Parallel programs can take advantage of multi-processor computers by dividing tasks into independent subtasks that can be solved simultaneously. This approach is known as parallel programming. The document provides an introduction to parallel programming for beginners, including an overview of processes and threads for parallel execution. It also discusses techniques for synchronizing parallel tasks like mutexes, semaphores, and critical sections. The document explains how parallel programs can be run on both multi-processor computers and computer clusters connected by a network.
Continuity is new feature introduced with OS X Yosemite and iOS 8.1 that lets you partner your iPhone with a Mac (or other iOS device) in order to:
Make and receive phone calls , Send and receive text (SMS) or multimedia (MMS) messages , Handoff files between devices , Get online with Instant Hotspot and Use AirDrop.
Continuity isn’t compatible with all Macs or iOS devices. The chief factor is whether the Mac or iOS device features low-power Bluetooth, also known as Bluetooth 4.0.
However, even if your device does not have Bluetooth 4.0, this only means your Mac is incompatible with most Continuity features. Phone call and SMS Continuity rely on Wi-Fi so might work fine.
This document provides information about using Scratch and internet safety. It includes:
1) An overview of Scratch, including its importance as an educational programming tool and how to open and navigate the Scratch interface.
2) Details on the main components of the Scratch interface, how to control sprites and change the language. It also explains how to create repeating motions using different block types.
3) Instructions for saving Scratch projects, opening new or existing projects, and adding new sprites.
4) A section about internet safety, including proper ergonomics for computer use, definitions of cyberbullying and online scams, and the importance of internet security.
This chapter provides an overview of the content and structure of the book. It introduces the main chapters that will focus on tools and programming languages like Linux, shell scripting, sed, awk, perl, MySQL, R, and worked examples. It outlines the prerequisites needed to complete the exercises, which are running Linux, Unix, Mac OS X, or Cygwin. Formatting conventions for the text are also described. Additional online resources that accompany the book are mentioned. The overall aim is to present fundamental concepts and tools for command line programming and data analysis in a practical, example-driven way.
We looked at the data. Here’s a breakdown of some key statistics about the nation’s incoming presidents’ addresses, how long they spoke, how well, and more.
The document discusses how startup entrepreneurs think and operate. It notes that startups like Airbnb and Uber were started due to identifying shortages or problems. It emphasizes that startups focus on providing customer benefit, eliminating waste, and creating value. It also highlights that startups operate with speed, embracing failure fast and pivoting quickly, with transparency and by breaking rules. Startups succeed by moving rapidly, with minimal processes and instead prioritizing speed above all else.
32 Ways a Digital Marketing Consultant Can Help Grow Your BusinessBarry Feldman
How can a digital marketing consultant help your business? In this resource we'll count the ways. 24 additional marketing resources are bundled for free.
This document discusses how emojis, emoticons, and text speak can be used to teach students. It provides background on the origins of emoticons in 1982 as ways to convey tone and feelings in text communications. It then suggests that with text speak and emojis, students can translate, decode, summarize, play with language, and add emotion to language. A number of websites and apps that can be used for emoji-related activities, lessons, and discussions are also listed.
Continuity is new feature introduced with OS X Yosemite and iOS 8.1 that lets you partner your iPhone with a Mac (or other iOS device) in order to:
Make and receive phone calls , Send and receive text (SMS) or multimedia (MMS) messages , Handoff files between devices , Get online with Instant Hotspot and Use AirDrop.
Continuity isn’t compatible with all Macs or iOS devices. The chief factor is whether the Mac or iOS device features low-power Bluetooth, also known as Bluetooth 4.0.
However, even if your device does not have Bluetooth 4.0, this only means your Mac is incompatible with most Continuity features. Phone call and SMS Continuity rely on Wi-Fi so might work fine.
This document provides information about using Scratch and internet safety. It includes:
1) An overview of Scratch, including its importance as an educational programming tool and how to open and navigate the Scratch interface.
2) Details on the main components of the Scratch interface, how to control sprites and change the language. It also explains how to create repeating motions using different block types.
3) Instructions for saving Scratch projects, opening new or existing projects, and adding new sprites.
4) A section about internet safety, including proper ergonomics for computer use, definitions of cyberbullying and online scams, and the importance of internet security.
This chapter provides an overview of the content and structure of the book. It introduces the main chapters that will focus on tools and programming languages like Linux, shell scripting, sed, awk, perl, MySQL, R, and worked examples. It outlines the prerequisites needed to complete the exercises, which are running Linux, Unix, Mac OS X, or Cygwin. Formatting conventions for the text are also described. Additional online resources that accompany the book are mentioned. The overall aim is to present fundamental concepts and tools for command line programming and data analysis in a practical, example-driven way.
We looked at the data. Here’s a breakdown of some key statistics about the nation’s incoming presidents’ addresses, how long they spoke, how well, and more.
The document discusses how startup entrepreneurs think and operate. It notes that startups like Airbnb and Uber were started due to identifying shortages or problems. It emphasizes that startups focus on providing customer benefit, eliminating waste, and creating value. It also highlights that startups operate with speed, embracing failure fast and pivoting quickly, with transparency and by breaking rules. Startups succeed by moving rapidly, with minimal processes and instead prioritizing speed above all else.
32 Ways a Digital Marketing Consultant Can Help Grow Your BusinessBarry Feldman
How can a digital marketing consultant help your business? In this resource we'll count the ways. 24 additional marketing resources are bundled for free.
This document discusses how emojis, emoticons, and text speak can be used to teach students. It provides background on the origins of emoticons in 1982 as ways to convey tone and feelings in text communications. It then suggests that with text speak and emojis, students can translate, decode, summarize, play with language, and add emotion to language. A number of websites and apps that can be used for emoji-related activities, lessons, and discussions are also listed.
Concurrency and Parallelism, Asynchronous Programming, Network ProgrammingPrabu U
The presentation starts with concurrency and parallelism. Then the concepts of reactive programming is covered. Finally network programming is detailed
Introduction into the problems of developing parallel programsPVS-Studio
As developing parallel software is rather a difficult task at present, the questions of theoretical training of specialists and investigation of methodology of projecting such systems become very urgent. Within the framework of this article we provide historical and technical information preparing a programmer for gaining knowledge in the sphere of developing parallel computer systems.
The document discusses various topics related to concurrency and parallelism including threads, shared state, locks, asynchronous programming, parallel processing, and reactive programming. It provides examples of using locks, reader-writer locks, thread pools, tasks, and reactive streams. It also covers challenges with concurrent programming such as race conditions, deadlocks, and debugging concurrent applications.
There is a so much happening to improve the quality of automation in data center networking that it's best not to get hung up on whether it falls into the "hot topics." Modelling, automated verification, the use of programming and EDA methodologies applied to computer networking, particularly in the data center, are all going to be very valuable, and very quickly.
Parallel computing is computing architecture paradigm ., in which processing required to solve a problem is done in more than one processor parallel way.
Highlighted notes of article while studying Concurrent Data Structures, CSE:
Real-world Concurrency
Bryan Cantrill and Jeff Bonwick,
Sun Microsystems
ACM Queue, September 2008 https://doi.org/10.1145/1454456.1454462
BRYAN CANTRILL is a Distinguished Engineer at Sun Microsystems, where he has worked on concurrent systems since coming to Sun to work with Jeff Bonwick on Solaris performance in 1996. Along with colleagues Mike Shapiro and Adam Leventhal, Cantrill developed DTrace, a facility for dynamic instrumentation of production systems that was directly inspired by his frustration in understanding the behavior of concurrent systems.
JEFF BONWICK is a Fellow at Sun Microsystems, where he has worked on concurrent systems since 1990. He is best known for inventing and leading the development of Sun’s ZFS (Zettabyte File System), but prior to this he was known for having written (or rather, rewritten) many of the most parallel subsystems in the Solaris kernel, including the syn- chronization primitives, the kernel memory allocator, and the thread-blocking mechanism.
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/1454456.1454462
The document describes a proposed grid computing framework that aims to make grid computing easier to deploy, use, and maintain. The framework would accept computational problems from users, distribute tasks to client machines based on dependencies and load balancing, collect and compile results from clients, and present outputs to the user. The framework is intended to address concerns with existing grid middleware being complicated and not accessible to all, and will be open source, Linux-based, and work on a moderately sized local area network.
Despite rumours to the contrary, a private cloud model offers a secure data repository that is protected by cast iron service guarantees (and if your service provider can’t provide them – consider looking elsewhere), which can either be used as a standalone option or integrated within existing client infrastructure to form a hybrid solution
I am Joe L. I am a Computer Science Assignment Help Expert at programminghomeworkhelp.com. I hold a Ph.D. in Programming from, University of Chicago, USA. I have been helping students with their homework for the past 9 years. I solve assignments related to Computer Science.
Visit programminghomeworkhelp.com or email support@programminghomeworkhelp.com.
You can also call on +1 678 648 4277 for any assistance with Computer Science assignments.
Please contact me to download this pres.A comprehensive presentation on the field of Parallel Computing.It's applications are only growing exponentially day by days.A useful seminar covering basics,its classification and implementation thoroughly.
Visit www.ameyawaghmare.wordpress.com for more info
Distributed computing allows groups to accomplish tasks not feasible with supercomputers alone due to cost or time constraints. It breaks large problems into smaller units that can be processed in parallel by multiple networked computers. Properly implemented distributed computing complements processing and networking, but malicious uses can launch brute force attacks too powerful for normal defenses. Distributed computing requires monitoring to prevent misuse while preserving legitimate applications.
unixlinux - kernelexplain yield in user spaceexplain yield in k.pdfPRATIKSINHA7304
this is java. problem.
i already make employee class. but i can not make employeetester class. i want to know
Employeetester class.
EmployeeTester class:
Write a main method that produces a dialog like this:
-->Enter a name : dave
-->Enter hours worked (7 values separated by spaces): 5 2 1 0 0 3 3
Output: dave worked for 5 day(s) for a total of 14.0 hours.
-->Enter a day of the week (0-6): 2
Output: Hours worked on day 2 is 1.0
************and this is my employee class.**********************
public class Employee {
private double[] hours=new double[7];
private String name;
public Employee(String name){
this.name=name;
}
public double getHours(int day){
return hours[day];
}
public void setHours(int day,double hrs){
hours[day]=hrs;
}
public int numDaysWorked(){
int totalD=0;
for(int i=0;i<7;i++){
if(hours[i]==0.0){
}else{
totalD=totalD+1;
}
}
return totalD;
}
public double totalHours(){
double totalH=0;
for(int i=0;i<7;i++){
if(hours[i]==0.0){
}else{
totalH=totalH+hours[i];
}
}
return totalH;
}
public String toString(){
return name+\" Worked \" +numDaysWorked() + \" day(s) for a total of \"+totalHours() +
\"hours\ .\";
}
}
Solution
Note:
I have made some changes to the Employee class which have provided to meet the required
output.Thank You.
________________________
Employee.java
public class Employee {
//Creating an double type array of size 7
private double[] hours=new double[7];
//Declaring variable
private String name;
//Parameterized constructor
public Employee(double[] hours, String name) {
super();
this.hours = hours;
this.name = name;
}
//Setters and getters
public double[] getHours() {
return hours;
}
public void setHours(double[] hours) {
this.hours = hours;
}
public String getName() {
return name;
}
public void setName(String name) {
this.name = name;
}
//This method will calculate the no of days worked by an employee
public int numDaysWorked(){
int totalD=0;
for(int i=0;i<7;i++){
if(hours[i]!=0.0){
totalD=totalD+1;
}
}
return totalD;
}
//This method will return the total no of hours worked by an employee
public double totalHours(){
double totalH=0;
for(int i=0;i<7;i++){
//Calculating the total hours worked
totalH=totalH+hours[i];
}
return totalH;
}
//this method will return the hours worked on particular day of an employee
public double hoursWorkedOnParticularday(int day)
{
return hours[day];
}
//this method will display the contents of an object inside it
public String toString(){
return name+\" Worked \" +numDaysWorked() + \" day(s) for a total of \"+totalHours() + \"
hours\ .\";
}
}
____________________
EmployeeTester.java
import java.util.Scanner;
public class EmployeeTester {
public static void main(String[] args) {
//Declaring variables
String name;
double tot_hours=0;
int no_of_days_worked=0;
int week_day=0;
//Scanner object is used to get the inputs entered by the user
Scanner sc=new Scanner(System.in);
//Creating an double type array of size 7
double hours[]=new double[7];
//getting the name of an employee entered by the us.
This document provides an introduction to distributed systems including definitions, characteristics, motivation, and models. It discusses key topics such as message passing vs shared memory, synchronous vs asynchronous execution, and challenges in distributed system design. Models of distributed computation and logical time frameworks are also introduced.
This document discusses significant women roles in Indian cinema. It notes that meaningful female lead roles are limited in mainstream Indian films but some directors have created complex female characters. Examples are given of early films like "Achchyut Kanya" addressing untouchability and Bimal Roy's films adapted from Sarat Chatterjee novels. More recently, directors like Rituparno Ghosh, Gautam Ghosh, and Buddhadeb Dasgupta have focused on women-centered themes. Ordinary women rising to face challenges are seen in films from other regional languages like Oriya, Manipuri, and Assamese. Overall, the document examines examples of films providing substantial roles for women.
computer notes - Introduction to operating systemecomputernotes
The primary need for the OS arises from the fact that user needs to be provided with
services and OS ought to facilitate the provisioning of these services. The central part of a
computer system is a processing engine called CPU
The document summarizes the software research, design, testing and key features of a software package created for a project. The research involved online documentation and forums to learn about C# libraries. The software was tested in separate modules and with a test platform using potentiometers to simulate sensor inputs. Key features included graphs to display measurements, an error log, and a kill switch button to safely shut down the system.
This document provides an overview of computer programming. It discusses that a computer program is a set of instructions that directs a computer to perform functions. There are two major classes of programs: application programs that perform tasks for users, and operating systems that manage computer resources and allow other programs to run. Programs are developed using programming languages and tools that translate the source code into machine-readable object code. Key elements of programs include computation steps, repetitive loops, and subroutines like functions. The history of programming began with music boxes and looms controlled by punched cards or paper tape, and modern concepts of stored-programs and programming languages originated in the 1940s-50s. Future developments include parallel and distributed computing, and neural
Computer Programming Grade 9 for StudentsJayMungcal
This document provides an overview of computer programming. It discusses that a computer program is a set of instructions that directs a computer to perform functions. Programs fall into two classes: application programs that perform tasks for users, and operating systems that manage computer resources. Programs are developed using programming languages and tools that translate the source code into machine-readable object code. Key elements of programs include computation steps, loops for repetition, and subroutines like functions. The history of programming began with music boxes and looms controlled by punched cards or paper tape, and modern concepts like stored-programs were introduced by scientists like Babbage, Lovelace, and von Neumann. Future developments include parallel and distributed computing, neural networks, and
ScyllaDB is making a major architecture shift. We’re moving from vNode replication to tablets – fragments of tables that are distributed independently, enabling dynamic data distribution and extreme elasticity. In this keynote, ScyllaDB co-founder and CTO Avi Kivity explains the reason for this shift, provides a look at the implementation and roadmap, and shares how this shift benefits ScyllaDB users.
Concurrency and Parallelism, Asynchronous Programming, Network ProgrammingPrabu U
The presentation starts with concurrency and parallelism. Then the concepts of reactive programming is covered. Finally network programming is detailed
Introduction into the problems of developing parallel programsPVS-Studio
As developing parallel software is rather a difficult task at present, the questions of theoretical training of specialists and investigation of methodology of projecting such systems become very urgent. Within the framework of this article we provide historical and technical information preparing a programmer for gaining knowledge in the sphere of developing parallel computer systems.
The document discusses various topics related to concurrency and parallelism including threads, shared state, locks, asynchronous programming, parallel processing, and reactive programming. It provides examples of using locks, reader-writer locks, thread pools, tasks, and reactive streams. It also covers challenges with concurrent programming such as race conditions, deadlocks, and debugging concurrent applications.
There is a so much happening to improve the quality of automation in data center networking that it's best not to get hung up on whether it falls into the "hot topics." Modelling, automated verification, the use of programming and EDA methodologies applied to computer networking, particularly in the data center, are all going to be very valuable, and very quickly.
Parallel computing is computing architecture paradigm ., in which processing required to solve a problem is done in more than one processor parallel way.
Highlighted notes of article while studying Concurrent Data Structures, CSE:
Real-world Concurrency
Bryan Cantrill and Jeff Bonwick,
Sun Microsystems
ACM Queue, September 2008 https://doi.org/10.1145/1454456.1454462
BRYAN CANTRILL is a Distinguished Engineer at Sun Microsystems, where he has worked on concurrent systems since coming to Sun to work with Jeff Bonwick on Solaris performance in 1996. Along with colleagues Mike Shapiro and Adam Leventhal, Cantrill developed DTrace, a facility for dynamic instrumentation of production systems that was directly inspired by his frustration in understanding the behavior of concurrent systems.
JEFF BONWICK is a Fellow at Sun Microsystems, where he has worked on concurrent systems since 1990. He is best known for inventing and leading the development of Sun’s ZFS (Zettabyte File System), but prior to this he was known for having written (or rather, rewritten) many of the most parallel subsystems in the Solaris kernel, including the syn- chronization primitives, the kernel memory allocator, and the thread-blocking mechanism.
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/1454456.1454462
The document describes a proposed grid computing framework that aims to make grid computing easier to deploy, use, and maintain. The framework would accept computational problems from users, distribute tasks to client machines based on dependencies and load balancing, collect and compile results from clients, and present outputs to the user. The framework is intended to address concerns with existing grid middleware being complicated and not accessible to all, and will be open source, Linux-based, and work on a moderately sized local area network.
Despite rumours to the contrary, a private cloud model offers a secure data repository that is protected by cast iron service guarantees (and if your service provider can’t provide them – consider looking elsewhere), which can either be used as a standalone option or integrated within existing client infrastructure to form a hybrid solution
I am Joe L. I am a Computer Science Assignment Help Expert at programminghomeworkhelp.com. I hold a Ph.D. in Programming from, University of Chicago, USA. I have been helping students with their homework for the past 9 years. I solve assignments related to Computer Science.
Visit programminghomeworkhelp.com or email support@programminghomeworkhelp.com.
You can also call on +1 678 648 4277 for any assistance with Computer Science assignments.
Please contact me to download this pres.A comprehensive presentation on the field of Parallel Computing.It's applications are only growing exponentially day by days.A useful seminar covering basics,its classification and implementation thoroughly.
Visit www.ameyawaghmare.wordpress.com for more info
Distributed computing allows groups to accomplish tasks not feasible with supercomputers alone due to cost or time constraints. It breaks large problems into smaller units that can be processed in parallel by multiple networked computers. Properly implemented distributed computing complements processing and networking, but malicious uses can launch brute force attacks too powerful for normal defenses. Distributed computing requires monitoring to prevent misuse while preserving legitimate applications.
unixlinux - kernelexplain yield in user spaceexplain yield in k.pdfPRATIKSINHA7304
this is java. problem.
i already make employee class. but i can not make employeetester class. i want to know
Employeetester class.
EmployeeTester class:
Write a main method that produces a dialog like this:
-->Enter a name : dave
-->Enter hours worked (7 values separated by spaces): 5 2 1 0 0 3 3
Output: dave worked for 5 day(s) for a total of 14.0 hours.
-->Enter a day of the week (0-6): 2
Output: Hours worked on day 2 is 1.0
************and this is my employee class.**********************
public class Employee {
private double[] hours=new double[7];
private String name;
public Employee(String name){
this.name=name;
}
public double getHours(int day){
return hours[day];
}
public void setHours(int day,double hrs){
hours[day]=hrs;
}
public int numDaysWorked(){
int totalD=0;
for(int i=0;i<7;i++){
if(hours[i]==0.0){
}else{
totalD=totalD+1;
}
}
return totalD;
}
public double totalHours(){
double totalH=0;
for(int i=0;i<7;i++){
if(hours[i]==0.0){
}else{
totalH=totalH+hours[i];
}
}
return totalH;
}
public String toString(){
return name+\" Worked \" +numDaysWorked() + \" day(s) for a total of \"+totalHours() +
\"hours\ .\";
}
}
Solution
Note:
I have made some changes to the Employee class which have provided to meet the required
output.Thank You.
________________________
Employee.java
public class Employee {
//Creating an double type array of size 7
private double[] hours=new double[7];
//Declaring variable
private String name;
//Parameterized constructor
public Employee(double[] hours, String name) {
super();
this.hours = hours;
this.name = name;
}
//Setters and getters
public double[] getHours() {
return hours;
}
public void setHours(double[] hours) {
this.hours = hours;
}
public String getName() {
return name;
}
public void setName(String name) {
this.name = name;
}
//This method will calculate the no of days worked by an employee
public int numDaysWorked(){
int totalD=0;
for(int i=0;i<7;i++){
if(hours[i]!=0.0){
totalD=totalD+1;
}
}
return totalD;
}
//This method will return the total no of hours worked by an employee
public double totalHours(){
double totalH=0;
for(int i=0;i<7;i++){
//Calculating the total hours worked
totalH=totalH+hours[i];
}
return totalH;
}
//this method will return the hours worked on particular day of an employee
public double hoursWorkedOnParticularday(int day)
{
return hours[day];
}
//this method will display the contents of an object inside it
public String toString(){
return name+\" Worked \" +numDaysWorked() + \" day(s) for a total of \"+totalHours() + \"
hours\ .\";
}
}
____________________
EmployeeTester.java
import java.util.Scanner;
public class EmployeeTester {
public static void main(String[] args) {
//Declaring variables
String name;
double tot_hours=0;
int no_of_days_worked=0;
int week_day=0;
//Scanner object is used to get the inputs entered by the user
Scanner sc=new Scanner(System.in);
//Creating an double type array of size 7
double hours[]=new double[7];
//getting the name of an employee entered by the us.
This document provides an introduction to distributed systems including definitions, characteristics, motivation, and models. It discusses key topics such as message passing vs shared memory, synchronous vs asynchronous execution, and challenges in distributed system design. Models of distributed computation and logical time frameworks are also introduced.
This document discusses significant women roles in Indian cinema. It notes that meaningful female lead roles are limited in mainstream Indian films but some directors have created complex female characters. Examples are given of early films like "Achchyut Kanya" addressing untouchability and Bimal Roy's films adapted from Sarat Chatterjee novels. More recently, directors like Rituparno Ghosh, Gautam Ghosh, and Buddhadeb Dasgupta have focused on women-centered themes. Ordinary women rising to face challenges are seen in films from other regional languages like Oriya, Manipuri, and Assamese. Overall, the document examines examples of films providing substantial roles for women.
computer notes - Introduction to operating systemecomputernotes
The primary need for the OS arises from the fact that user needs to be provided with
services and OS ought to facilitate the provisioning of these services. The central part of a
computer system is a processing engine called CPU
The document summarizes the software research, design, testing and key features of a software package created for a project. The research involved online documentation and forums to learn about C# libraries. The software was tested in separate modules and with a test platform using potentiometers to simulate sensor inputs. Key features included graphs to display measurements, an error log, and a kill switch button to safely shut down the system.
This document provides an overview of computer programming. It discusses that a computer program is a set of instructions that directs a computer to perform functions. There are two major classes of programs: application programs that perform tasks for users, and operating systems that manage computer resources and allow other programs to run. Programs are developed using programming languages and tools that translate the source code into machine-readable object code. Key elements of programs include computation steps, repetitive loops, and subroutines like functions. The history of programming began with music boxes and looms controlled by punched cards or paper tape, and modern concepts of stored-programs and programming languages originated in the 1940s-50s. Future developments include parallel and distributed computing, and neural
Computer Programming Grade 9 for StudentsJayMungcal
This document provides an overview of computer programming. It discusses that a computer program is a set of instructions that directs a computer to perform functions. Programs fall into two classes: application programs that perform tasks for users, and operating systems that manage computer resources. Programs are developed using programming languages and tools that translate the source code into machine-readable object code. Key elements of programs include computation steps, loops for repetition, and subroutines like functions. The history of programming began with music boxes and looms controlled by punched cards or paper tape, and modern concepts like stored-programs were introduced by scientists like Babbage, Lovelace, and von Neumann. Future developments include parallel and distributed computing, neural networks, and
Similar to Parallel programs to multi-processor computers! (20)
ScyllaDB is making a major architecture shift. We’re moving from vNode replication to tablets – fragments of tables that are distributed independently, enabling dynamic data distribution and extreme elasticity. In this keynote, ScyllaDB co-founder and CTO Avi Kivity explains the reason for this shift, provides a look at the implementation and roadmap, and shares how this shift benefits ScyllaDB users.
Conversational agents, or chatbots, are increasingly used to access all sorts of services using natural language. While open-domain chatbots - like ChatGPT - can converse on any topic, task-oriented chatbots - the focus of this paper - are designed for specific tasks, like booking a flight, obtaining customer support, or setting an appointment. Like any other software, task-oriented chatbots need to be properly tested, usually by defining and executing test scenarios (i.e., sequences of user-chatbot interactions). However, there is currently a lack of methods to quantify the completeness and strength of such test scenarios, which can lead to low-quality tests, and hence to buggy chatbots.
To fill this gap, we propose adapting mutation testing (MuT) for task-oriented chatbots. To this end, we introduce a set of mutation operators that emulate faults in chatbot designs, an architecture that enables MuT on chatbots built using heterogeneous technologies, and a practical realisation as an Eclipse plugin. Moreover, we evaluate the applicability, effectiveness and efficiency of our approach on open-source chatbots, with promising results.
As AI technology is pushing into IT I was wondering myself, as an “infrastructure container kubernetes guy”, how get this fancy AI technology get managed from an infrastructure operational view? Is it possible to apply our lovely cloud native principals as well? What benefit’s both technologies could bring to each other?
Let me take this questions and provide you a short journey through existing deployment models and use cases for AI software. On practical examples, we discuss what cloud/on-premise strategy we may need for applying it to our own infrastructure to get it to work from an enterprise perspective. I want to give an overview about infrastructure requirements and technologies, what could be beneficial or limiting your AI use cases in an enterprise environment. An interactive Demo will give you some insides, what approaches I got already working for real.
Keywords: AI, Containeres, Kubernetes, Cloud Native
Event Link: https://meine.doag.org/events/cloudland/2024/agenda/#agendaId.4211
Session 1 - Intro to Robotic Process Automation.pdfUiPathCommunity
👉 Check out our full 'Africa Series - Automation Student Developers (EN)' page to register for the full program:
https://bit.ly/Automation_Student_Kickstart
In this session, we shall introduce you to the world of automation, the UiPath Platform, and guide you on how to install and setup UiPath Studio on your Windows PC.
📕 Detailed agenda:
What is RPA? Benefits of RPA?
RPA Applications
The UiPath End-to-End Automation Platform
UiPath Studio CE Installation and Setup
💻 Extra training through UiPath Academy:
Introduction to Automation
UiPath Business Automation Platform
Explore automation development with UiPath Studio
👉 Register here for our upcoming Session 2 on June 20: Introduction to UiPath Studio Fundamentals: https://community.uipath.com/events/details/uipath-lagos-presents-session-2-introduction-to-uipath-studio-fundamentals/
"Frontline Battles with DDoS: Best practices and Lessons Learned", Igor IvaniukFwdays
At this talk we will discuss DDoS protection tools and best practices, discuss network architectures and what AWS has to offer. Also, we will look into one of the largest DDoS attacks on Ukrainian infrastructure that happened in February 2022. We'll see, what techniques helped to keep the web resources available for Ukrainians and how AWS improved DDoS protection for all customers based on Ukraine experience
Must Know Postgres Extension for DBA and Developer during MigrationMydbops
Mydbops Opensource Database Meetup 16
Topic: Must-Know PostgreSQL Extensions for Developers and DBAs During Migration
Speaker: Deepak Mahto, Founder of DataCloudGaze Consulting
Date & Time: 8th June | 10 AM - 1 PM IST
Venue: Bangalore International Centre, Bangalore
Abstract: Discover how PostgreSQL extensions can be your secret weapon! This talk explores how key extensions enhance database capabilities and streamline the migration process for users moving from other relational databases like Oracle.
Key Takeaways:
* Learn about crucial extensions like oracle_fdw, pgtt, and pg_audit that ease migration complexities.
* Gain valuable strategies for implementing these extensions in PostgreSQL to achieve license freedom.
* Discover how these key extensions can empower both developers and DBAs during the migration process.
* Don't miss this chance to gain practical knowledge from an industry expert and stay updated on the latest open-source database trends.
Mydbops Managed Services specializes in taking the pain out of database management while optimizing performance. Since 2015, we have been providing top-notch support and assistance for the top three open-source databases: MySQL, MongoDB, and PostgreSQL.
Our team offers a wide range of services, including assistance, support, consulting, 24/7 operations, and expertise in all relevant technologies. We help organizations improve their database's performance, scalability, efficiency, and availability.
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Parallel programs to multi-processor computers!
1. Parallel programs to multi-processor
computers!
Author: Igor Oreschenkov
Date: 04.02.2009
Abstract
For instance, when a man cannot manage everything he creates a tally for himself, brainless,
irresponsible, able only to solder pins, or carry heavy loads, or write from dictation but doing this very
well.
Arkadiy and Boris Strugatskie
The article is an introduction into parallel programs for beginners. It was published in "PC World"
magazine (http://www.viva64.com/go.php?url=429).
Parallel program, a particular case of labor division
Hardly would we have seen the world around us as we see it if in its time mankind didn't invented the
principle of labor division. Due to this there are professionals specializing in a particular sphere and able
to perform their work perfectly. Implementation of this approach in the sphere of industry allowed us to
increase product release tenfold. That's why it's no wonder that when computers appeared there
arouse the question of applying the principle of labor division to computer programs' operation.
Research in this sphere allowed us to detect also a pleasing fact that complicated mathematical
calculations related, for example, to matrix operations, can be split into independent subtasks. Each
subtask can be executed separately and then you can get the result of solution of the source task by
combining the results of subtasks' solutions. As subtasks are independent they can be solved
simultaneously by several executors. If a computer takes the role of the executor this approach allows
us to find solutions for computationally very complicated tasks of realistic modeling of real-environment
objects, cryptanalysis, real-time control of technological processes. It is this principle according to which
all the supercomputers - the pride of scientific laboratories and computational centers - operate.
Having reached the limit of processors' performance increase relating to fundamental physical limits,
computer manufacturers began to increase the number of computational nodes in their products. And
now inside the chassis of a common PC you may find what has been earlier called a supercomputer - a
multi-core computing device. Operation systems have been ready for this technology for a long time.
Unix and Linux, OS/2, Mac OS and modern versions of Microsoft Windows show performance increase
at simultaneous execution of several programs. For example, while you watch a film, antivirus scanning
of your hard disk can be performed without your noticing it. But there are situations when solution of
only one task can demand a lot of computational resources. Leaving aside the problem of nuclear fusion
synthesis or cracking a password to an archive, let's think about such common things as music and video
coding and computer games. Programs implementing these tasks enable fully the resources of CPU. But
increase of the number of processors in the system won't give you marked performance gain in these
examples if no special methods were used while developing the programs. Indeed, how does an
2. operation system know the peculiarities of coding methods' implementation to be able to distribute
calculations between processors? Can it know how to perform parallel calculation of a game-situation
scene?
Processes and threads - twins
So, we have a multi-processor computer. We have analyzed the task and singled out the subtasks which
can be solved simultaneously. How can we implement solution of these subtasks in a program? Modern
operation systems offer us two variants of code execution - in the form of processes and in the form of
threads.
A process is operation of a program loaded into main memory and ready for execution. So, when we
simultaneously perform two actions - serf the news in the Internet and burn files on a CD, two processes
are executed simultaneously - an internet-browser and a CD-writing program are operating. A process
consists of program code, operated data and various resources, for example, files or system queues
belonging to the program. Each process is executed in its address space, i.e. has access only to its own
area of main memory. On the one hand it is good because one process cannot interfere with the other
(until they both address the non-divisible resource, for example, the disk drive, but it is a different thing)
and errors in operation of one program in no way will influence operation of the other. But on the other
hand, if processes are meant for solving one common task, we face the question: how will they
exchange information and interact at all?
Launch of processes - Unix and Windows
What is interesting, developers of Mircosoft Windows and Unix (Linux) operation systems applied
different approaches to the question of launching a child process. From the viewpoint of a programmer
using WIN32 API everything is quite natural. In the point of launch of a support process CreateProcess()
function is called whose one argument indicates the path to EXE-file with the program to be executed.
In Unix-like operation system this is implemented in a different way. In the code point where we need to
create a new process, fork() system call is used. As the result the operating program "forks", that is the
state of the program at the moment of fork() execution is copied (by the state we understand the values
of the CPU registers, stack, data area and list of open files) and on the basis of this copy a new process is
launched possessing the same information as the parent process. Both parent and child processes
continue executing the same program beginning with the command following fork() system call. As
execution of one and the same work by two processors is senseless, we face the question: how to
implement solution of an independent subtask in each process we've got? The point is that from the
viewpoint of the parent process the result of fork() function is the identifier of the child process, and
fork() simply returns zero value into the child process. Each process can identify itself by this code. And
all the rest is a technical matter. The child process has only to prepare an environment for executing a
new program, load its code with the help of exec() system call and transfer control to it.
A thread is a means of forking a program inside a process. The process can contain several threads each
of which is executed independently from the others keeping its own values of registers and its own
stack. Threads have access to all the global resources of the executed process, for example, open files or
memory segments. Each process has at least one executed thread, the main thread. When solution of
the task comes to the section allowing paralleling, the processor spawns the necessary number of
additional threads executed simultaneously, solving their subtasks and returning the results to the main
thread.
3. To solve complex tasks it is not enough just to perform parallel execution of different code sections. You
need also to arrange exchange of the results of their operation, that is organize interaction between
these sections. One would think, in the case of threads it could be easily implemented by providing
access to the defined common area of main memory. But this simplicity is deceptive because operations
of writing into main memory by different threads can intersect very unpredictably so that the integrity
of the information kept in this memory area will be broken.
Example of threads' interaction
Imagine a billing system of a cellular operator executed on a powerful multi-processor server. It's no
wonder that charge-off from a client's account for the provided services is performed by one program
thread while charge of payments on the client's account is performed by another thread. The first
operation can be written in the form: S := S - A where S - balance of the account at the moment of
operation, A - cost of phone calls made. The processor will execute this operation in three steps: at first
the source value of S variable will be received, then A will be subtracted from it, after that the result will
be written into S cell. Similarly the second operation is performed: S := S + B where B - sum of money
paid by the client. Suppose the client make a call some time later after he has paid through a bank
office. As charge of payments on the account occurs with some delay due to objective reasons, it is
possible that both operations - charge-off and charge-on - will be executed in the billing system nearly at
the same time. Suppose that charge-off operation be executed first and the charge-on operation follows
it with one-beat lag (figure 1). After the three beats of the charge-off operation the current account
balance will equal S-A but the fourth beat will make this value S+B.
4. Figure 1 - An example of a billing system's operation
Thus, the final balance of the account will equal S+B instead of the right S-A+B value. In a different
situation such a collision could be not so good for the client. That's why to avoid such problems it is
necessary to take special measures to protect separate program sections from simultaneous execution.
In the next article sections about synchronization and interaction of simultaneously executed program
sections the terms "process" and "thread" will be used together as the described mechanisms are in
most cases applicable to both notions.
Synchronization...
Modern operation systems offer a wide range of means for synchronizing parallel processes. The
simplest way for synchronizing simultaneously executed code sections is waiting of one thread for
termination of execution of the other. The same mechanism provides support of operation systems
executing asynchronous operations, such as file input-output or data exchange through network.
Besides, functions of waiting can be used at mutual announcing about the events taking place (figure 2).
5. Figure 2 - Event is an object of operation systems which can switch its state from "common" to "signal"
Thus, for example, while developing a system of bank trading day an event can be registered for
announcing about receipt of funds to a client's account. This event can be waited for by the thread
performing execution of client pay directions.
If there is a possibility that different program sections can simultaneously modify some variable it is
necessary to implement protection of this variable. For example, if one thread deals with calculations of
a game scene and the other deals with its repainting, the latter should be performed only after all the
necessary calculations are done. For this purpose a special object mutex is introduced into operation
systems (English "mutual execution").
Figure 3 - Mutex is a system object which can be in one of the two internal states - "free" or "busy".
6. Before a thread begins to change the variable it should perform capture of the mutex corresponding to
this variable. If it succeeds the mutex changes its internal state and the thread continues execution. If
the other thread tries to capture the corresponding mutex while the first thread works with the variable,
it will be rejected and it will have to wait until the mutex is released by the first thread (figure 3). Thus,
at a concrete moment of time it is guaranteed that only one section works with the variable.
While programming there can be situations when you need to modify several global variables in one
code section. If there is a possibility that this code will be executed by several threads simultaneously,
you should implement its protection. Specially for such cases operation systems offer to arrange the
corresponding code into a critical section.
Figure 4 - Critical section is a program section which can be executed by only one thread at a time.
The critical section can be executed by only one thread at a time. The other thread can inquire if the
critical section is available for execution and in case of negative answer can either wait until it is free or
execute another operation (figure 4). Critical sections differ from mutexes also in that one and the same
thread can enter the critical section it has captured many times while when trying to capture a mutex
the thread's execution will stop and a so called "deadlock" can occur.
Suppose we have a set of single-type resources, for example, several windows for displaying information
or a pool of network printers. To keep record of distribution of such resources between processors we
use semaphores.
7. Figure 5 - Semaphore allows you to keep record of distribution of single-type resources between threads
Semaphore is a system object which is a counter. Before a thread starts working with the resource from
the set it should address the semaphore associated with it. If the value of the semaphore counter is
greater than zero the thread is allowed to work with the resource while the counter's value decrements
by one (figure 5). But if all the resources of the set are used the thread will be enqueued. When the
resource is free the thread announces the semaphore about it, the semaphore's value rises and the
resource can be used again.
Sometimes it is necessary to urgently stop execution of a process to perform some urgent actions. Some
operation systems use signals for this purpose. A process which has to execute a special operation sends
a signal to the other process. When writing this other process a procedure of processing signals should
be implemented: when the process gets a signal it can suspend execution or terminate its work, execute
a special subprogram created for such a case or just ignore the signal.
... and interaction
As it was said above, to solve a common task together processors may need not only to coordinate their
work but also to exchange information - for example, intermediate results. For this purpose you can use
main-memory sharing, information exchange through a file, transfer of data through unidirectional
pipes or imitation of network operation (figure 6).
8. Figure 6 - Ways of exchanging data between processors
The quickest and most obvious way of information exchange between simultaneously executed code
sections is to use the shared area of main memory. One process writes data into memory, the other
reads them and vice versa. But in this case you need to implement synchronization of the processes by
one of the above mentioned ways. If information exchange between the threads through the shared
memory can be implemented directly the processes should at first request the necessary memory
segment from operation systems and coordinate the procedure of its usage.
The next method of information exchange is using pipes. Pipe is a system object allowing you to transfer
information in one direction, as a rule. The most known examples of pipes are standard input/output
streams (stdin, stdout). Stdout of one process can be directed into the stdin of the other. After this the
information being written into stdout of the first process can be read by the second process. Operation
9. system allow us to create additional pipes. To work with pipes we use functions whose syntax is similar
to functions of file operations.
You can perform data exchange with the help of files as well. Modern operation systems have
embedded mechanisms of buffering information participating in file operations that's why this method
is rather effective. But from the security viewpoint this approach yields to those described above as an
unauthorized application can get access to the file used for inter-processor exchange. Before using this
method you should study the guidance on implementation of file operations in a concrete operation
system and take measures to protect data.
Duplex data exchange between processes can be implemented by operation system network means.
With the help of sockets two processes can establish a channel between them to transfer data in the
same way as a browser and a HTTP-server. The format of the data being transferred in this case can be
absolutely of any kind - the point is that the processes use the same agreements of exchange procedure,
the protocol. Moreover, nothing prevents these processes from being executed on different computers.
And with this last notice we pass on to the next article section.
Supercomputers - everywhere!
Speaking about parallel execution of programs, we suggested that we use a computer with several
processors. But such a computer is not the only platform for executing parallel programs. Let's consider
a simplest computational network consisting of ten common one-processor computers united by a
FastEthernet twisted pair. Looks familiar, doesn't it? What is each computer in fact? Generally speaking,
it is a processor with main and disk memory available to it. Each computer is a perfect area for executing
one process. And what if on each of the ten computers we launch simultaneously programs which solve
subtasks of cracking the password to an archive? Obviously, solution of the task will demand much less
time than in case of using one computer. And what if the network consists not of 10 but of 100
computers? And this network is linked to the Internet?
From this example we see that even small local networks have a great potential computational power.
And if you hardly can use this power for computer games, for CAD systems it will be good enough. A
group of computers united by the bus of transferring data into a single computational system is called a
cluster system or cluster. You need only to write a special program in which you should implement the
possibility of information exchange between its simultaneously executed copies (processes) through the
local network. Generally speaking, this program may have traditional client-server architecture, i.e. be
able both to send messages to its neighbors and receive messages from them. But there already exist
ready solutions for simplifying development of programs for cluster systems, for example, MPI and
PVM, which offer a programmer means for performing both point-to-point and collective interaction
between processes executed on the nodes of the cluster system, and also the methods of their
synchronization.
MPI specification (Message Passing Interface) offers a programming model in which a program spawns
several processes interacting with the help of addressing subprograms of message passing and
receiving. Its implementations are libraries of subprograms which can be used in C/C++ and Fortran
languages. When launching an MPI-program a fixed number of processes is created. MPI specification
has been created as an industry standard that's why all its means are focused on getting high
performance when used on symmetrical multi-processor systems and homogeneous cluster systems
(supercomputers). There is a free implementation of MPI - MPICH (MPI CHamelion), whose Windows
10. and Linux versions are available for download here: http://www.viva64.com/go.php?url=405. Being
installed on a PC MPICH system can perform development and debugging of programs for further usage
without any modifications on clusters or supercomputers.
Unlike MPI the system of development and execution of parallel programs PVM (Parallel Virtual
Machine) has been created within the framework of a research project meant for heterogeneous
computational complexes. It allows you to quickly unite a heterogeneous set of computers connected
through network into a computational resource which is called "Parallel Computing Machine". The
computers may have different architectures and operate on different OS. PVM system is a set of
libraries and utilities meant for development and debugging of parallel programs and also for controlling
configuration of the Virtual Computing Machine. C/C++ and Fortran languages are supported.
Configuration of the computational complex can change dynamically by means of excluding some nodes
and adding new ones. Such universality is possible also because of some decrease of performance in
comparison with MPI system.
Thus, both MPI and PVM allow you without much effort to turn the local network of your organization
into a powerful computing machine able to solve complex tasks.
We should admit that parallel computational systems are very common nowadays. Operation system
provide developers with the necessary low-level service, while for solving applied tasks there exist ready
proved means in the form of specialized utilities and libraries for popular high-level programming
languages. And a programmer should master methods of parallel program development to keep up with
the modern tendencies.