2. Adrenergic
Bind to adrenaline
and noradrenaline
Alpha ,beta
receptors
Cholinergic
Bind to ACH
Muscarinic and
nicotinic receptor
Acetylcholine
is the chief neurotransmitter of the parasympathetic nervous system,
that contracts smooth muscles, dilates blood vessels, increases bodily
secretions, and slows heart rate.
Neostigmine
Competitive inhibitor of cholinesterase resulting in decreased
hydrolysis of acetylcholine by cholinesterase
Can not be across BBB
3. Uses of neostigmine
is used to improve muscle tone in people with myasthenia gravis
Urinary retention
Side effects
headache, abdominal pain, blurred vision ,(bradycardia) for this reason
it is usually given along with a atropine ,Salivation ,sweating .
Anticholinergics
Anticholinergics (anticholinergic agents) are substances that block the
action of the neurotransmitter called acetylcholine (ACh) at synapses in
the central and peripheral nervous system.
Anticholinergic drugs can help treat a range of conditions, including
COPD, an overactive bladder, gastrointestinal disorders, and symptoms
of Parkinson's disease. Anticholinergics are only available via
prescription
4. Generally speaking, anticholinergic agents can be subdivided into two
categories based on their specific central and peripheral nervous
system targets, as well as at the neuromuscular junction. These two
categories are antimuscarinic blockers and antinicotinic blockers.
Anticholinergic drugs work by blocking the receptors (muscarinic
receptors) from the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, which is released
from cholinergic nerve endings in the airways.
Atropine
Atropa Belladonna
Atropine is a natural alkaloid
anticholinergic agent that has potent
antimuscarinic effects and is used by
injection to treat symptomatic
bradycardia, severe bronchospasm
and to reduce vagal stimulation.
5. Atropine is commonly classified as an anticholinergic drug. More
precisely, however, it is termed an antimuscarinic agent since it
antagonizes the muscarine-like actions of acetylcholine and other
choline esters.
ATROPINE (A troe peen) can help treat many conditions. This medicine
is used to reduce saliva and fluid in the respiratory tract during surgery.
It is also used to treat insecticide or mushroom poisoning. It can be
used in an emergency to treat a slow heartbeat.
Pharmacokinetics
Absorption 90%
Distribution well can across BBB
Metabolism by liver (congelation)
Execration by urine, 60% unchanged
Onset of action if iv 60 sec
IM 5-40 minute , oral 0.5-2 hr , inhalation 3-5 minutes
6. Pharmacological action
Tachycardia, bronchodalition
GIT, Urinary system, relaxation wall and close the sphincter
Glands (dryness )
Eyes (mydriasis )
Atropine reduces secretions in the mouth and respiratory passages,
relieves the constriction and spasm of the respiratory passages.
7. Common side effects of atropine sulfate include:
dry mouth ,blurred vision,sensitivity to light,lack of
sweating,dizziness,nausea, rapid heartbeat (tachycardia).
