2024 State of Marketing Report – by HubspotMarius Sescu
https://www.hubspot.com/state-of-marketing
· Scaling relationships and proving ROI
· Social media is the place for search, sales, and service
· Authentic influencer partnerships fuel brand growth
· The strongest connections happen via call, click, chat, and camera.
· Time saved with AI leads to more creative work
· Seeking: A single source of truth
· TLDR; Get on social, try AI, and align your systems.
· More human marketing, powered by robots
ChatGPT is a revolutionary addition to the world since its introduction in 2022. A big shift in the sector of information gathering and processing happened because of this chatbot. What is the story of ChatGPT? How is the bot responding to prompts and generating contents? Swipe through these slides prepared by Expeed Software, a web development company regarding the development and technical intricacies of ChatGPT!
Product Design Trends in 2024 | Teenage EngineeringsPixeldarts
The realm of product design is a constantly changing environment where technology and style intersect. Every year introduces fresh challenges and exciting trends that mold the future of this captivating art form. In this piece, we delve into the significant trends set to influence the look and functionality of product design in the year 2024.
How Race, Age and Gender Shape Attitudes Towards Mental HealthThinkNow
Mental health has been in the news quite a bit lately. Dozens of U.S. states are currently suing Meta for contributing to the youth mental health crisis by inserting addictive features into their products, while the U.S. Surgeon General is touring the nation to bring awareness to the growing epidemic of loneliness and isolation. The country has endured periods of low national morale, such as in the 1970s when high inflation and the energy crisis worsened public sentiment following the Vietnam War. The current mood, however, feels different. Gallup recently reported that national mental health is at an all-time low, with few bright spots to lift spirits.
To better understand how Americans are feeling and their attitudes towards mental health in general, ThinkNow conducted a nationally representative quantitative survey of 1,500 respondents and found some interesting differences among ethnic, age and gender groups.
Technology
For example, 52% agree that technology and social media have a negative impact on mental health, but when broken out by race, 61% of Whites felt technology had a negative effect, and only 48% of Hispanics thought it did.
While technology has helped us keep in touch with friends and family in faraway places, it appears to have degraded our ability to connect in person. Staying connected online is a double-edged sword since the same news feed that brings us pictures of the grandkids and fluffy kittens also feeds us news about the wars in Israel and Ukraine, the dysfunction in Washington, the latest mass shooting and the climate crisis.
Hispanics may have a built-in defense against the isolation technology breeds, owing to their large, multigenerational households, strong social support systems, and tendency to use social media to stay connected with relatives abroad.
Age and Gender
When asked how individuals rate their mental health, men rate it higher than women by 11 percentage points, and Baby Boomers rank it highest at 83%, saying it’s good or excellent vs. 57% of Gen Z saying the same.
Gen Z spends the most amount of time on social media, so the notion that social media negatively affects mental health appears to be correlated. Unfortunately, Gen Z is also the generation that’s least comfortable discussing mental health concerns with healthcare professionals. Only 40% of them state they’re comfortable discussing their issues with a professional compared to 60% of Millennials and 65% of Boomers.
Race Affects Attitudes
As seen in previous research conducted by ThinkNow, Asian Americans lag other groups when it comes to awareness of mental health issues. Twenty-four percent of Asian Americans believe that having a mental health issue is a sign of weakness compared to the 16% average for all groups. Asians are also considerably less likely to be aware of mental health services in their communities (42% vs. 55%) and most likely to seek out information on social media (51% vs. 35%).
AI Trends in Creative Operations 2024 by Artwork Flow.pdfmarketingartwork
Creative operations teams expect increased AI use in 2024. Currently, over half of tasks are not AI-enabled, but this is expected to decrease in the coming year. ChatGPT is the most popular AI tool currently. Business leaders are more actively exploring AI benefits than individual contributors. Most respondents do not believe AI will impact workforce size in 2024. However, some inhibitions still exist around AI accuracy and lack of understanding. Creatives primarily want to use AI to save time on mundane tasks and boost productivity.
Organizational culture includes values, norms, systems, symbols, language, assumptions, beliefs, and habits that influence employee behaviors and how people interpret those behaviors. It is important because culture can help or hinder a company's success. Some key aspects of Netflix's culture that help it achieve results include hiring smartly so every position has stars, focusing on attitude over just aptitude, and having a strict policy against peacocks, whiners, and jerks.
PEPSICO Presentation to CAGNY Conference Feb 2024Neil Kimberley
PepsiCo provided a safe harbor statement noting that any forward-looking statements are based on currently available information and are subject to risks and uncertainties. It also provided information on non-GAAP measures and directing readers to its website for disclosure and reconciliation. The document then discussed PepsiCo's business overview, including that it is a global beverage and convenient food company with iconic brands, $91 billion in net revenue in 2023, and nearly $14 billion in core operating profit. It operates through a divisional structure with a focus on local consumers.
Content Methodology: A Best Practices Report (Webinar)contently
This document provides an overview of content methodology best practices. It defines content methodology as establishing objectives, KPIs, and a culture of continuous learning and iteration. An effective methodology focuses on connecting with audiences, creating optimal content, and optimizing processes. It also discusses why a methodology is needed due to the competitive landscape, proliferation of channels, and opportunities for improvement. Components of an effective methodology include defining objectives and KPIs, audience analysis, identifying opportunities, and evaluating resources. The document concludes with recommendations around creating a content plan, testing and optimizing content over 90 days.
How to Prepare For a Successful Job Search for 2024Albert Qian
The document provides guidance on preparing a job search for 2024. It discusses the state of the job market, focusing on growth in AI and healthcare but also continued layoffs. It recommends figuring out what you want to do by researching interests and skills, then conducting informational interviews. The job search should involve building a personal brand on LinkedIn, actively applying to jobs, tailoring resumes and interviews, maintaining job hunting as a habit, and continuing self-improvement. Once hired, the document advises setting new goals and keeping skills and networking active in case of future opportunities.
A report by thenetworkone and Kurio.
The contributing experts and agencies are (in an alphabetical order): Sylwia Rytel, Social Media Supervisor, 180heartbeats + JUNG v MATT (PL), Sharlene Jenner, Vice President - Director of Engagement Strategy, Abelson Taylor (USA), Alex Casanovas, Digital Director, Atrevia (ES), Dora Beilin, Senior Social Strategist, Barrett Hoffher (USA), Min Seo, Campaign Director, Brand New Agency (KR), Deshé M. Gully, Associate Strategist, Day One Agency (USA), Francesca Trevisan, Strategist, Different (IT), Trevor Crossman, CX and Digital Transformation Director; Olivia Hussey, Strategic Planner; Simi Srinarula, Social Media Manager, The Hallway (AUS), James Hebbert, Managing Director, Hylink (CN / UK), Mundy Álvarez, Planning Director; Pedro Rojas, Social Media Manager; Pancho González, CCO, Inbrax (CH), Oana Oprea, Head of Digital Planning, Jam Session Agency (RO), Amy Bottrill, Social Account Director, Launch (UK), Gaby Arriaga, Founder, Leonardo1452 (MX), Shantesh S Row, Creative Director, Liwa (UAE), Rajesh Mehta, Chief Strategy Officer; Dhruv Gaur, Digital Planning Lead; Leonie Mergulhao, Account Supervisor - Social Media & PR, Medulla (IN), Aurelija Plioplytė, Head of Digital & Social, Not Perfect (LI), Daiana Khaidargaliyeva, Account Manager, Osaka Labs (UK / USA), Stefanie Söhnchen, Vice President Digital, PIABO Communications (DE), Elisabeth Winiartati, Managing Consultant, Head of Global Integrated Communications; Lydia Aprina, Account Manager, Integrated Marketing and Communications; Nita Prabowo, Account Manager, Integrated Marketing and Communications; Okhi, Web Developer, PNTR Group (ID), Kei Obusan, Insights Director; Daffi Ranandi, Insights Manager, Radarr (SG), Gautam Reghunath, Co-founder & CEO, Talented (IN), Donagh Humphreys, Head of Social and Digital Innovation, THINKHOUSE (IRE), Sarah Yim, Strategy Director, Zulu Alpha Kilo (CA).
Trends In Paid Search: Navigating The Digital Landscape In 2024Search Engine Journal
The search marketing landscape is evolving rapidly with new technologies, and professionals, like you, rely on innovative paid search strategies to meet changing demands.
It’s important that you’re ready to implement new strategies in 2024.
Check this out and learn the top trends in paid search advertising that are expected to gain traction, so you can drive higher ROI more efficiently in 2024.
You’ll learn:
- The latest trends in AI and automation, and what this means for an evolving paid search ecosystem.
- New developments in privacy and data regulation.
- Emerging ad formats that are expected to make an impact next year.
Watch Sreekant Lanka from iQuanti and Irina Klein from OneMain Financial as they dive into the future of paid search and explore the trends, strategies, and technologies that will shape the search marketing landscape.
If you’re looking to assess your paid search strategy and design an industry-aligned plan for 2024, then this webinar is for you.
5 Public speaking tips from TED - Visualized summarySpeakerHub
From their humble beginnings in 1984, TED has grown into the world’s most powerful amplifier for speakers and thought-leaders to share their ideas. They have over 2,400 filmed talks (not including the 30,000+ TEDx videos) freely available online, and have hosted over 17,500 events around the world.
With over one billion views in a year, it’s no wonder that so many speakers are looking to TED for ideas on how to share their message more effectively.
The article “5 Public-Speaking Tips TED Gives Its Speakers”, by Carmine Gallo for Forbes, gives speakers five practical ways to connect with their audience, and effectively share their ideas on stage.
Whether you are gearing up to get on a TED stage yourself, or just want to master the skills that so many of their speakers possess, these tips and quotes from Chris Anderson, the TED Talks Curator, will encourage you to make the most impactful impression on your audience.
See the full article and more summaries like this on SpeakerHub here: https://speakerhub.com/blog/5-presentation-tips-ted-gives-its-speakers
See the original article on Forbes here:
http://www.forbes.com/forbes/welcome/?toURL=http://www.forbes.com/sites/carminegallo/2016/05/06/5-public-speaking-tips-ted-gives-its-speakers/&refURL=&referrer=#5c07a8221d9b
ChatGPT and the Future of Work - Clark Boyd Clark Boyd
Everyone is in agreement that ChatGPT (and other generative AI tools) will shape the future of work. Yet there is little consensus on exactly how, when, and to what extent this technology will change our world.
Businesses that extract maximum value from ChatGPT will use it as a collaborative tool for everything from brainstorming to technical maintenance.
For individuals, now is the time to pinpoint the skills the future professional will need to thrive in the AI age.
Check out this presentation to understand what ChatGPT is, how it will shape the future of work, and how you can prepare to take advantage.
The document provides career advice for getting into the tech field, including:
- Doing projects and internships in college to build a portfolio.
- Learning about different roles and technologies through industry research.
- Contributing to open source projects to build experience and network.
- Developing a personal brand through a website and social media presence.
- Networking through events, communities, and finding a mentor.
- Practicing interviews through mock interviews and whiteboarding coding questions.
Google's Just Not That Into You: Understanding Core Updates & Search IntentLily Ray
1. Core updates from Google periodically change how its algorithms assess and rank websites and pages. This can impact rankings through shifts in user intent, site quality issues being caught up to, world events influencing queries, and overhauls to search like the E-A-T framework.
2. There are many possible user intents beyond just transactional, navigational and informational. Identifying intent shifts is important during core updates. Sites may need to optimize for new intents through different content types and sections.
3. Responding effectively to core updates requires analyzing "before and after" data to understand changes, identifying new intents or page types, and ensuring content matches appropriate intents across video, images, knowledge graphs and more.
A brief introduction to DataScience with explaining of the concepts, algorithms, machine learning, supervised and unsupervised learning, clustering, statistics, data preprocessing, real-world applications etc.
It's part of a Data Science Corner Campaign where I will be discussing the fundamentals of DataScience, AIML, Statistics etc.
Time Management & Productivity - Best PracticesVit Horky
Here's my presentation on by proven best practices how to manage your work time effectively and how to improve your productivity. It includes practical tips and how to use tools such as Slack, Google Apps, Hubspot, Google Calendar, Gmail and others.
The six step guide to practical project managementMindGenius
The six step guide to practical project management
If you think managing projects is too difficult, think again.
We’ve stripped back project management processes to the
basics – to make it quicker and easier, without sacrificing
the vital ingredients for success.
“If you’re looking for some real-world guidance, then The Six Step Guide to Practical Project Management will help.”
Dr Andrew Makar, Tactical Project Management
2024 State of Marketing Report – by HubspotMarius Sescu
https://www.hubspot.com/state-of-marketing
· Scaling relationships and proving ROI
· Social media is the place for search, sales, and service
· Authentic influencer partnerships fuel brand growth
· The strongest connections happen via call, click, chat, and camera.
· Time saved with AI leads to more creative work
· Seeking: A single source of truth
· TLDR; Get on social, try AI, and align your systems.
· More human marketing, powered by robots
ChatGPT is a revolutionary addition to the world since its introduction in 2022. A big shift in the sector of information gathering and processing happened because of this chatbot. What is the story of ChatGPT? How is the bot responding to prompts and generating contents? Swipe through these slides prepared by Expeed Software, a web development company regarding the development and technical intricacies of ChatGPT!
Product Design Trends in 2024 | Teenage EngineeringsPixeldarts
The realm of product design is a constantly changing environment where technology and style intersect. Every year introduces fresh challenges and exciting trends that mold the future of this captivating art form. In this piece, we delve into the significant trends set to influence the look and functionality of product design in the year 2024.
How Race, Age and Gender Shape Attitudes Towards Mental HealthThinkNow
Mental health has been in the news quite a bit lately. Dozens of U.S. states are currently suing Meta for contributing to the youth mental health crisis by inserting addictive features into their products, while the U.S. Surgeon General is touring the nation to bring awareness to the growing epidemic of loneliness and isolation. The country has endured periods of low national morale, such as in the 1970s when high inflation and the energy crisis worsened public sentiment following the Vietnam War. The current mood, however, feels different. Gallup recently reported that national mental health is at an all-time low, with few bright spots to lift spirits.
To better understand how Americans are feeling and their attitudes towards mental health in general, ThinkNow conducted a nationally representative quantitative survey of 1,500 respondents and found some interesting differences among ethnic, age and gender groups.
Technology
For example, 52% agree that technology and social media have a negative impact on mental health, but when broken out by race, 61% of Whites felt technology had a negative effect, and only 48% of Hispanics thought it did.
While technology has helped us keep in touch with friends and family in faraway places, it appears to have degraded our ability to connect in person. Staying connected online is a double-edged sword since the same news feed that brings us pictures of the grandkids and fluffy kittens also feeds us news about the wars in Israel and Ukraine, the dysfunction in Washington, the latest mass shooting and the climate crisis.
Hispanics may have a built-in defense against the isolation technology breeds, owing to their large, multigenerational households, strong social support systems, and tendency to use social media to stay connected with relatives abroad.
Age and Gender
When asked how individuals rate their mental health, men rate it higher than women by 11 percentage points, and Baby Boomers rank it highest at 83%, saying it’s good or excellent vs. 57% of Gen Z saying the same.
Gen Z spends the most amount of time on social media, so the notion that social media negatively affects mental health appears to be correlated. Unfortunately, Gen Z is also the generation that’s least comfortable discussing mental health concerns with healthcare professionals. Only 40% of them state they’re comfortable discussing their issues with a professional compared to 60% of Millennials and 65% of Boomers.
Race Affects Attitudes
As seen in previous research conducted by ThinkNow, Asian Americans lag other groups when it comes to awareness of mental health issues. Twenty-four percent of Asian Americans believe that having a mental health issue is a sign of weakness compared to the 16% average for all groups. Asians are also considerably less likely to be aware of mental health services in their communities (42% vs. 55%) and most likely to seek out information on social media (51% vs. 35%).
AI Trends in Creative Operations 2024 by Artwork Flow.pdfmarketingartwork
Creative operations teams expect increased AI use in 2024. Currently, over half of tasks are not AI-enabled, but this is expected to decrease in the coming year. ChatGPT is the most popular AI tool currently. Business leaders are more actively exploring AI benefits than individual contributors. Most respondents do not believe AI will impact workforce size in 2024. However, some inhibitions still exist around AI accuracy and lack of understanding. Creatives primarily want to use AI to save time on mundane tasks and boost productivity.
Organizational culture includes values, norms, systems, symbols, language, assumptions, beliefs, and habits that influence employee behaviors and how people interpret those behaviors. It is important because culture can help or hinder a company's success. Some key aspects of Netflix's culture that help it achieve results include hiring smartly so every position has stars, focusing on attitude over just aptitude, and having a strict policy against peacocks, whiners, and jerks.
PEPSICO Presentation to CAGNY Conference Feb 2024Neil Kimberley
PepsiCo provided a safe harbor statement noting that any forward-looking statements are based on currently available information and are subject to risks and uncertainties. It also provided information on non-GAAP measures and directing readers to its website for disclosure and reconciliation. The document then discussed PepsiCo's business overview, including that it is a global beverage and convenient food company with iconic brands, $91 billion in net revenue in 2023, and nearly $14 billion in core operating profit. It operates through a divisional structure with a focus on local consumers.
Content Methodology: A Best Practices Report (Webinar)contently
This document provides an overview of content methodology best practices. It defines content methodology as establishing objectives, KPIs, and a culture of continuous learning and iteration. An effective methodology focuses on connecting with audiences, creating optimal content, and optimizing processes. It also discusses why a methodology is needed due to the competitive landscape, proliferation of channels, and opportunities for improvement. Components of an effective methodology include defining objectives and KPIs, audience analysis, identifying opportunities, and evaluating resources. The document concludes with recommendations around creating a content plan, testing and optimizing content over 90 days.
How to Prepare For a Successful Job Search for 2024Albert Qian
The document provides guidance on preparing a job search for 2024. It discusses the state of the job market, focusing on growth in AI and healthcare but also continued layoffs. It recommends figuring out what you want to do by researching interests and skills, then conducting informational interviews. The job search should involve building a personal brand on LinkedIn, actively applying to jobs, tailoring resumes and interviews, maintaining job hunting as a habit, and continuing self-improvement. Once hired, the document advises setting new goals and keeping skills and networking active in case of future opportunities.
A report by thenetworkone and Kurio.
The contributing experts and agencies are (in an alphabetical order): Sylwia Rytel, Social Media Supervisor, 180heartbeats + JUNG v MATT (PL), Sharlene Jenner, Vice President - Director of Engagement Strategy, Abelson Taylor (USA), Alex Casanovas, Digital Director, Atrevia (ES), Dora Beilin, Senior Social Strategist, Barrett Hoffher (USA), Min Seo, Campaign Director, Brand New Agency (KR), Deshé M. Gully, Associate Strategist, Day One Agency (USA), Francesca Trevisan, Strategist, Different (IT), Trevor Crossman, CX and Digital Transformation Director; Olivia Hussey, Strategic Planner; Simi Srinarula, Social Media Manager, The Hallway (AUS), James Hebbert, Managing Director, Hylink (CN / UK), Mundy Álvarez, Planning Director; Pedro Rojas, Social Media Manager; Pancho González, CCO, Inbrax (CH), Oana Oprea, Head of Digital Planning, Jam Session Agency (RO), Amy Bottrill, Social Account Director, Launch (UK), Gaby Arriaga, Founder, Leonardo1452 (MX), Shantesh S Row, Creative Director, Liwa (UAE), Rajesh Mehta, Chief Strategy Officer; Dhruv Gaur, Digital Planning Lead; Leonie Mergulhao, Account Supervisor - Social Media & PR, Medulla (IN), Aurelija Plioplytė, Head of Digital & Social, Not Perfect (LI), Daiana Khaidargaliyeva, Account Manager, Osaka Labs (UK / USA), Stefanie Söhnchen, Vice President Digital, PIABO Communications (DE), Elisabeth Winiartati, Managing Consultant, Head of Global Integrated Communications; Lydia Aprina, Account Manager, Integrated Marketing and Communications; Nita Prabowo, Account Manager, Integrated Marketing and Communications; Okhi, Web Developer, PNTR Group (ID), Kei Obusan, Insights Director; Daffi Ranandi, Insights Manager, Radarr (SG), Gautam Reghunath, Co-founder & CEO, Talented (IN), Donagh Humphreys, Head of Social and Digital Innovation, THINKHOUSE (IRE), Sarah Yim, Strategy Director, Zulu Alpha Kilo (CA).
Trends In Paid Search: Navigating The Digital Landscape In 2024Search Engine Journal
The search marketing landscape is evolving rapidly with new technologies, and professionals, like you, rely on innovative paid search strategies to meet changing demands.
It’s important that you’re ready to implement new strategies in 2024.
Check this out and learn the top trends in paid search advertising that are expected to gain traction, so you can drive higher ROI more efficiently in 2024.
You’ll learn:
- The latest trends in AI and automation, and what this means for an evolving paid search ecosystem.
- New developments in privacy and data regulation.
- Emerging ad formats that are expected to make an impact next year.
Watch Sreekant Lanka from iQuanti and Irina Klein from OneMain Financial as they dive into the future of paid search and explore the trends, strategies, and technologies that will shape the search marketing landscape.
If you’re looking to assess your paid search strategy and design an industry-aligned plan for 2024, then this webinar is for you.
5 Public speaking tips from TED - Visualized summarySpeakerHub
From their humble beginnings in 1984, TED has grown into the world’s most powerful amplifier for speakers and thought-leaders to share their ideas. They have over 2,400 filmed talks (not including the 30,000+ TEDx videos) freely available online, and have hosted over 17,500 events around the world.
With over one billion views in a year, it’s no wonder that so many speakers are looking to TED for ideas on how to share their message more effectively.
The article “5 Public-Speaking Tips TED Gives Its Speakers”, by Carmine Gallo for Forbes, gives speakers five practical ways to connect with their audience, and effectively share their ideas on stage.
Whether you are gearing up to get on a TED stage yourself, or just want to master the skills that so many of their speakers possess, these tips and quotes from Chris Anderson, the TED Talks Curator, will encourage you to make the most impactful impression on your audience.
See the full article and more summaries like this on SpeakerHub here: https://speakerhub.com/blog/5-presentation-tips-ted-gives-its-speakers
See the original article on Forbes here:
http://www.forbes.com/forbes/welcome/?toURL=http://www.forbes.com/sites/carminegallo/2016/05/06/5-public-speaking-tips-ted-gives-its-speakers/&refURL=&referrer=#5c07a8221d9b
ChatGPT and the Future of Work - Clark Boyd Clark Boyd
Everyone is in agreement that ChatGPT (and other generative AI tools) will shape the future of work. Yet there is little consensus on exactly how, when, and to what extent this technology will change our world.
Businesses that extract maximum value from ChatGPT will use it as a collaborative tool for everything from brainstorming to technical maintenance.
For individuals, now is the time to pinpoint the skills the future professional will need to thrive in the AI age.
Check out this presentation to understand what ChatGPT is, how it will shape the future of work, and how you can prepare to take advantage.
The document provides career advice for getting into the tech field, including:
- Doing projects and internships in college to build a portfolio.
- Learning about different roles and technologies through industry research.
- Contributing to open source projects to build experience and network.
- Developing a personal brand through a website and social media presence.
- Networking through events, communities, and finding a mentor.
- Practicing interviews through mock interviews and whiteboarding coding questions.
Google's Just Not That Into You: Understanding Core Updates & Search IntentLily Ray
1. Core updates from Google periodically change how its algorithms assess and rank websites and pages. This can impact rankings through shifts in user intent, site quality issues being caught up to, world events influencing queries, and overhauls to search like the E-A-T framework.
2. There are many possible user intents beyond just transactional, navigational and informational. Identifying intent shifts is important during core updates. Sites may need to optimize for new intents through different content types and sections.
3. Responding effectively to core updates requires analyzing "before and after" data to understand changes, identifying new intents or page types, and ensuring content matches appropriate intents across video, images, knowledge graphs and more.
A brief introduction to DataScience with explaining of the concepts, algorithms, machine learning, supervised and unsupervised learning, clustering, statistics, data preprocessing, real-world applications etc.
It's part of a Data Science Corner Campaign where I will be discussing the fundamentals of DataScience, AIML, Statistics etc.
Time Management & Productivity - Best PracticesVit Horky
Here's my presentation on by proven best practices how to manage your work time effectively and how to improve your productivity. It includes practical tips and how to use tools such as Slack, Google Apps, Hubspot, Google Calendar, Gmail and others.
The six step guide to practical project managementMindGenius
The six step guide to practical project management
If you think managing projects is too difficult, think again.
We’ve stripped back project management processes to the
basics – to make it quicker and easier, without sacrificing
the vital ingredients for success.
“If you’re looking for some real-world guidance, then The Six Step Guide to Practical Project Management will help.”
Dr Andrew Makar, Tactical Project Management
2. METAIS
• Nesta unidade centrarémonos nos metais, os distintos tipos de metais, as súas propiedades,
como se obteñen e as súas diferentes aplicacións. En particular, centraranse no aceiro e no
proceso de fabricación do aceiro.
OBXECTIVOSS
• Comprenderdeondeobtemosometal,assúaspropiedadesecomoseusa.
• Clasificaosmetaisenférreosounonférreosecomprendeassúaspropiedadeseasprincipaisaliaxes.
• Comprendereutilizarashabilidadesbásicasparaconformar,utilizar,unirerematarcorrectamenteosmetais,cumprindoasnormasdeseguridadeesaúdeadecuadas.
• Comprenderoimpactoambientaldaminería,transformaciónedesguacedemetaisetaménosbeneficiosdereciclar.
3. METAIS
• Os metais son substancias procedentes de minerais que conteñen un ou máis elementos metálicos, e
ás veces substancias non metálicas como o carbono.
• Teñen moitos usos e son un elemento fundamental no transporte, as telecomunicacións, a
agricultura, a construción ou a industria manufactureira, entre outros sectores.
• Imos ver o proceso desde a extracción de minerais (materia prima) ata o uso do metal para facer
diferentes obxectos.
4. COMO SE OBTEÑEN OS METAIS
• Os metais proceden de minerais que forman parte das rochas.
• O aluminio, por exemplo é extraído de minerais como a bauxita.
• A minería realízase en minas superficiais se os minerais están preto da superficie,
ou en minas subterráneas se están máis profundas baixo a superficie.
• Nas minas, os minerais útiles, ou mineral, e os minerais inútiles, ou ganga están
xuntos e deben separarse mediante diferentes procesos físicos. Cando se separa o
mineral da ganga, o seguinte paso é facer metal a partir do mineral. O mineral
lévase a unha ferrería e sofre complexos procesos físicos e químicos.
Autor: Daniavieira
https://geoinnova.org
5. COMO SE OBTEÑEN OS METAIS
• A metalurxia é o grupo de industrias implicadas na minería e transformación
de minerais metálicos.
https://pixnio.com/ Autor: Tama66
6. CLASIFICACIÓN DOS METAIS
• Segundo a súa orixe, os metais pódense clasificar en férreos ou non férreos:
• Metais férreos: O seu compoñente principal é o ferro (Fe). Inclúen ferro puro,
aceiro e fundición.
• Metais non férreos: o seu compoñente principal non é o ferro, ou o conteñen
moi pouco. Este grupo inclúe cobre, bronce, aluminio, cinc, e as súas aleacións.
7. PROPIEDADES DOS METAÍS
• Como probablemente verás, os metais son duros, non adhesivos, fríos e moi lisos se foron puídos ou tratados.
• Algunhas características son:
• Brillo característico.
• Máis denso e pesado que outros materiais.
• Gran resistencia mecánica. Soportan grandes esforzos, presións e golpes.
• Adoitan ser resistentes, maleables e dúctiles, polo que é fácil darlles forma.
• Son bos condutores da electricidade e da calor.
• Adoitan ser sólidos a temperatura ambiente, agás o mercurio, que é un líquido.
• Son maleables e dúctiles: poden deformarse formando chapas e fíos sen sufrir rotura.
• Os metais teñen plasticidade cando non son capaces de recuperar a súa forma inicial ao final da forza que tende a deformalo. O oposto á plasticidade é a elasticidade.
• Os metais oxídanse o reaccionar o metal co osíxeno do aire ou da auga e cuberto cunha capa de ferruxe. Os metais férreos oxidan con bastante facilidade, pero o ouro case non se
oxida.
• Os metais pódense reciclar: é dicir, unha vez descartados, pódense reutilizar máis tarde.
• Os metais son materiais non renovables: é dicir, algún día esgotaranse metais, pois as minas esgotarán as súas reservas minerais.
• Algúns metais son tóxicos: é dicir, danan aos seres vivos. Temos o caso do chumbo e o mercurio.
• Sofren modificación do seu volume (expansión e contracción): un metal dilatase cando aumenta de tamaño ao aumentar temperatura e contrae cando diminúe de tamaño coa
diminución da temperatura.
• Todos os metais teñen estado sólido e líquido. O súa capacidade de cambio o aumentar a temperatura é a fusibilidade.
• Soldabilidade: é a capacidade dalgúns metais de unirse a altas temperaturas..
8. OS MATERIAS FÉRRICOS
• Os metais férricos son o ferro e as súas aliaxes, o ferro doce ou foxado, o aceiro e a fundición.
• Son os máis utilizados debido ó seu baixo custe de extracción e obtención.
• O ferro é o elemento químico (fe) que constitúe o 5% da codia terrestre (2º metal máis abundante).
• Non está presente en estado puro senón en combinación con outros elementos en minerais:magnetita, siderita,
hematita…
• Presenta propiedades magnéticas:
1) é atraído polos imáns.
2) pode convertirse nun imán temporal (magnetización ou imantación)
por fricción cun imán permanente ou en presenza dunha corrente eléctrica (electroimán).
• O principal inconveniente é que pode oxidarse ó reaccionar co osíxeno do aire ou auga degradando o metal ata provocar
a súa rotura.
9. OS MATERIAS FÉRRICOS
• O ferro ten alta temperatura de fusión, máis de 1.500ºc. Este é o motivo polo que a súa metalurxia foi
tardía, posterior ó cobre e ó bronce. Supón a 3ª idade dos metais, a idade de ferro (700 a.C.). O
domiño da metalurxia do ferro e as súas aplicacións foron cruciais para o avance da agricultura, da
gandería, guerras…
• A forxa. A forxa artesanal dos ferreiros era a forma tradicional de moldear o metal: consiste nunha
fragua ou fogón no que se aviva o lume mediante aire procedente dun fuelle. O metal ponse ó “roxo
vivo” ou incandescente (800ºc) e golpéase co martelo sobre un yunque para moldealo e eliminar
impurezas. Logo deixábase enfriar rápidamente (templar) nun recipiente.
https://www.termiser.com/
10. TIPOS DE METAIS FÉRRICOS
• O ferro puro ten moi poucas aplicacións técnicas debido a que as súas propiedades son moi
deficientes. Pero se o combinamos con pequenas cantidades de carbono, un non metal, mellora
notablemente as súas propiedades. Segundo a cantidade carbono que se agrega ó ferro, podemos
distinguir as seguintes aliaxes: ferro doce, aceiros e fundicións. Os aceiros supoñen o metal máis
importante polas súas aplicacións.
• Segundo a porcentaxe de carbono, os metais ferrosos clasifícanse como:
• Ferro puro ou doce: a concentración de carbono está entre o 0,008% e o 0,03%.
• Aceiro: entre 0,03% e 1,76%.
• Fundicións: entre 1,76% e 6,67%.
14. O PROCESO DE ELABORACIÓN DO ACEIRO
• O proceso de fabricación de aceiro inclúe as seguintes etapas:
• O mineral de ferro lávase para eliminar calquera impureza.
• Tritúrase e peneirase para separar a ganga do mineral.
• O mineral mestúrase con coque e pedra caliza, e despois métese nun alto forno con temperaturas superiores a 1
500 °C, conséguese
• Escoira (slag) e un subproduto
composto por carbono e outras impurezas.
• Arrabio (pig iron), lévase a un conversor para:
• reducir a porcentaxe de carbono.
• eliminar impurezas.
• axustar a composición do aceiro engadindo
outros elementos como níquel ou cromo.
Mineral
ferro
Aire quente
Escoria
Arrabio
15. O PROCESO DE ELABORACIÓN DO ACEIRO
• Para mellorar as propiedades mecánicas do aceiro, sofre diferentes procesos térmicos.
• Temperado: A súa finalidade é aumentar a dureza e a resistencia do aceiro. Para iso, quéntase o aceiro a unha
temperatura lixeiramente máis elevada que a crítica superior ac (entre 900-950 °C) e arrefríase logo máis ou menos
rapidamente (segundo características da peza) nun medio como auga, aceite etc.
• Revenimento: aplícase a pezas que foron previamente temperados e reteñen defectos ou tensións consecuencia
deses procesos. Con este proceso conservan parte da dureza e aumentan a tenacidade. O revenido consegue
diminuír a dureza e resistencia dos aceiros temperados, elimínanse as tensións creadas na témpera e mellórase a
tenacidade, deixando ao aceiro coa dureza ou resistencia desexada. Distínguese basicamente do temperado en canto
á temperatura máxima e velocidade de arrefriado.
• Recocemento: consiste basicamente nun quecemento ata temperatura de austenitización (800-925 °c) seguido dun
arrefriado lento. Con este tratamento lógrase aumentar a elasticidade, mentres que diminúe a dureza. Tamén facilita
o mecanizado das pezas ao homoxeneizar a estrutura, afinar o gran e abrandar o material, eliminando a acritude que
produce o traballo en frío e as tensións internas.
• Normalizado: ten por obxecto deixar un material en estado normal, é dicir, ausencia de tensións internas e cunha
distribución uniforme do carbono. Adóitase empregar como tratamento previo ao temperado e ao revenimento.
16. OS MATERIAS NON FÉRROSOS
• Propiedades como baixo peso específico (son materiais en xeral blandos), pouca ou nula oxidación en
condicións normais, así coma fácil manipulación (teñen pouca resistencia mecánica), contribúen a que
os metais non ferrosos teñan gran aplicación na fabricación de produtos.
• Os metais non ferrosos pódense clasificar segundo o seu peso específico:
Tipo Valor de densidade Exemplo
Pesados ≥ 5kg/dm3 Estaño, cobre, zinc,
chumbo, cromo, níquel,
wolframio e cobalto.
Lixeiros 2kg/dm3< d < 5kg/dm3 Aluminio e titanio
Ultralixeiros d ≈ 2kg/dm3 Magnesio e berilio.
17. OS MATERIAS NON FÉRROSOS
• Ultralixeiros
Metal Propiedades Usos Orixe
Magnesio Branco brillante e
prateado; moi
lixeiro, brando e
maleable, pero
pouco dúctil;
reacciona moi
fortemente co
osíxeno.
A pirotecnia (fogos
de artificio), a
industria
aeroespacial e do
automóbil, e as
bicicletas.
Magnesita,
dolomita, carnalita,
epsomita e olivina
18. OS MATERIAS NON FÉRROSOS
• Lixeiros
Metal Propiedades Usos Orixe
Aluminio Branco prateado;
altamente resistente
á corrosión; moi
suave; baixa
densidade; alta
maleabilidade e
ductilidade; bo
para conducir
electricidade e
calor.
Liñas eléctricas de
alta tensión, avións,
coches, bicicletas,
carpintería lixeira,
cubertas8,
decoración,
utensilios de cociña
e latas de bebidas.
Bauxita
19. OS MATERIAS NON FÉRROSOS
• Lixeiros
Metal Propiedades Usos Orixe
Titanio Branco prateado,
brillante; luz; moi
duro e forte.
A industria
aeroespacial,
construción de
estruturas e
próteses médicas
(membros
artificiais).
Rutile and ilmenite
20. OS MATERIAS NON FÉRROSOS
• Pesados
Metal Propiedades Usos Orixe
Cobre Avermellado, moi
brillante; brando;
bo condutor
eléctrico e térmico;
moi maleable e
dúctil; ferruxe
facilmente..
Cableado eléctrico,
liñas telefónicas,
tubaxes,
radiadores,
decoración,
arquitectura,
xoiería e artesanía.
Cuprita, calcopirita
e malaquita
21. OS MATERIAS NON FÉRROSOS
• Pesado
Metal Propiedades Usos Orixe
Latón Moi resistente á
corrosión.
Artesanía, xoiería,
fontanería,
condensadores e
turbinas.
Cobre e zinc
Bronce Resistente ao
desgaste xeral e á
corrosión
Hélices de barcos,
filtros, campás da
igrexa, esculturas,
porcas, rodamentos
e engranaxes.
Cobre e estaño
22. OS MATERIAS NON FÉRROSOS
• Pesados
Metal Propiedades Usos Orixe
Zinc Gris azulado;
fráxil; non moi
difícil.
Cubertas,
fontanería e na
industria do
automóbil. Unha
capa
de cinc emprégase
noutros materiais
para deter a
corrosión
Sphalerite e
hemimorphite
23. OS MATERIAS NON FÉRROSOS
• Pesados
Metal Propiedades Usos Orixe
Estaño Branco brillante;
moi suave e
maleable; non se
oxida a
temperatura
ambiente.
Folla de estaño e
placa de estaño (unha
folla de aceiro
recuberta por ambos
lados cunha fina capa
de estaño).
Aliado con chumbo,
úsase para soldar
suavemente.
Cassiterite
24. OS MATERIAS NON FÉRROSOS
• Pesados
Metal Propiedades Usos Orixe
Chumbo Gris prateado;
suave e maleable;
os fumes de chumbo
son tóxicos cando se
inhalan.
Baterías, medidas
de protección
contra a radiación
nuclear.
Un aditivo en vidro
para aumentar a
súa dureza e
engadir peso
Galena
25. TÉCNICAS DE CONFORMADO
• Para fabricar pezas para a venda ou para a industria, o metal pasa por unha serie de procesos de
conformación, dependendo do tipo de metal e do que queremos facer.
• Son técnicas utilizadas para cambiar a forma da peza de metal mediante a aplicación dunha forza
externa. Pódese facer cando o metal está quente ou a temperatura ambiente.
26. TÉCNICAS DE CONFORMADO
• Laminación
O metal non procesado pásase por unha serie de rolos que o comprimen, reducen o
seu espesor e aumentan a súa lonxitude. Normalmente faise cando o metal está
quente.
Usos: chapas, chapas, barras...
• Extrusión
O metal quente é empuxado a través dun burato por un pistón, usando compresión.
Usos: Barras, tubos e outras formas.
27. TÉCNICAS DE CONFORMADO
• Forxa
A peza metálica está conformada mediante forzas de
compresión repetidas e continuas utilizandomartelos,
pinzas e yunques.
A forxa manual foi substituída pola forxa industrial ou
mecánica. A peza colócase nunha plataforma que fai de
yunque. Mediante unha máquina neumática ou
hidráulica, o martelo sobe e cae sobre a peza unha e outra
vez. A forxa adoita realizarse cando a peza está quente.
Usos: varandas, cabeceiras de cama, ferraduras, chaves,
ferramentas, cravos, parafusos, remaches, pezas do
motor...
28. TÉCNICAS DE CONFORMADO
• Estampación
O metal quentado colócase entre dous troqueles, un fixo e outro móbil. Os
troqueles son a forma do obxecto que queremos facer. Presionan entre si para que a
peza tome a forma do troquel.
Usos: pezas de carrocería, radiadores...
29. TÉCNICAS DE CONFORMADO
• Punzoado
Trátase dun proceso de forxa en frío: unha chapa de metal é golpeada cun punzón para dar a forma
necesaria nun molde.
Usos: pezas ocas de 15, como rodamentos, a partir de pezas planas.
• Dobrado
Unha chapa metálica é sometida a forza para facer unha forma curva cun raio de curva específico.
Usos: Pezas curvas ou con ángulos.
30. TÉCNICAS DE CONFORMADO
• Trefilado
Un fío é tirado por un burato que ten as dimensións necesarias. Emprégase un tambor xiratorio para
tiralo a través do burato para aumentar a súa lonxitude mentres se reduce o seu diámetro.
Usos: cordas e fíos metálicos.
31. TÉCNICAS DE MOLDEO
• O metal fundido bótase nun recipiente cun espazo oco no seu interior, que é a forma do obxecto que
queremos facer. O molde pode ser de area, aceiro ou ferro fundido.
• O metal quéntase nun forno.
• O metal líquido bótase no molde.
• Déixase arrefriar.
• Retírase a peza do molde.
• Usos: Bloques motor, bocas de incendio, pezas pequenas e aliaxes con baixo punto de fusión, adornos,
xoias, esculturas e implantes dentais.
32. TRABALLO DO METAL
• Usamos ferramentas manuais e eléctricas para estas técnicas. Observaremos marcado, corte,
perforación, conformación e acabado.
• Marcado.
• Punzón central e trazador
• O punzón central utilízase para marcar liñas e o trazador para marcar puntos nas follas de metal.
• Como marcar unha peza de metal:
1. Coloca o punzón central no punto que queres marcar e golpea con forza o outro extremo do trazador unha
vez cun martelo.
2. Use o trazador para marcar liñas rectas no metal. Debes usar regras e regras de carpinteiro como as que
podes ver nas imaxes.
33. TRABALLO DO METAL
• Usamos ferramentas manuais e eléctricas para estas técnicas. Observaremos marcado, corte, perforación,
conformación e acabado.
• Marcado.
• Punzón central e trazador
• O punzón central utilízase para marcar liñas e o trazador para marcar puntos nas follas de metal.
• Como marcar unha peza de metal:
1. Coloca o punzón central no punto que queres marcar e golpea con forza o outro extremo do trazador unha vez
cun martelo.
2. Use o trazador para marcar liñas rectas no metal. Debes usar regras e regras de carpinteiro como as que podes ver
nas imaxes.
3. Tamén pode usar divisores para debuxar liñas, círculos e arcos e para transferir medidas
36. TRABALLO DO METAL
• Maquinas CNC
• Son maquinas de control numérico
• Baseanse na introducción de coordeadas.
• Son unha mezcla de tornos com fresadoras.
37. ACABADO
• Acabado
• O acabado consiste en eliminar as imperfeccións da superficie, pulir e protexer os metais da auga e da corrosión.
• Lixadora. Un lixadora úsase para refinar as superficies a dimensións precisas e precisas e para eliminar calquera imperfección.
Podemos utilizalo en pezas planas ou cilindros.
• Lapeado. Unha máquina lapeadora ten un asa vertical e discos abrasivos. Normalmente úsase para rematar ocos e superficies
cónicas, e é moi preciso.
• Bruñido. Esta técnica produce un brillo, utilizando unha roda de pulido xiratorio, rodas ou tiras abrasivas.
• Pulido. Esta técnica tamén produce un brillo. Utilízase unha roda de pulido mecánica cun disco ou rolo de aceiro, que pode ser
abrasivo.
• Revestimento. Esta técnica úsase para protexer o metal. O metal está revestido18 de plástico ou doutros metais, por exemplo. zinc,
prata, ouro, níquel ou cromo. Esta técnica chámase galvanización. Tamén se poden utilizar pinturas, vernices e esmaltes.
38. TÉCNICAS DE UNIÓN
• Cando a peza estea rematada e lista, podemos unila a outra peza mediante unións permanentes ou
temporais.
• Unións permanentes:
• Soldadura: é o proceso de unir metal entre si, usando presión e calor na superficie. Hai varios tipos:
• Branda: Usamos unha aliaxe de estaño e chumbo. Este quéntase cun soldador eléctrico, que alcanza temperaturas de
400 °C.
• Forte: O latón ou o cobre quéntase con un soplete a unha temperatura de 800 °C. Támen o aceiro com soldaduras
por arco e por sistemas de oxiacetileno, as cales acadan ata 3000ºC.
39. TÉCNICAS DE UNIÓN
• Unións permanentes:
• Remaches: Este é un tubo metálico cunha cabeza nun extremo, introdúcese nas unidas e despois, cunha
ferramenta coñecida como remachadora, colócase unha cabeza no outro extremo, e unense as pezas..
• Presión: . Neste tipo de xuntas, introdúcese nas aberturas das pezas para ter un diámetro algo maior que a
abertura mediante un martelo ou presión . A veces é necessário quentar.
• Pegamentos.
40. TÉCNICAS DE UNIÓN
• Unións temporais
• Se se usan unións temporais, pódense unir e separar de novo sen romper a unión nin danar as pezas.
Porcas e parafusos Parafusos Parafusos de soporte roscados
Chaveta e peche Eixos estriados Articulacións deslizantes