Discussion Post
The theoretical framework informs epistemologies and methodologies in a qualitative study since it is pervasive and influential compared to the methodology alone. It is applied to enhance the understanding of a particular problem or phenomenon (Grant & Osanloo, 2014). These frameworks provide focus and organization to the study, expose meaning, connect the study to the existing dissertation along with identifying the pros and cons of particular research.
Moreover, the methodological approach guides the qualitative study by establishing ideas and approaches to the research. Just as how a house requires a plan before construction, the theoretical framework serves as a blueprint, which provides the structure to the entire dissertation (Baltimore, 2016). Additionally, the choice of theory offers a conceptual background for understanding, analyzing, and designing ways to investigate a particular problem. Therefore, if the well-utilized, theoretical framework can create a tension that produces productive outcomes for the study.
More so, the theoretical framework connects different elements of dissertation/qualitative study, such as providing a brief discussion of the problem, purpose, significance, and research questions in the dissertation. Aligning a theory with these essential components provides an intriguing highlight, which adds weight to levels of knowledge that the study is investigating (Grant & Osanloo, 2014). Similarly, just as how a reliable and robust blueprint to help build a secure home foundation based on the owner’s desire. Therefore, the theoretical framework act as a strong basis for various parts of the dissertation that needs to be developed, in the body of the paper.
Finally, the elevation and foundation blueprints are both critical in a home building analogy. Similarly, theoretical frameworks and their concepts should be applied to be meaningful to the structure of these methodologies and epistemologies relating to the qualitative research.
References
Grant, C., & Osanloo, A. (2014). Understanding, selecting, and integrating a theoretical framework in dissertation research: Creating the blueprint for your “house.” Administrative Issues Journal: Connecting Education, Practice, and Research, 4(2), 12–26.
Laureate Education (Producer). (2016). Theoretical lens and frameworks for qualitative researchers [Video file]. Baltimore, MD: Author. Retrieved from the Walden Library databases.
PART 2
DQ 2: QUALITATIVE RESEARCH ANALYSIS
A brief statement of the purpose and primary research question the article addresses
The goal of the study was to assess whether if social workers could effectively detect sex-trafficked victims amongst their clients. This arises from the fact that social workers play an essential role in evaluating, as well as giving treatment services to s.
Social Networks and Employability in the Tamale Metropolis of the Northern Re...Premier Publishers
The research examined how social networks contribute to enhance employability and the factors that determine employability in the Tamale metropolis of Ghana. Data were collected from 90 respondents using questionnaire. SPSS was used in the data analysis to run a binary logistic regression and factor analysis. Based on the analysis, the following were evident: The research found out that a high percentage of respondents were graduates from tertiary institutes with a low percentage of the respondents having been through the basic level of education. Out of the various forms of the job strategies, social network was found to be accessed by respondents for work for job. It was also realized that majority of individuals who mostly accessed social networks for job were from the private sector. The factors that contributed overall in enhancing employability: relation to organizational member, prevalence of shift work, participation in symposia, engagement in part-time jobs and access to social support. Year’s respondents for work for job. It was also realized that majority of individuals who mostly accessed social networks for job were form the private sector. The factors that contributed overall in enhancing employability: relation to organizational member, prevalence of shift work, participation in symposia, engagement in part-time jobs and access to social support. The researcher recommends that higher educational institutes as well as organizations should include participation in workshops, seminars, conferences to enhance new entrants into the job market with career-oriented skills and those in the working field with skills to promote organizational performance.
This document summarizes research on social capital among Iraqis conducted in 2005. The researchers administered a 192-item survey in Basra, Iraq and the Netherlands to measure trust and perceptions of ethnic/religious threats within Iraqi social networks. The researchers found relationships and trust were related to patterns of social capital. Perceptions of outgroups seemed related to social capital resources. The researchers shared their findings widely via email and the internet, attracting up to 350 readers/contributors daily. This rapid dissemination allowed them to quickly share timely research with stakeholders. The researchers conclude internet-facilitated communication can increase the visibility and impact of research.
Smart Discipleship: Applying Transformational Leadership to a Discipleship Model of Worship, to Train Ministers for Smart Phone Engagements.
This work advances the scientific body of knowledge surrounding three domains of communication: 1) transformational leadership; 2) Christian discipleship; and 3) smartphone/social media interaction. Its aim is to develop an online training model to prepare ministers to conduct 21st century discipleship.
Institutional decay and religious proliferation inAlexander Decker
The document discusses institutional decay and religious proliferation in Nigeria. It argues that while institutions are critical to societal functioning, Nigeria is experiencing widespread institutional decay across both governmental and non-governmental sectors. Religious proliferation has occurred alongside this decay. However, rather than strengthening morality, religion has contributed to its erosion due to issues like mere formalism and lack of cohesion among religious groups. The paper examines the relationship between institutional decay and religious proliferation in Nigeria and their impacts.
Get your quality homework help now and stand out.Our professional writers are committed to excellence. We have trained the best scholars in different fields of study.Contact us now at http://www.premiumessays.net/ and place your order at affordable price done within set deadlines.We always have someone online ready to answer all your queries and take your requests.
The document discusses the definition and purposes of language testing. It defines a test as an activity meant to convey how well a test-taker knows or can perform something. Tests serve several functions, including reinforcing learning, assessing student performance, and providing diagnostic information. There are two main types of assessment: formative, to check student progress, and summative, used at the end to measure achievement. The document also outlines five common types of language tests: proficiency, achievement, diagnostic, placement, and direct/indirect. It discusses the advantages and disadvantages of different testing methods.
RESEARCH TOPIC; SOCIAL WORKERS AND IDENTIFICATION OF HUMAN TRAFF.docxbrittneyj3
RESEARCH TOPIC; SOCIAL WORKERS AND IDENTIFICATION OF HUMAN TRAFFICKING VICTIMS
PART 1
Role of Theoretical Framework in Qualitative Research
Discussion Post
The theoretical framework informs epistemologies and methodologies in a qualitative study since it is pervasive and influential compared to the methodology alone. It is applied to enhance the understanding of a particular problem or phenomenon (Grant & Osanloo, 2014). These frameworks provide focus and organization to the study, expose meaning, connect the study to the existing dissertation along with identifying the pros and cons of particular research.
Moreover, the methodological approach guides the qualitative study by establishing ideas and approaches to the research. Just as how a house requires a plan before construction, the theoretical framework serves as a blueprint, which provides the structure to the entire dissertation (Baltimore, 2016). Additionally, the choice of theory offers a conceptual background for understanding, analyzing, and designing ways to investigate a particular problem. Therefore, if the well-utilized, theoretical framework can create a tension that produces productive outcomes for the study.
More so, the theoretical framework connects different elements of dissertation/qualitative study, such as providing a brief discussion of the problem, purpose, significance, and research questions in the dissertation. Aligning a theory with these essential components provides an intriguing highlight, which adds weight to levels of knowledge that the study is investigating (Grant & Osanloo, 2014). Similarly, just as how a reliable and robust blueprint to help build a secure home foundation based on the owner’s desire. Therefore, the theoretical framework act as a strong basis for various parts of the dissertation that needs to be developed, in the body of the paper.
Finally, the elevation and foundation blueprints are both critical in a home building analogy. Similarly, theoretical frameworks and their concepts should be applied to be meaningful to the structure of these methodologies and epistemologies relating to the qualitative research.
References
Grant, C., & Osanloo, A. (2014). Understanding, selecting, and integrating a theoretical framework in dissertation research: Creating the blueprint for your “house.” Administrative Issues Journal: Connecting Education, Practice, and Research, 4(2), 12–26.
Laureate Education (Producer). (2016). Theoretical lens and frameworks for qualitative researchers [Video file]. Baltimore, MD: Author. Retrieved from the Walden Library databases.
PART 2
DQ 2: QUALITATIVE RESEARCH ANALYSIS
A brief statement of the purpose and primary research question the article addresses
The goal of the study was to assess whether if social workers could effectively detect sex-trafficked victims amongst their clients. This arises from the fact that social workers play an essential role in evaluating, as well as giving treatment services to s.
This document provides a summary and comparison of volunteer policies in the United States, Denmark, Estonia, and England, with a focus on student volunteers and service learning. It finds that while the concept of "service learning" is not widely used terminology abroad, students in these other countries can still participate in volunteer activities through student unions, business consultations, and internships. The document examines volunteer opportunities for students, best practices for non-profits managing volunteers, and governmental/organizational policies regarding volunteerism. Overall it determines that while terminology may differ, policies promote volunteerism globally and contribute to its uniform practice internationally.
Pg academic writing using reading in your assignmentsRhianWynWilliams
Here is one way Jamie could improve the paragraph to show more synthesis:
While Hennessy (1968) argues that first year university essays should rely solely on lecture notes given students' limited subject knowledge, more recent research challenges this view. Choudhury (2015) finds undergraduate essays benefit significantly from independent research beyond lecture materials. By synthesizing these perspectives, it seems views on appropriate study habits for first year students have evolved as the role and expectations of higher education have changed. Whereas Hennessy focused on knowledge acquisition, modern scholarship emphasizes developing research skills. To evaluate the effects of study habits at LJMU, it will be important to consider both the need for foundational knowledge gained in lectures as well as the value of self-
This document provides an overview of action research and organization development from the perspective of Peter Reason and Kate McArdle. It discusses their backgrounds and purposes in writing about this topic. The document then defines action research as a participatory, democratic process aimed at developing practical knowledge to address issues of importance to people and communities. It outlines several traditions and approaches within action research, including organizational change research, cooperative inquiry, and appreciative inquiry. It also discusses strategies of action research at the individual, small group, and organizational levels.
The document discusses a 14-month project using appreciative inquiry to develop a professional learning community among 25 managers of adolescent-focused non-government organizations in Christchurch, New Zealand. Appreciative inquiry focuses on positive stories and collaboration to strengthen organizations. Key success components that emerged were a flexible structure, positive focus, reflection, and substantial time to learn. The project leaders explored how appreciative inquiry and professional learning communities can build leadership and organizational capacity.
The following describes an approach to ethics as driven by the energies and dynamics of our human potentialities and, giving rise to what we describe as ethical dynamics.
Running head FORMULATING A DATA PRESENTATION BRIEF .docxwlynn1
Running head: FORMULATING A DATA PRESENTATION BRIEF 1
FORMULATING A DATA PRESENTATION BRIEF 3
Formulating a Data Presentation Brief
Student Name
Institution
Course
Date
A brief is a way of communicating to clients and stakeholders about the objectives of a business and what the business aims to achieve at the end. Formulating a brief provides information to clients and partners and thus it is important to provide the right information in a proper manner for the best results (Brigham, 2016). An effective data presentation brief utilizes the relationship between the presenter and the clients and ensures that it puts data in a clear and concise manner which is able to draw the attention of the audience and make them comprehend the data (Kirk, 2016). Data presentations may contain large volumes of variable data and using the right method to formulate a brief determines the ease with which the audience is able to understand, visualize the data and create interest in the project.
One of the methods of formulating an effective data presentation brief is through the use of charts. Charts provide an interesting way of presenting data to an audience. Charts have an advantage when presenting a data brief in that they enable presenters to display data in ways that are appealing to the audience (Kirk, 2016). This is because different charts like bar graphs can use different colors that are appealing which help to capture the attention of the audience (Kirk, 2016). In addition, bar graphs are easy to read, interpret and understand at a glance. One of the disadvantage of using charts as a method of presenting data briefs is that focusing on the visual aspects of charts as a way to make them attractive to the audience may end up camouflaging the data being presented which can make the audience to miss the objectives (Brigham, 2016). In addition, presenting complex data on charts may be boring to the audience. Another limitation with the use of charts such as pie charts is that they are limited to the number of variables that they can display and therefore, if the data contains numerous variables, they become inappropriate.
Using a Tedtalk can help in presenting data statistics to an audience. This is normally accompanied by some data slides. This method gives the presenter a golden opportunity to be more convincing to the audience through their display of confidence (Brigham, 2016). The presentation can win over the audience depending on the credibility of the speaker. This method might be a disadvantage if the presenter has poor communication skills and lack of confidence. Talking might also get the audience bored and make them fail to visualize the data.
The method of formulating a data brief presentation is very critical to the success of a presentation in terms of the ease in which the audience is able to visualize and comprehend the data.
Increase In Population Essay. Bishop State Community CollegeHeidi Wilson
This document discusses the challenges of writing an essay on population increase. It notes that the topic is complex as it involves navigating perspectives, statistics, and societal implications. An author must carefully balance presenting facts while respecting diverse viewpoints. Maintaining a cohesive structure is also important to ensure the various impacts of population growth flow seamlessly. While demanding extensive research and critical thinking, overcoming these challenges can provide valuable insights into this important issue. The document concludes by noting writing assistance services that can help individuals enhance their understanding of complex topics or craft informative essays.
Use Of Pictographs Can Improve Cross Cultural CommunicationKatherine Alexander
Here are a few key strategies I would employ to effectively engage and build rapport with Mr. Fahza:
- Use a professional translator to communicate directly with Mr. Fahza without interference from family. This will allow him to express his own wishes freely.
- Be respectful of Mr. Fahza's cultural and religious background as an Iranian Muslim. Approach him and his situation with empathy, patience and cultural sensitivity.
- Speak to him in a calm, reassuring manner to make him feel at ease. Convey that his wellbeing and autonomy are the top priorities.
- Thoroughly explain his medical condition and options for care clearly and simply. Allow time for the translator to ensure full understanding on his
The film Glory by Edward Zwick tells the story of the first formal unit of the Union Army during the Civil War that was made up entirely of African American men known as the United States Colored Troops. The film shows the unit's formation and training in locations like New York and Maryland, and culminates with their courageous but deadly assault on Fort Wagner in South Carolina in 1863, one of the first major engagements of African American soldiers. While dramatized, the film highlights this important but often overlooked chapter in the fight against slavery and racial discrimination during the Civil War.
FREE 7+ Sample College Essay Templates in MS Word | PDF. Impressive How To Write A College Level Essay ~ Thatsnotus. Argumentative Essay Topics for College Assignments - Blog BuyEssayClub.com. College Essay Topic Help - 5 College Essay Topics You Should Never .... College level essay college level essay format our discount. How to Write a College Level Essay: 13 Steps (with Pictures). College Essay Examples - 9+ in PDF | Examples. 30+ College Essay Examples | MS Word, PDF | Examples. Powerful guide on how to write a college level essay.
This document summarizes a presentation by Randy Bass on educational design in a dis-integrative age. Bass discusses two paradigms of education: an integrative model that focuses on bundling curricular and co-curricular experiences, and a dis-integrative model focused on modular and granular learning experiences. He argues for a new synthesis of "rebundling" where dis-integrative approaches serve integrative goals like developing the whole student. The document provides examples of rebundling from institutions like LaGuardia Community College and Arizona State University. It also discusses leading from the middle to balance values of self-interest and impact.
ITS 832 CHAPTER 15VISUAL DECISION SUPPORT FOR POLICY MAKING.docxvrickens
ITS 832 CHAPTER 15
VISUAL DECISION SUPPORT FOR POLICY MAKING: ADVANCING POLICY ANALYSIS
WITH VISUALIZATION
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY IN A GLOBAL ECONOMY
DR. JORDON SHAW
INTRODUCTION
• Background
• Approach
• Case Studies
• Optimization
• Social Simulation
• Urban Planning
• Conclusion
BACKGROUND
• Assessing policy options for societal problems is difficult
• Decision making methods
• Data driven
• Model driven
• Visual decision supports helps in evaluating model output
• Information visualization and visual analytics
• Makes complex results accessible to many
• Policy analysis
• Part of process aimed at solving societal problems
DATA VISUALIZATION
POLICY CYCLE
APPROACH
• Characterization of stakeholders
• Policy makers
• Policy analysts
• Modeling experts
• Domain experts
• Public stakeholders
• Bridging knowledge gaps
• With information visualization (IV)
• Cohesive view of model representation
VISUAL SUPPORT FOR POLICY ANALYSIS
APPROACH, CONT’D.
• Synergy effects of applying IV to policy analysis
• Communication - facilitated
• Complexity - reduced
• Subjectivity - reduced
• Validation - improved
• Transparency and reproducibility of results - increased
CASE STUDIES
• Optimization
• Optimization of regional energy plans considering impacts
• Environmental
• Economical
• Social
• Social Simulation
• Simulation of the impact of different policy instruments on the adoption of photovoltaic (PV) panels by
homeowners
• Urban planning
• Integration of heterogenous data sources in planning activities
SUMMARY OF CASE STUDIES
CONCLUSION
• Current model output is often difficult to understand
• Not accessible for non-specialists
• Information visualization (IV)
• Makes model output more accessible
• This paper applies IV to policy analysis
• Contributions
• Defined collaborations
• Identified hurdles
• Defined interface methodology
Running Head: PROFESSIONAL GOALS
1
PROFESSIONAL GOALS
4
Professional Goals and Objectives
Name
University Affiliation
Date
Professional Goals and Objectives
Within the parameters of the field of Children and Family affairs, I have professional goals and objectives that relate to improving my communication skills, my leadership attributes, learn of new technology, as well as gain experiences while working in teams. Through enhancing my communication skills, it will be easier to offer assistance to APS units while ensuring that I am able to conduct case reviews for the cases in point which will play a big part in monitoring the state standards as to whether they are complied with or not (Garthwait, 2017). As an extemporary intern, I can excel at receiving information from individuals and families while also providing correct responses that are clear verbally and in writing. My main objective is to be ambiguous and easy to understand.
Leadership is another professional goal that I have set so as to attain the qualities that are important in a care ...
This document discusses using academic reading in postgraduate assignments. It explains that students should use reading to support arguments and ideas in their writing as they are part of an academic community that values research. Reading needs to be analyzed, compared and synthesized before being incorporated into assignments. The document provides tips for effective reading such as reading with learning objectives in mind, choosing sources carefully, and keeping notes on critical questions. It also discusses developing an academic voice by analyzing readings and stating one's own interpretations. Comparing, contrasting and synthesizing multiple sources is important for situating one's work within the existing literature. Examples are provided to demonstrate effective synthesis in writing.
The document discusses the challenges of writing an essay on China's One Child Policy. It notes that the policy has far-reaching implications that require in-depth research to understand the historical context, impact on population control, and consequences. Analyzing the societal, economic, and cultural ramifications demands a nuanced understanding of the subject. The essay must engage in critical analysis, balance different perspectives of supporters and critics, and address long-term effects in a thoughtful, well-organized manner that synthesizes vast information into a coherent piece capturing the multifaceted nature of the policy. Writing such an essay involves navigating historical, social, and ethical intricacies to present a comprehensive understanding and foster critical thinking.
This document provides an introduction to research methods for conducting surveys in parishes. It discusses both quantitative and qualitative research methods. Quantitative methods involve collecting and analyzing numerical data through tools like questionnaires and statistical analysis. Qualitative methods explore topics in more depth through interviews and examining words, pictures, or objects. The document outlines the typical steps in a research process, including identifying an area of study, developing questions, reviewing existing literature, designing and piloting a survey, collecting and analyzing results, and presenting findings. It also discusses choosing appropriate research methods and tools like NVivo or SPSS for analyzing qualitative and quantitative data respectively.
Children Rights Essay. University of Nevada, RenoTonya Lomeli
This document discusses key considerations for writing an essay on children's rights. It notes that such an essay requires in-depth research into legal frameworks, ethics, societal norms and challenges facing children. It must also examine international conventions and national laws, while acknowledging both progress and persistent issues affecting children's rights globally. Additionally, the essay should analyze how factors like poverty, discrimination, violence, education and healthcare impact children's rights. It should also discuss the role of advocacy groups, NGOs and government initiatives in promoting children's rights, highlighting both successes and challenges. However, crafting a balanced perspective addressing diverse viewpoints requires careful handling of sensitive issues and a respectful, informed discussion.
This document discusses ways to objectively measure four concepts in education - commitment, engagement, motivation, and success - which are often considered "fuzzy" and subjective. It analyzes how each concept is defined and measured in different academic fields and countries. The document proposes adapting Barr and Tagg's Learning Paradigm as a framework to help make these concepts more clear and measurable in an objective way.
Journal of Public Affairs Education 545Expressing concern.docxaryan532920
Journal of Public Affairs Education 545
Expressing concern over the quality of public
administration research, researchers have long
studied how public affairs doctoral programs
prepare students to conduct research (e.g.,
Brewer, Facer, O’Toole, & Douglas, 1998;
Rethemeyer & Helbig, 2005; White, Adams,
& Forrester, 1996).1 Previous studies have
offered programmatic suggestions such as
structured research experiences (Brewer,
Douglas, Facer, & O’Toole, 1999), examined
the “importance” of the dissertation topic
(Cleary, 2000), promoted theory development
in dissertation research (White et al., 1996),
and recommended coursework in mathematics
(Rethemeyer & Helbig, 2005). Scholars also
acknowledge the importance of mentoring,
socialization, and professional identity dev
elopment for doctoral students in public affairs
(Rethemeyer & Helbig, 2005; Schroeder,
O’Leary, Jones, & Poocharoen, 2004), and a
growing body of literature from other fields
examines doctoral students’ socialization ex
periences (e.g., Gardner, 2007, 2008, 2010;
Green 1991). Increased knowledge of public
affairs doctoral students’ professional identity
development is important because it can assist
Knowing, Doing, and Becoming:
Professional Identity Construction
Among Public Affairs
Doctoral Students
Amy E. Smith
University of Massachusetts Boston
Deneen M. Hatmaker
University of Connecticut
ABSTRACT
Public administration scholars have long examined how doctoral students in public affairs are trained
to become researchers. Our study adds to this body of knowledge by examining socialization and
professional identity construction processes among doctoral students conducting public affairs
research. We develop a multilevel model of the organizational, relational, and individual level
tactics through which they learn to become researchers. In particular, our study offers insight into
the interactions between students and faculty that contribute to their development, as well as into
students’ own proactivity. Our study uses interview data from doctoral students in multiple
disciplines who are conducting research in public affairs. We conclude with a discussion of our
model and recommendations for doctoral programs.
kEywORDS
doctoral students, professional identity, socialization, mentoring
JPAE 20 (4), 545–564
546 Journal of Public Affairs Education
faculty and programs in effectively preparing
students to be productive scholars. As such,
this study contributes toward understanding
how doctoral students interested in public
affairs develop their research professional
identity. It also offers insights and recom
mendations for public affairs doctoral pro
grams and faculty as they socialize students
into the research profession.
Our study adds to the existing knowledge
about the training of public affairs doctoral
students in several ways. This paper develops
a multilevel model of research professional id
en tity deve ...
This document discusses the challenges of writing an essay on population growth. It involves researching complex issues across multiple disciplines like demographics, sociology, economics, and environmental science. Gathering accurate population data from various sources requires time and verification. The essay must not only present facts but also analyze the causes and consequences of population growth based on social, economic, and political factors. It adds further complexity to address ethical considerations around population issues and present diverse perspectives. Crafting a clear structure and synthesizing all the information into a compelling narrative is also difficult. Overall, writing such an essay is a formidable task requiring meticulous research, analytical thinking, and strong communication skills to navigate this multifaceted topic.
The document discusses different types of academic journals that are advantageous for research. It describes the IMRAD format used in scientific journals, which breaks the journal into sections for the introduction, methods, results, and discussion. This allows the journal to show the experiment's process and data collected. Journals contain detailed data, charts, images, and references from other sources to reinforce findings. The example journal article describes an experiment examining errors in examining bloodstain patterns at crime scenes and the effects of blood disintegration on calculating the area of origin.
This document provides a summary and comparison of volunteer policies in the United States, Denmark, Estonia, and England, with a focus on student volunteers and service learning. It finds that while the concept of "service learning" is not widely used terminology abroad, students in these other countries can still participate in volunteer activities through student unions, business consultations, and internships. The document examines volunteer opportunities for students, best practices for non-profits managing volunteers, and governmental/organizational policies regarding volunteerism. Overall it determines that while terminology may differ, policies promote volunteerism globally and contribute to its uniform practice internationally.
Pg academic writing using reading in your assignmentsRhianWynWilliams
Here is one way Jamie could improve the paragraph to show more synthesis:
While Hennessy (1968) argues that first year university essays should rely solely on lecture notes given students' limited subject knowledge, more recent research challenges this view. Choudhury (2015) finds undergraduate essays benefit significantly from independent research beyond lecture materials. By synthesizing these perspectives, it seems views on appropriate study habits for first year students have evolved as the role and expectations of higher education have changed. Whereas Hennessy focused on knowledge acquisition, modern scholarship emphasizes developing research skills. To evaluate the effects of study habits at LJMU, it will be important to consider both the need for foundational knowledge gained in lectures as well as the value of self-
This document provides an overview of action research and organization development from the perspective of Peter Reason and Kate McArdle. It discusses their backgrounds and purposes in writing about this topic. The document then defines action research as a participatory, democratic process aimed at developing practical knowledge to address issues of importance to people and communities. It outlines several traditions and approaches within action research, including organizational change research, cooperative inquiry, and appreciative inquiry. It also discusses strategies of action research at the individual, small group, and organizational levels.
The document discusses a 14-month project using appreciative inquiry to develop a professional learning community among 25 managers of adolescent-focused non-government organizations in Christchurch, New Zealand. Appreciative inquiry focuses on positive stories and collaboration to strengthen organizations. Key success components that emerged were a flexible structure, positive focus, reflection, and substantial time to learn. The project leaders explored how appreciative inquiry and professional learning communities can build leadership and organizational capacity.
The following describes an approach to ethics as driven by the energies and dynamics of our human potentialities and, giving rise to what we describe as ethical dynamics.
Running head FORMULATING A DATA PRESENTATION BRIEF .docxwlynn1
Running head: FORMULATING A DATA PRESENTATION BRIEF 1
FORMULATING A DATA PRESENTATION BRIEF 3
Formulating a Data Presentation Brief
Student Name
Institution
Course
Date
A brief is a way of communicating to clients and stakeholders about the objectives of a business and what the business aims to achieve at the end. Formulating a brief provides information to clients and partners and thus it is important to provide the right information in a proper manner for the best results (Brigham, 2016). An effective data presentation brief utilizes the relationship between the presenter and the clients and ensures that it puts data in a clear and concise manner which is able to draw the attention of the audience and make them comprehend the data (Kirk, 2016). Data presentations may contain large volumes of variable data and using the right method to formulate a brief determines the ease with which the audience is able to understand, visualize the data and create interest in the project.
One of the methods of formulating an effective data presentation brief is through the use of charts. Charts provide an interesting way of presenting data to an audience. Charts have an advantage when presenting a data brief in that they enable presenters to display data in ways that are appealing to the audience (Kirk, 2016). This is because different charts like bar graphs can use different colors that are appealing which help to capture the attention of the audience (Kirk, 2016). In addition, bar graphs are easy to read, interpret and understand at a glance. One of the disadvantage of using charts as a method of presenting data briefs is that focusing on the visual aspects of charts as a way to make them attractive to the audience may end up camouflaging the data being presented which can make the audience to miss the objectives (Brigham, 2016). In addition, presenting complex data on charts may be boring to the audience. Another limitation with the use of charts such as pie charts is that they are limited to the number of variables that they can display and therefore, if the data contains numerous variables, they become inappropriate.
Using a Tedtalk can help in presenting data statistics to an audience. This is normally accompanied by some data slides. This method gives the presenter a golden opportunity to be more convincing to the audience through their display of confidence (Brigham, 2016). The presentation can win over the audience depending on the credibility of the speaker. This method might be a disadvantage if the presenter has poor communication skills and lack of confidence. Talking might also get the audience bored and make them fail to visualize the data.
The method of formulating a data brief presentation is very critical to the success of a presentation in terms of the ease in which the audience is able to visualize and comprehend the data.
Increase In Population Essay. Bishop State Community CollegeHeidi Wilson
This document discusses the challenges of writing an essay on population increase. It notes that the topic is complex as it involves navigating perspectives, statistics, and societal implications. An author must carefully balance presenting facts while respecting diverse viewpoints. Maintaining a cohesive structure is also important to ensure the various impacts of population growth flow seamlessly. While demanding extensive research and critical thinking, overcoming these challenges can provide valuable insights into this important issue. The document concludes by noting writing assistance services that can help individuals enhance their understanding of complex topics or craft informative essays.
Use Of Pictographs Can Improve Cross Cultural CommunicationKatherine Alexander
Here are a few key strategies I would employ to effectively engage and build rapport with Mr. Fahza:
- Use a professional translator to communicate directly with Mr. Fahza without interference from family. This will allow him to express his own wishes freely.
- Be respectful of Mr. Fahza's cultural and religious background as an Iranian Muslim. Approach him and his situation with empathy, patience and cultural sensitivity.
- Speak to him in a calm, reassuring manner to make him feel at ease. Convey that his wellbeing and autonomy are the top priorities.
- Thoroughly explain his medical condition and options for care clearly and simply. Allow time for the translator to ensure full understanding on his
The film Glory by Edward Zwick tells the story of the first formal unit of the Union Army during the Civil War that was made up entirely of African American men known as the United States Colored Troops. The film shows the unit's formation and training in locations like New York and Maryland, and culminates with their courageous but deadly assault on Fort Wagner in South Carolina in 1863, one of the first major engagements of African American soldiers. While dramatized, the film highlights this important but often overlooked chapter in the fight against slavery and racial discrimination during the Civil War.
FREE 7+ Sample College Essay Templates in MS Word | PDF. Impressive How To Write A College Level Essay ~ Thatsnotus. Argumentative Essay Topics for College Assignments - Blog BuyEssayClub.com. College Essay Topic Help - 5 College Essay Topics You Should Never .... College level essay college level essay format our discount. How to Write a College Level Essay: 13 Steps (with Pictures). College Essay Examples - 9+ in PDF | Examples. 30+ College Essay Examples | MS Word, PDF | Examples. Powerful guide on how to write a college level essay.
This document summarizes a presentation by Randy Bass on educational design in a dis-integrative age. Bass discusses two paradigms of education: an integrative model that focuses on bundling curricular and co-curricular experiences, and a dis-integrative model focused on modular and granular learning experiences. He argues for a new synthesis of "rebundling" where dis-integrative approaches serve integrative goals like developing the whole student. The document provides examples of rebundling from institutions like LaGuardia Community College and Arizona State University. It also discusses leading from the middle to balance values of self-interest and impact.
ITS 832 CHAPTER 15VISUAL DECISION SUPPORT FOR POLICY MAKING.docxvrickens
ITS 832 CHAPTER 15
VISUAL DECISION SUPPORT FOR POLICY MAKING: ADVANCING POLICY ANALYSIS
WITH VISUALIZATION
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY IN A GLOBAL ECONOMY
DR. JORDON SHAW
INTRODUCTION
• Background
• Approach
• Case Studies
• Optimization
• Social Simulation
• Urban Planning
• Conclusion
BACKGROUND
• Assessing policy options for societal problems is difficult
• Decision making methods
• Data driven
• Model driven
• Visual decision supports helps in evaluating model output
• Information visualization and visual analytics
• Makes complex results accessible to many
• Policy analysis
• Part of process aimed at solving societal problems
DATA VISUALIZATION
POLICY CYCLE
APPROACH
• Characterization of stakeholders
• Policy makers
• Policy analysts
• Modeling experts
• Domain experts
• Public stakeholders
• Bridging knowledge gaps
• With information visualization (IV)
• Cohesive view of model representation
VISUAL SUPPORT FOR POLICY ANALYSIS
APPROACH, CONT’D.
• Synergy effects of applying IV to policy analysis
• Communication - facilitated
• Complexity - reduced
• Subjectivity - reduced
• Validation - improved
• Transparency and reproducibility of results - increased
CASE STUDIES
• Optimization
• Optimization of regional energy plans considering impacts
• Environmental
• Economical
• Social
• Social Simulation
• Simulation of the impact of different policy instruments on the adoption of photovoltaic (PV) panels by
homeowners
• Urban planning
• Integration of heterogenous data sources in planning activities
SUMMARY OF CASE STUDIES
CONCLUSION
• Current model output is often difficult to understand
• Not accessible for non-specialists
• Information visualization (IV)
• Makes model output more accessible
• This paper applies IV to policy analysis
• Contributions
• Defined collaborations
• Identified hurdles
• Defined interface methodology
Running Head: PROFESSIONAL GOALS
1
PROFESSIONAL GOALS
4
Professional Goals and Objectives
Name
University Affiliation
Date
Professional Goals and Objectives
Within the parameters of the field of Children and Family affairs, I have professional goals and objectives that relate to improving my communication skills, my leadership attributes, learn of new technology, as well as gain experiences while working in teams. Through enhancing my communication skills, it will be easier to offer assistance to APS units while ensuring that I am able to conduct case reviews for the cases in point which will play a big part in monitoring the state standards as to whether they are complied with or not (Garthwait, 2017). As an extemporary intern, I can excel at receiving information from individuals and families while also providing correct responses that are clear verbally and in writing. My main objective is to be ambiguous and easy to understand.
Leadership is another professional goal that I have set so as to attain the qualities that are important in a care ...
This document discusses using academic reading in postgraduate assignments. It explains that students should use reading to support arguments and ideas in their writing as they are part of an academic community that values research. Reading needs to be analyzed, compared and synthesized before being incorporated into assignments. The document provides tips for effective reading such as reading with learning objectives in mind, choosing sources carefully, and keeping notes on critical questions. It also discusses developing an academic voice by analyzing readings and stating one's own interpretations. Comparing, contrasting and synthesizing multiple sources is important for situating one's work within the existing literature. Examples are provided to demonstrate effective synthesis in writing.
The document discusses the challenges of writing an essay on China's One Child Policy. It notes that the policy has far-reaching implications that require in-depth research to understand the historical context, impact on population control, and consequences. Analyzing the societal, economic, and cultural ramifications demands a nuanced understanding of the subject. The essay must engage in critical analysis, balance different perspectives of supporters and critics, and address long-term effects in a thoughtful, well-organized manner that synthesizes vast information into a coherent piece capturing the multifaceted nature of the policy. Writing such an essay involves navigating historical, social, and ethical intricacies to present a comprehensive understanding and foster critical thinking.
This document provides an introduction to research methods for conducting surveys in parishes. It discusses both quantitative and qualitative research methods. Quantitative methods involve collecting and analyzing numerical data through tools like questionnaires and statistical analysis. Qualitative methods explore topics in more depth through interviews and examining words, pictures, or objects. The document outlines the typical steps in a research process, including identifying an area of study, developing questions, reviewing existing literature, designing and piloting a survey, collecting and analyzing results, and presenting findings. It also discusses choosing appropriate research methods and tools like NVivo or SPSS for analyzing qualitative and quantitative data respectively.
Children Rights Essay. University of Nevada, RenoTonya Lomeli
This document discusses key considerations for writing an essay on children's rights. It notes that such an essay requires in-depth research into legal frameworks, ethics, societal norms and challenges facing children. It must also examine international conventions and national laws, while acknowledging both progress and persistent issues affecting children's rights globally. Additionally, the essay should analyze how factors like poverty, discrimination, violence, education and healthcare impact children's rights. It should also discuss the role of advocacy groups, NGOs and government initiatives in promoting children's rights, highlighting both successes and challenges. However, crafting a balanced perspective addressing diverse viewpoints requires careful handling of sensitive issues and a respectful, informed discussion.
This document discusses ways to objectively measure four concepts in education - commitment, engagement, motivation, and success - which are often considered "fuzzy" and subjective. It analyzes how each concept is defined and measured in different academic fields and countries. The document proposes adapting Barr and Tagg's Learning Paradigm as a framework to help make these concepts more clear and measurable in an objective way.
Journal of Public Affairs Education 545Expressing concern.docxaryan532920
Journal of Public Affairs Education 545
Expressing concern over the quality of public
administration research, researchers have long
studied how public affairs doctoral programs
prepare students to conduct research (e.g.,
Brewer, Facer, O’Toole, & Douglas, 1998;
Rethemeyer & Helbig, 2005; White, Adams,
& Forrester, 1996).1 Previous studies have
offered programmatic suggestions such as
structured research experiences (Brewer,
Douglas, Facer, & O’Toole, 1999), examined
the “importance” of the dissertation topic
(Cleary, 2000), promoted theory development
in dissertation research (White et al., 1996),
and recommended coursework in mathematics
(Rethemeyer & Helbig, 2005). Scholars also
acknowledge the importance of mentoring,
socialization, and professional identity dev
elopment for doctoral students in public affairs
(Rethemeyer & Helbig, 2005; Schroeder,
O’Leary, Jones, & Poocharoen, 2004), and a
growing body of literature from other fields
examines doctoral students’ socialization ex
periences (e.g., Gardner, 2007, 2008, 2010;
Green 1991). Increased knowledge of public
affairs doctoral students’ professional identity
development is important because it can assist
Knowing, Doing, and Becoming:
Professional Identity Construction
Among Public Affairs
Doctoral Students
Amy E. Smith
University of Massachusetts Boston
Deneen M. Hatmaker
University of Connecticut
ABSTRACT
Public administration scholars have long examined how doctoral students in public affairs are trained
to become researchers. Our study adds to this body of knowledge by examining socialization and
professional identity construction processes among doctoral students conducting public affairs
research. We develop a multilevel model of the organizational, relational, and individual level
tactics through which they learn to become researchers. In particular, our study offers insight into
the interactions between students and faculty that contribute to their development, as well as into
students’ own proactivity. Our study uses interview data from doctoral students in multiple
disciplines who are conducting research in public affairs. We conclude with a discussion of our
model and recommendations for doctoral programs.
kEywORDS
doctoral students, professional identity, socialization, mentoring
JPAE 20 (4), 545–564
546 Journal of Public Affairs Education
faculty and programs in effectively preparing
students to be productive scholars. As such,
this study contributes toward understanding
how doctoral students interested in public
affairs develop their research professional
identity. It also offers insights and recom
mendations for public affairs doctoral pro
grams and faculty as they socialize students
into the research profession.
Our study adds to the existing knowledge
about the training of public affairs doctoral
students in several ways. This paper develops
a multilevel model of research professional id
en tity deve ...
This document discusses the challenges of writing an essay on population growth. It involves researching complex issues across multiple disciplines like demographics, sociology, economics, and environmental science. Gathering accurate population data from various sources requires time and verification. The essay must not only present facts but also analyze the causes and consequences of population growth based on social, economic, and political factors. It adds further complexity to address ethical considerations around population issues and present diverse perspectives. Crafting a clear structure and synthesizing all the information into a compelling narrative is also difficult. Overall, writing such an essay is a formidable task requiring meticulous research, analytical thinking, and strong communication skills to navigate this multifaceted topic.
The document discusses different types of academic journals that are advantageous for research. It describes the IMRAD format used in scientific journals, which breaks the journal into sections for the introduction, methods, results, and discussion. This allows the journal to show the experiment's process and data collected. Journals contain detailed data, charts, images, and references from other sources to reinforce findings. The example journal article describes an experiment examining errors in examining bloodstain patterns at crime scenes and the effects of blood disintegration on calculating the area of origin.
1. Placement Module- 1434007
1
With reference to your placement experience, evaluate how your degree in Theology
and Religion might develop transferable skills required for your chosen career.
My placement experience was spent at Cathedral Innovation Centre, a perpetually developing
enterprise hub that supports business, social and religious innovation across the nation,
through Creative Industry channels and Thought Leadership. Through my role as an assistant
Research Officer I sought contact with faith-based organisations across London, Southampton
and Portsmouth to investigate the ‘role of faith-based innovation, in the context of creating a
just society’. Following this, I have come to consider a career as a Public Policy Research
Officer.
It became apparent during this placement that ‘employability’ transcends the over-simplified
notion of ‘skills’, but rather is reliant on a combination of skills, understanding and personal
qualities (Yorke, 2006, p.13). With this in mind, it seems more fitting to evaluate how a
Theology and Religion (T&R) degree develops all four of Knight and Yorke’s (2006)
interrelated components of the ‘USEM’ model (Understanding, Skills, Efficacy beliefs and
Meta-cognition). The placement module experience within this particular T&R degree I think
is an opportunity for these components to be trialled and tested, in order to fully assess both
the utility and transferability of the degree to any future career, or in this instance to Public
Policy Research.
The central objective of a T&R degree, as outlined in the Quality Assurance Agency (QAA)
Benchmark statement, is for students to acquire “an appreciation of the complexity of world
views, mentalities, social behaviours… and the ways they have been shaped by beliefs and
values” (QAA, 2014, p.13). Since T&R incorporates both historical and contemporary
understandings of Religion, often students find themselves informed of current issues. For
example, the ‘Religion in Contemporary Society’ module looks at current media coverage of
Religion, addressing conflict, social taboos, migration and religious education. All of these of
which enlighten students on current policy developments.
For T&R students ‘Understanding’ such things requires more than the acquisition of facts and
knowledge; it also involves thorough questioning and making meaning of concepts. A greater
sense of understanding of people arguably stems from the ability to empathise. For example,
understanding the complexity of a concept such as religious radicalism demands the ability to
engage with the thoughts and feelings of an individual or groups of people, not only from a
religious standpoint but also from a political, sociological and psychological one. The multi-
disciplinary approach that is encouraged to better understand themes and concepts within
Religion equips students with both scope and depth of understanding.
As identified by Knight and Yorke (2006), ‘understanding’ of a subject area, for obvious
reasons, is important for ‘Employability’. It can be argued that, the subject-specific
knowledge and understanding gathered from a T&R degree is transferable, if not
indispensible “for anyone functioning in a multi-cultural, contemporary society” (University
of Birmingham, 2015), since as highlighted, many of the “insights, themes and debates can
be applied to broader social disciplinary contexts” (QAA Benchmark, 2014).
A predominant focus within my research was the impact of Christian organisations on social
engagement and transformation within communities. Some themes from the ‘History of
2. Placement Module- 1434007
2
Christianity’ and ‘Religion in Contemporary Society’ modules, such as Ecumenism,
Evangelism, Missionary and Secularisation were pertinent to my investigation. Equipped with
a scholarly understanding of these, I was able to engage in richer and more rigorous
conversation with people, which undoubtedly improved the standard of research. Despite this
being an investigation primarily interested in religious organisations, this could not have been
studied without the consideration of the wider contextual themes. In this instance, themes
included current government policy on ‘Poverty’ and government attitudes towards religious
communities addressing social problems. In order to ask questions that alluded to this wider
context, an awareness and understanding of the intersection of Religion in other subject
matters was demanded.
A British Academy Report recognises that students who study Humanities, can “contribute to
the knowledge and understanding of some of the ‘Big Strategic Questions’ facing society
today” (British Academy Report, 2008, p.13). Therefore Humanities students are a significant
resource to the Public Policy Service in Government. This is arguably due to not just the
subject relevance of T&R to Public Policy but also the empathetic yet critical approach of
T&R to understanding these issues, which offers further insight. A degree in ‘Religious
studies’ is even specifically cited as one of the key disciplines that influences Research and
Policy in the Home Office and Foreign Policy and Common Wealth Department dealing with
matters such as reduction of crime, extremism and radicalisation, countering terrorism,
developing international relations and preventing war and conflict (British Academy Report,
2008, pp.5-6). Whilst this citation is not exclusive to T&R, it is recognised that research
towards Public Policy requires, “a more sophisticated understanding of the cultural, social
and religious factors that are shaping todays complex global society” (British Academy
Report, 2008, p.7); arguably this criterion is representative of a T&R degree.
Although it can be argued that the notion of transferable ‘skills’ alone is over-simplified, this
does not suggest that they should be by any means overlooked. As Knight and Yorke’s model
recognises, it is the interrelation of core ‘skills’ with the other three components that is
significant. Two of the main skills that are developed in T&R, ‘Critical Thinking’ and
‘Written and Verbal Communication’, also recur in Government Competency Frameworks.
The QAA description (2014) makes reference to the development of a student’s capacity to
‘critically’ analyse material within their course of study. ‘Critical Thinking’ involves trained,
objective, rational and reflective thought processes that demonstrate, “the commitment to
entertain all view points sympathetically and to assess them with the same intellectual
standards, without references to one’s own feelings or vested interests” (R.Paul, 1987, p.378)
Amongst the infinite definitions of ‘Critical Thinking’, arguably this is the most suitable in
the context of a T&R degree. As the definition suggests, it is a cultivated and disciplined skill,
developed through practise. Arguably a T&R degree encourages one to deliberate in a certain
way; i.e. to question assumptions, recognise bias and draw comparisons. Through small-scale
research projects, open discussions and presentations, students exercise the skills to “give a
clear accurate account of a subject, marshal arguments and engage in a debate” (The Higher
Education Academy, 2009, p.6) The contentious and perhaps personal nature of the subject
calls for rigorous questioning and often the reconstruction of beliefs in the light of new
evidence; both of these skills are indicative of ‘Critical Thinking’.
3. Placement Module- 1434007
3
Also, in accordance with Knight and Yorke’s interrelated model, Critical Thinking aids
understanding. As mentioned, a T&R degree is not about obtaining masses of knowledge and
information, rather its emphasis lies on the development of the ability to capitalise on existing
knowledge and seek relevant sources to acquire more if necessary. An additional branch of
‘Critical Thinking’ is “the capacity to bring a degree of self-reflectiveness to the study”
(QAA Benchmark, 2014, p.14). This is both in terms of evaluating one’s own process of
learning and also values and decisions. This will be discussed further with reference to Knight
and Yorke’s ‘metacognition’.
A T&R degree arguably forces these skills to become habit. This established approach to
thinking influenced both my questioning and my reflections, enabling me to conduct more
effective and thorough research during my placement. Whilst it was important to gain a clear
understanding about the objectives, the issues the organisation faced and its initiatives to
overcome these issues, I also asked more analytical and evaluative questions. For example,
when I was meeting with the organisation, Church Urban Fund, I had to compose a question
proforma to initiate and develop the informal interview I conducted. This included questions
such as: how the success of the organisation is measured; how (if at all) the projects of an
organisation fit into government schemes; and if there were any plans to expand the
organisation from local to national level. The types of questions I asked informed the
interviewee not only that I had prior understanding but that I was also open to learning more.
This reassurance built a rapport between the interviewee and myself, creating a positive
environment in which we both had the confidence to be open.
In my reflections, with the relevant information I had marshalled, I took a comparative
approach, evaluating what was successful and what required improvement within each
organisation, and also considering any opportunities for organisations to work together in
order to provide better solutions to social problems, the main one being Poverty. Whilst I
used various methods of research, for example, online and hard copy publications, I found
that interviews in particular offered an alternative context for developing Critical Thinking
skills. This experience demonstrated that through responsive communication it was possible
to deduce ‘unstated’ assumptions, i.e. what someone does not explicitly communicate can still
be inferred, offering further insight into the investigation. The responsibility of doing this
alone disciplined my ability to remain objective and rational, whilst still being able to deduce
more than what was actually stated.
The placement experience demonstrated that ‘Critical Thinking’ could be continually
developed, although of course some subjects or positions of employment may choose to
actively develop this skill more than others. With reference to the Government Social
Research (GSR) Criteria, the Civil Service anticipates employees that can, “evaluate and
integrate research information from variety of sources, coming to logical conclusions and
communicating this effectively”(GSR, p.11). Essentially, a T&R degree prepares students for
this role or similar ones, through setting an expectation for these skills to be emulated on a
smaller scale.
In addition to ‘Critical Thinking’ students should also be able to “communicate information,
ideas, arguments, principles and theories and develop an argument effectively by essays of
various lengths and dissertations” or by “appropriate oral and visual means” (QAA, 2014,
p.22) Arguably T&R focuses more on written communication, since this is the main form of
4. Placement Module- 1434007
4
assessment within the degree. The higher marks are awarded to those who write with a
“compelling communicative style” (College of Arts and Law, Undergraduate Marking
Criteria, 2015), which is clear and concise. A marker is also looking for ideas that are,
“thoroughly convincing and elegant, with excellent choice of evidence [and] lead to well-
founded conclusions” (CAL, UG Marking Criteria, 2015). The emphasis on communication
skills within the degree shows that it is important to be able to not only have creative and
critical ideas but also commit these to paper in a formal and intelligible way. This is a
arguably a skill T&R students ultimately come to excel in, due to the complex nature of
themes and concepts that they are required to write about.
In terms of developing verbal communication skills, the opportunity to do this within a T&R
degree does exist. However, perhaps it is the case that this is more dependent on the
individual; i.e. their willingness to contribute to open discussion and volunteer to lead group
presentations. The willingness to communicate is conceivably dependent on self-efficacy; a
quality, which I think, T&R uniquely develops. This being the case, communication skills
may be developed through secondary means.
Some of the basic verbal communication skills obtained from my degree were highlighted
during my placement. For example, reporting to my Supervisor and my first interview with
the Diocese of Portsmouth. It was important to consider ‘who’ I was talking to, since this
determined the level of formality and other inter-personal gestures I used, to set the tone of
the discussion. The communication skills I used were indicative of the type of relationship I
wanted to build with the recipient. The ability to articulate my own thoughts and apply active
listening techniques such as: maintaining eye contact with the speaker, taking notes and
responding with relevant questions and ideas was reflective of that which I had developed in
lectures and seminars. However, additional and perhaps more advanced verbal
communication skills required for a career in Public Policy research, such as public speaking
to deliver policy, are not as centrally important to a T&R degree and hence are less explicitly
developed.
The reference to personal qualities as an important factor for employment and distinguishes
Knight and Yorke’s model for employability from others. The main emphasis surrounds
‘Self-efficacy beliefs’: beliefs about one’s own ability to produce a desired or intended result
or as Knight and Yorke elaborate, “the extent in which students feel that they might be able to
make a difference” (2006, p.5). It is thought that strong positive self-efficacy beliefs correlate
with strong independence. Although personal development skills are indeed harder to assess
(and of course studying a degree is not at all imperative for developing this quality),
nonetheless it can be argued that both self-efficacy and independence are developed through a
Theology and Religion degree.
Certainly, it provides tasks and learning environments such as independent study and group
work with the aim to improve, “self-theories, self-motivation, reflection and a range of social
practises” (Scales, 2013, p.1), preparing its students for autonomous roles in employment.
According to one of the learning outcomes, the purpose of this degree is to, “enhance
capacity of student to independently evaluate information and engage in critical analysis and
argument for themselves” (QAA, 2014, p.21). This statement recognises that students should
be responsible for their own learning. Arguably there is a greater demand for autonomy of
learning in a humanities degree, due to the fact that there are fewer hours occupied by contact
5. Placement Module- 1434007
5
time. The lectures within a T&R degree are viewed as a stimulus for further study into a topic
creating an implicit expectation for students to seek out new sources of information of their
own volition. Since essays and presentations are the main form of assessment within this
degree and they require supplementary research, knowing how to work independently and
doing so productively is absolutely vital. This is intended to be challenging; however success
in these situations creates a strong sense of self-efficacy. Hence, building on this cycle of
positive reinforcement throughout the degree, T&R students arguably graduate with a high
degree of independence and confidence in their own proficiency when approaching new
situations.
Knight and Yorke’s last component for employability ‘meta-cognitive’ abilities - are
arguably the most important, yet overlooked in some degrees. ‘Meta-cognitive’ refers to,
“encompassing self-awareness regarding [ones] learning, and [having] the capacity to
reflect on, in and for action” (Knight and Yorke, 2006, p.5). This ability to think about one’s
thinking is important because it helps one evaluate progress and learn from experience; this is
vital within employment because it implies continuous development. The QAA acknowledges
that students should be able to bring “a degree of self-reflectiveness” (2008, p.16) to the
study of T&R. Naturally, it does this through encouraging students to challenge their own
bias and that of others; the QAA describes this as, “[showing] critical self-awareness, about
one’s own outlook, commitment and prejudices” (2008, p.22). Through studying T&R,
students develop a consciousness of this; reflecting on their own beliefs and being exposed to
others, encourages the development of a ‘malleable’ rather than ‘fixed’ mind-set. In addition
to this, T&R has arguably created a culture whereby not understanding something
immediately is accepted as part of the learning process. Hence it is the responsibility of the
student to seek the resources they need (whether support from a lecturer or wider reading) to
further understanding. In common with some other degrees, the most obvious example is the
opportunity to reflect on submitted work and progress, through feedback from lecturers.
However unless a student fully takes advantage of this opportunity, this skill is unlikely to be
developed.
The challenging nature of my placement experience undoubtedly tested and extended my
developing self-efficacy beliefs, independence and meta-cognitive processing skills. Despite
deficient knowledge and skills for some of the situations I was confronted with, for example
conducting an interview with a local Liberal Democrat councillor, where I was not familiar
with his profession or subject-area, I viewed this as an opportunity to learn rather than an
impossible obstacle. Furthermore, I was equipped with the critical thinking skills to evaluate
my own learning, enabling me to evaluate what went well, what could have gone better and
what actions I needed to take to improve for the next day.
With reference to a career in Public Policy, the Research Development Framework recognises
the value of these skills, seeking those that are “self reflective [and] seek ways to improve
performance” and are also “independent, self-reliant and take responsibility for self and
others” (Vitae Researcher Development Statement, 2010). Nonetheless, Independence,
positive efficacy beliefs and meta-cognitive processes are ‘domain-general’ and arguably lay
the foundations for effective and efficient learning and productivity in the workplace but also
in life. These skills imply that a person is flexible, adaptable and has the potential to grow.
Hence, these qualities are just as important if not more than ‘subject specific’ skills, since
they say more about a person’s character.
6. Placement Module- 1434007
6
To summarise, the experience of my placement has allowed me to reflect upon a career
opportunity that may be open to me on graduation. It has helped me explore my own
interpretation of the skills, attributes and dispositions that it requires. The analysis considered
above suggests that T&R equips students with the interpersonal and thinking skills to better
appreciate, understand and interact with a range of ethnic, religious, cultural and socially
diverse people. Its unique approach encourages student's critical and caring thinking about the
beliefs and behaviors of others and their own. Unlike some degrees T&R is forced to place
the value of, ‘self-efficacy’ and ‘self-reflection’, at the center of learning and goes further
than this to apply it in their work. Whilst this essay is focused on a career in Public Policy
Research and provides substantial evidence to suggest that the skills developed in Theology
and Religion are applicable if not favorable for this role, conclusively I would assert that
these skills are transferable beyond a career but also to skills needed in life itself; i.e. knowing
your role and understanding how you can contribute in society. Ultimately, this degree
strengthens the skills, personal qualities, values and an approach to thinking and learning that
contributes to preparing graduates for life in an ever changing and challenging world.
Word count: 3000
Bibliography
7. Placement Module- 1434007
7
BASR, Russell.M.A (2011) Why study Theology and Religious Studies? [Online]
http://www.basr.ac.uk/trs_resources/pubs_and_resources/documents/557.htm [Accessed: 11th
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