The document summarizes the history of several prominent black American professional male athletes and the challenges they faced: Oscar Robertson felt unforgiven for the racism he endured; Major Taylor struggled with racism from white fans and was physically and emotionally abused; Jesse Owens set many track records but faced discrimination; Tommie Smith and Carlos staged a silent protest at the 1968 Olympics which upset whites and led to backlash; Muhammad Ali famously refused to serve in the Vietnam war to avoid being killed.