Opt-out-DL (4)
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The document discusses three main options for organ donation systems: opt-in (explicit consent), opt-out (presumed consent), and mandated choice. Opt-in has the lowest donation rates around 10-15% due to lack of incentivization. Opt-out has the highest rates over 90% and is used by most countries by assuming consent unless individuals opt-out. Mandated choice requires individuals to make a choice at events like getting a driver's license, which can achieve high donation rates similar to opt-out. The document provides advantages and disadvantages of each system as well as addressing common myths around donation.
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Organ donation saves lives by transplanting healthy organs from deceased donors to patients whose organs are failing. There is a shortage of organs in the United States, with over 130,000 people on waiting lists. Success rates for organ transplants are high, with 5-year success rates of 69% for kidneys, 74.9% for hearts, and 73.8% for livers. Anyone can potentially donate organs regardless of their age, gender, medical history or other factors as long as they provide consent. Donating organs has the potential to save up to 8 lives and enhance the lives of over 50 people through tissue and eye donation. People can register as organ donors online through www.organdonor.gov or by
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This document discusses organ donation and provides key information. It defines organ donation as removing tissues or organs from a live or recently deceased person to be used for another person. It notes that most organs can be donated after death within a few hours and live donation requires donor consent. It also highlights that organ shortage is an issue, with over 17 people losing their lives daily while waiting for an organ in India. The document proposes several ways to improve organ donation rates, including better public awareness, hospital infrastructure, and support networks.
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The document discusses organ donation. It defines organ donation as removing tissues or organs from a living or recently deceased person to be used for transplantation. It notes that most organs can be donated after death within a few hours and that consent is required from the donor when living or their relatives after death. It also discusses common organs for donation, organ shortage reasons, and ways to improve donation rates such as increased public awareness and support programs.
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Organ TransplantsEthical Issues What are Organ T.docx
Organ Transplants
Ethical Issues
What are Organ Transplants?Cadaveric organ donation: Involves removing organs from a recently deceased donor.Living organ donation: Involves the donation of one of a paired organ (ex: kidneys) or a portion of an organ (such as a lobe of the liver or lung). The donor's organ system is still able to function after the donation. Living donors are often related to the patient, but that is not always the case.
HistoryIn 1954, the first successful kidney transplant was performed in the United States. It was a kidney from a living identical twin donor.
History cont.More than a half of a century after the very first transplant, more than 80,000 people whose death without a donor is certain are on waitlists in the United States waiting for a new lung, kidney, heart, or liver. The United Network for Organ Sharing reports that about half of these people will die without receiving the necessary organs. Human organs are a scarce medical resource and have many ethical issues concerning organ transplantation.
ConsentA donor card is the main signal for permission to collect an organ from a potential donor. Also there is an attempt to gain approval from a next of kin or other family members. If a family member isn’t present for that decision then recovery agencies would act solely on the donor card.
Donor Card ConcernsThere is fear and distrust that if you are a organ donor then less effort would be placed into saving your life if your death meant organs for others.Coercion takes place when signing up for a license, because everyone’s license is marked with the decision to be a organ donor or not.
Allocation ConcernsOrgan recipients are chosen from a long waiting list after they have been medically determined to be a eligible candidate. The criteria for these lists are weighed upon factors such as age range, causes of failure, and stage of organ failure.
An attempt to balance justice...The United Network for Organ Sharing policy tries to make the decision of organ donating fair by placing criteria on the donating circumstances. These circumstances include; the need for the organ and those with the possibility of the maximum outcome.
UNOS Criteria
Maximize the availability of transplantable organs.
Maximize patient and graft survival (allograft-human to human transplant).
Minimize the deaths while waiting for a transplant.
UNOS Criteria cont.
Maximize opportunity for patients with biological or medical disadvantages to receive a transplant.
Minimize the effects related to geography.
Allow convenient access to transplantation.
UNOS Criteria cont.Minimize overall transplantation costs.Provide for flexibility in policy making. Provide for accountability and public trust.
The UNOS Ethical PositionThe only ethically sound motivation for donation is humanity. They interpret humanity to be solidarity with the national community and the absence of personal benefit.
Racial BiasRacial bia.
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- 1. www.organathonfoundation.org ORGAN DONATION – OPTIONS 1.“opt in” or “ explicit consent” 2.“opt out” or “presumed consent” 3.“mandated choice” References: • Making it easier to register as an organ donor - The New York Times sep, 26 2009 • Give Life.org.nz • Bulletin of the WHO – organ donation, presumed consent and allocation priority • Driving licence applicants asked to join organ donor register | Society | The Guardian, 2011 • Impact of an opt out system for organ donation in the UK (http://www.nhsbt.nhs.uk/to2020/resources/Thepotentialimpactofanoptoutsystemfororgandonationinthe UK.pdf)
- 2. www.organathonfoundation.org “opt in” or “ explicit consent” Steven P. Jobs, Apple’s chief executive, received a liver transplant from the victim of a car crash and suggested “opt in” option in iPhone, Social Networking e.g., Facebook, Linkedin etc. Disadvantages of “opt in” option Low percentage of acceptability ~ 10% to 15% No Incentivization vis-à-vis with “opt out” option Fear of richer get preference ? Only few countries opt for this option
- 3. www.organathonfoundation.org “opt out” or “presumed consent Advantages Most countries across the world adopt this option Acceptability rate is more than 90% and varies from country to country This option is either hard or soft- Despite being consented by the person relatives were also involved and this form the basis of hard/soft option:- Incentivization of donor in case they need a organ during there lifetime OR some kind of rebate in the Insurance sector of the pledged donor. Note: 1. The allocation of the harvested organs is regulated by the central Government 2. 43 States of the US have a law that families cannot over – rule a donors’ wishes Disadvantages Fear of the fact that health – care professional would let registered donor die to harvest there organs – a myth Many refuses on the ground of there religions – a myth Fear of reincarnation – a myth TO CLEAR ALL MYTHS AND FACTS PLEASE VISIT – www.organthonfoundation.org –myths/FAQs section on the home page Soft opt out Hard opt out The views of relatives are saught and they can refused the consent (Spain, NZ) The views of relatives are not taken into the account and they can’t refused consent (Austria, Belzium, Sweden)
- 4. www.organathonfoundation.org “mandated choice” Advantages Note: 1. The allocation of the harvested organs is regulated by the central Government 2. 43 States of the US have a law that families cannot over – rule a donors’ wishes A wining combination and may achieve a higher rate of donation than presumed consent In the Driver License – Do you wish to be a organ donor ? High rate of donor sign up rate according to donate life Illinois In this taking permission from relatives of the donor is optional In nut shell Signing up to be an organ donor should be at least as easy downloading any song to your Phone Disadvantages India being a multi - linguistic with many religions – a real task to convince all – please see our website for details related to all the aspects irrespective of cast, creed or religion
- 6. www.organathonfoundation.org ORGAN DONATION – OPTIONS Different consent systems and donation rates
- 7. www.organathonfoundation.org Participants’ stance on opt out before and after the public deliberative events ORGAN DONATION – OPTIONS
- 8. www.organathonfoundation.org “We need to bring it into the national curriculum, perhaps as part of personal and social education issues. I think if we get children thinking about it when they are young, then at least they will have an opinion on it.” (recipient family) OPT OUT OPTION IN THE DRIVING LICENSE Thanking You…