Course materials

1. Discussion: Pharmacologic therapies
Discussion: Pharmacologic therapiesDiscussion: Pharmacologic therapiesMs. Rachael Hardy
is a 42-year-old woman who presents with two self-detected breast lumps. She had a prior
breast biopsy three years ago that identified an atypical ductal hyperplasia. She denies
breast discharge, bleeding, overlying skin changes, lymphadenopathy, fevers or past breast
trauma. She reports an 11-pound weight loss due to diminished appetite over the last three
months. Her mother was diagnosed with breast cancer at age 48 (I-Human, n.d.).Discuss the
questions that would be important to include when interviewing a patient with this
issue.Inquire about pain. Note onset, duration, location, and relation to menstrual period
and if pain is constant or intermittent? What has the patient tried to alleviate the pain? Note
what has worked. Inquire about the patient’s family history of breast pain, lumps, or cancer.
Has there been trauma such as being hit or having rough experience during sex? Do her
breasts hurt during or after exercise such as running, aerobics, soccer, or basketball? Does
she wear a good, ing, properly fitted bra generally and for sports? Has she had any breast
surgery or biopsy? Note medication history such as oral contraceptives or phenytoin (Cash
& Glass, 2014).Describe the clinical findings that may be present in a patient with this
issue.Upon inspection the breasts may have masses; dimples; changes in the skin; and/or
changes in the way the nipples are pointed (Cash & Glass, 2014).Upon palpation of the
breasts there could be hard, fixed, or cystic masses in the breast, under the nipple, in the tail
of the breast, and in the axilla; also nipple discharge may be also present (Cash & Glass,
2014). Discussion: Pharmacologic therapiesORDER NOW FOR CUSTOMIZED, PLAGIARISM-
FREE PAPERSIn this case the physical exam revealed a palpable 2.5 cm mass in the upper-
inner quadrant of the right breast at the 2 o’clock position and a 2-cm, right-breast mass at
the 12 o’clock position. A hard, mobile, right-axillary lymph node was also palpable (I-
human, n.d.).Are there any diagnostic studies that should be ordered on this patient?
Why?Diagnostic tests may include: a mammogram; an ultrasonography to differentiate
cystic from solid masses; an MRI may be useful for detecting tissues with increased blood
flow but limited by false positive results; a fine needle aspiration and biopsy; and/or an
excisional biopsy for solid lumps (Cash & Glass, 2014).List the primary diagnosis and three
differential diagnoses for this patient. Explain your reasoning for each.Primary Diagnosis:
Breast mass/lump, neoplastic: there is evidence upon physical examination of the presence
of two breast lumps. The mammogram was abnormal and highly suspicious for breast
cancer with three masses detected and an enlarged right axillary lymph node. The breast
biopsy was positive for invasive ductal carcinoma and the lymph node biopsy is positive for

2. metastatic breast adenocarcinoma (I-Human, n.d.).Three Secondary Diagnoses:1-
Fibroadenoma: usually regress after menopause and generally present as a well-defined
mobile mass smooth and hard like a marble on physical examination or a well-defined solid
mass on ultrasound (McCance & Huether, 2013).2- Fibrocystic disease (breast cysts): Cysts,
which are fluid-filled sacs, feel soft, baggy when they occur close to the surface of the breast
but when deeply implanted they can feel hard. The frequency of fibrocystic lesions is
probably associated to hormonal changes, which are also affected by genetics, age, parity,
history of lactation, caffeine consumption, and use of exogenous hormones (LeMone, Burke
& Bauldoff, 2011).3- Breast Lipoma: Lipomas are benign mesenchymal tumors that develop
in areas of abundant adipose tissue and usually develop as well-circumscribed,
encapsulated masses with a doughy feel that is freely mobile underneath the skin (Ramírez-
Montaño, Vargas-Tellez, Dajer-Fadel & Espinosa Maceda, 2013).Discuss your management
plan for this patient, including pharmacologic therapies, tests, patient education, referrals,
and follow-ups.Referral for surgical, radiation, and medical oncology for mastectomy and
radiation therapy seems the best approach for this patient. But a referral to a psychologist
and a group is also appropriate in this case because a person diagnosed with cancer may
exhibit a variety of psychologic and emotional responses. Some of them see it as a death
sentence, experiencing overwhelming grief and sometimes giving up hope. Others, feel guilt
and consider cancer a punishment for past behaviors. Common emotions are grief, anger,
powerlessness, fear, isolation, and concerns about body image and sexual dysfunction
(LeMone, Burke & Bauldoff, 2011). During the process of cancer diagnoses, treatment, and
recovery, we, as health care professionals have the vital responsibility of providing these
patients and managing their physical and emotional responses through the disease
process and treatment.References:Cash, J. C. & Glass, Ch. A. (2014). Family Practice
Guidelines, 3rd Edition. [South University]. Retrieved from
https://digitalbookshelf.southuniversity.edu/#/boo…I-Human. (n.d.). Case Player: Rachael
Hardy V3 PC. Retrieved from: https://app.i-
human.com/player?env=production&play…LeMone, P., Burke, K., Bauldoff, G. (2011).
Medical Surgical Nursing. Critical Thinking in Patient Care. (5th Ed.). Pearson.McCance, K. &
Huether, S. (2013). Pathophysiology: The Biologic Basis for Disease in Adults and Children,
(7th Ed).Ramírez-Montaño, L., Vargas-Tellez, E., Dajer-Fadel, W. L., & Espinosa Maceda, S.
(2013). Giant Lipoma of the Breast. Archives of Plastic Surgery, 40(3), 244–246.
http://doi.org/10.5999/aps.2013.40.3.244 Discussion: Pharmacologic therapies