Optimizing Hadoop* Workloads Nurcan Coskan, Ph.D. Intel Software & Solutions Group Learn more @ http://www.cloudera.com/hadoop/

1. Intel and the Intel logo are trademarks or registered trademarks of Intel Corporation or its subsidiaries in the United States and other countries. Other names and brands may
be claimed as the property of others. All products, dates, and figures are preliminary and are subject to change without any notice. Copyright © 2010, Intel Corporation.
Optimizing Hadoop* Workloads
Nurcan Coskun, Ph.D.
Intel Software & Solutions Group
October 12, 2010
Acknowledgements to Jason Dai, Intel SSG, for
of the test results and optimization techniques

2. Intel and the Intel logo are trademarks or registered trademarks of Intel Corporation or its subsidiaries in the United States and other countries. Other names and brands
may be claimed as the property of others. All products, dates, and figures are preliminary and are subject to change without notice. Copyright © 2010, Intel Corporation.
2
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Performance tests and ratings are measured using specific computer systems and/or components and reflect the approximate
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may be claimed as the property of others. All products, dates, and figures are preliminary and are subject to change without notice. Copyright © 2010, Intel Corporation.
3
Why Optimize Hadoop Deployments?
Handle
More
Data
At
Lower
Cost
In
Less
Time
With
Less
Power

4. Intel and the Intel logo are trademarks or registered trademarks of Intel Corporation or its subsidiaries in the United States and other countries. Other names and brands
may be claimed as the property of others. All products, dates, and figures are preliminary and are subject to change without notice. Copyright © 2010, Intel Corporation.
4
Workload traits drive optimization approach
4

5. Intel and the Intel logo are trademarks or registered trademarks of Intel Corporation or its subsidiaries in the United States and other countries. Other names and brands
may be claimed as the property of others. All products, dates, and figures are preliminary and are subject to change without notice. Copyright © 2010, Intel Corporation.
5
Where to Optimize ?
Hardware Hadoop / HDFS Software
Equipment, Settings Version, Settings OS, JVM, Settings

6. Intel and the Intel logo are trademarks or registered trademarks of Intel Corporation or its subsidiaries in the United States and other countries. Other names and brands
may be claimed as the property of others. All products, dates, and figures are preliminary and are subject to change without notice. Copyright © 2010, Intel Corporation.
6
Server Considerations
2 Socket Systems
with Intel®
Xeon® Processor
5600 series
Sweet spot for
performance,
efficiency, cost
12-24 GB DDR3 CPU intense or
HBASE may require
more.
4-6 1TB SATA
HDD 7200
Pure I/O workloads
may require more
1-2GB Ethernet Channel bonding for
increased throughput
Energy efficient
components
Gold certified power
supplies, efficient
fans, low power

7. Intel and the Intel logo are trademarks or registered trademarks of Intel Corporation or its subsidiaries in the United States and other countries. Other names and brands
may be claimed as the property of others. All products, dates, and figures are preliminary and are subject to change without notice. Copyright © 2010, Intel Corporation.
7
Processor Choice Matters
Faster
Handles More Data
More Energy Efficient

8. Intel and the Intel logo are trademarks or registered trademarks of Intel Corporation or its subsidiaries in the United States and other countries. Other names and brands
may be claimed as the property of others. All products, dates, and figures are preliminary and are subject to change without notice. Copyright © 2010, Intel Corporation.
8
Processor Choice Impacts Speed
Data Source: Intel internal measurements. Hadoop 0.19.1 results as of September 20, 2009 and Hadoop 0.20.2 results as of August 8, 2010.
Hardware configurations are on slide 21. Performance tests and ratings are measured using specific computer systems and/or components and reflect
the approximate performance of Intel products as measured by those tests. Any difference in system hardware or software design or configuration
may affect actual performance.
Last Year This Year
36%
Up to
faster
29%
Up to
faster

9. Intel and the Intel logo are trademarks or registered trademarks of Intel Corporation or its subsidiaries in the United States and other countries. Other names and brands
may be claimed as the property of others. All products, dates, and figures are preliminary and are subject to change without notice. Copyright © 2010, Intel Corporation.
9
Processor Choice Impacts Throughput
• Throughput = # of tasks
completed / minute when
cluster is at 100% utilization
• Intel Xeon processor 5600
provides up to 30% more
throughput than 5500 series1
Data Source: Intel internal measurements by using Hadoop 0.20.2 as of August 8, 2010.
Hardware configurations are on slide 22. Performance tests and ratings are measured using specific computer systems and/or components and reflect
the approximate performance of Intel products as measured by those tests. Any difference in system hardware or software design or configuration
may affect actual performance.

10. Intel and the Intel logo are trademarks or registered trademarks of Intel Corporation or its subsidiaries in the United States and other countries. Other names and brands
may be claimed as the property of others. All products, dates, and figures are preliminary and are subject to change without notice. Copyright © 2010, Intel Corporation.
Turn on Intel® Hyper-threading Technology
Intel® Hyper-threading
Technology
Increases performance for threaded
applications delivering greater throughput
and responsiveness
Up to 28% better performance1
1
Data Source: Intel internal measurements by using Hadoop 0.20.2 as of August 8, 2010.
Hardware configurations are on slide 23. Performance tests and ratings are measured using specific computer systems and/or components and reflect
the approximate performance of Intel products as measured by those tests. Any difference in system hardware or software design or configuration
may affect actual performance.
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
Terasort Wordcount
SMT OFF
SMT ON
Job Running Time
(Lower values are better)
10

11. Intel and the Intel logo are trademarks or registered trademarks of Intel Corporation or its subsidiaries in the United States and other countries. Other names and brands
may be claimed as the property of others. All products, dates, and figures are preliminary and are subject to change without notice. Copyright © 2010, Intel Corporation.
Memory
• Equipping 1~3 GB of RAM per CPU core
• ECC memory is highly recommended1, to detect and correct errors
introduced during storage transmission of data.
Hard drives
• Run in AHCI mode with NCQ enabled to improve multiple
simultaneous Read/Write performance
• Enable hard drive’s write cache
1. See in the discussion mail list http://mail-archives.apache.org/mod_mbox/hadoop-core-
dev/200705.mbox/%3C465C3065.09050501@dragonflymc.com%3E
Memory & Storage
11

12. Intel and the Intel logo are trademarks or registered trademarks of Intel Corporation or its subsidiaries in the United States and other countries. Other names and brands
may be claimed as the property of others. All products, dates, and figures are preliminary and are subject to change without notice. Copyright © 2010, Intel Corporation.
• 1-2 x 1Gigabit Ethernet per node
• Ensure multiple RX/TX queue support for multi-core processors
• Enable channel bonding to resolve network-bound workloads if needed
– E.g., Improves sort workload by 30% in job running time
1
NetworkingMap/ReduceTasks
bootstrap
map
shuffle
sort
reduce
idle
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
CPUUtilization
idle
wait I/O
system
user
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
DiskUtilization
disk
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Network
Utilization
network
Map/ReduceTasks
bootstrap
map
shuffle
sort
reduce
idle
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
CPUUtilization
idle
wait I/O
system
user
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
DiskUtilization
disk
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Network
Utilization
network
I/O improves
substantially
Sort – no channel bonding Sort – channel bonding
100% network
utilization without
channel bonding
12
1
Data Source: Intel internal measurements by using Hadoop 0.20.2 as of August 8, 2010. Hardware configurations are on slide 24. Performance tests
and ratings are measured using specific computer systems and/or components and reflect the approximate performance of Intel products as measured
by those tests. Any difference in system hardware or software design or configuration may affect actual performance.
time time

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may be claimed as the property of others. All products, dates, and figures are preliminary and are subject to change without notice. Copyright © 2010, Intel Corporation.
Hadoop Disk Drives
13
Doubling disk drives  >2x Speedup

14. Intel and the Intel logo are trademarks or registered trademarks of Intel Corporation or its subsidiaries in the United States and other countries. Other names and brands
may be claimed as the property of others. All products, dates, and figures are preliminary and are subject to change without notice. Copyright © 2010, Intel Corporation.
14
OS
•Use a Linux* distribution based on kernel version 2.6.30 or
later because of the optimizations included for energy and
threading efficiency
– For Example: energy consumption can be up to 60 percent (42 watts)
higher at idle for each server using older versions of Linux
•Optimize Linux* configurations
– Linux open file descriptor limit using /etc/security/limits.conf
• Default 1024 is too low for Hadoop daemon, and try to increase to approximately 64,000
– In kernel 2.6.28, epoll file descriptor limit using /etc/sysctl.conf
• Default 128 is too low for Hadoop daemon, and try to increase to approximately 4096

15. Intel and the Intel logo are trademarks or registered trademarks of Intel Corporation or its subsidiaries in the United States and other countries. Other names and brands
may be claimed as the property of others. All products, dates, and figures are preliminary and are subject to change without notice. Copyright © 2010, Intel Corporation.
15
JVM
JVM (set in hadoop-env.sh)
• Prefer Sun Hotspot Java Runtime Environment
• Prefer 1.6 update 14 or later 64-bit version JVM
• “-server” option
– Recommend for Hadoop framework processes (E.g., JobTracker, Namenode), targeting at the production
deployments
• Specific GC related options for framework process
– E.g., Using parallel GC algorithm -XX:ParallelGCThreads=8 -XX:+UseConcMarkSweepGC
• Set the parameter java.net.preferIPv4Stack to true as well.

16. Intel and the Intel logo are trademarks or registered trademarks of Intel Corporation or its subsidiaries in the United States and other countries. Other names and brands
may be claimed as the property of others. All products, dates, and figures are preliminary and are subject to change without notice. Copyright © 2010, Intel Corporation.
16
Choosing a proper codec for your IO intensive workloads
Data Compression
• Compress data wherever possible
• Reduces storage footprint
• Speed I/O bound workloads
• Set mapred.output.compress
and/or
mapred.compress.map.output to
be true
• Consider LZO format
• Terasort with LZO compression:
• 60% faster than uncompressed
• 56% faster than zlib
Data Source: Intel internal measurements by using Hadoop 0.20.2 as of August 8, 2010. Hardware configurations are on slide 25. Performance tests
and ratings are measured using specific computer systems and/or components and reflect the approximate performance of Intel products as measured
by those tests. Any difference in system hardware or software design or configuration may affect actual performance.

17. Intel and the Intel logo are trademarks or registered trademarks of Intel Corporation or its subsidiaries in the United States and other countries. Other names and brands
may be claimed as the property of others. All products, dates, and figures are preliminary and are subject to change without notice. Copyright © 2010, Intel Corporation.
17
Hadoop Configuration Tuning
1. Increase DFS block size
• dfs.block.size
– HDFS file block size, to use larger block size (such as 128M or 256M) for large file system.
• E.g., Increasing block size from 128M to 256M saves Terasort running time by 7%
2. Supply enough handlers (HDFS)
– dfs.datanode.max.xcievers
• The maximum number of threads that can be connected to a data node simultaneously, set
larger number (e.g., 2048) rather than the default value 256.

18. Intel and the Intel logo are trademarks or registered trademarks of Intel Corporation or its subsidiaries in the United States and other countries. Other names and brands
may be claimed as the property of others. All products, dates, and figures are preliminary and are subject to change without notice. Copyright © 2010, Intel Corporation.
18
For More Detail – See Intel’s Recent Paper

19. Intel and the Intel logo are trademarks or registered trademarks of Intel Corporation or its subsidiaries in the United States and other countries. Other names and brands
may be claimed as the property of others. All products, dates, and figures are preliminary and are subject to change without notice. Copyright © 2010, Intel Corporation.
19
Summary
• Tune and optimize Hadoop case by case
• Most of the Hadoop applications are data-intensive
• Tune your IO related application subsystem first
• Processor choice matters:
• X5670 (Westmere) shows 20-40% improvement for CPU-intensive workloads over
X5570 (Nehalem)1
• For I/O Intensive workloads – consider scaling HDD with core count
• Performance tuning tips:
• Channel bonding can reduce the network bottleneck for I/O intensive workloads
• Using larger DFS block size decreases task overhead
• Enabling HT shows gains up to 28% for CPU intensive workloads2
• Using LZO can significantly improve TeraSort results
1,2
Data Source: Intel internal measurements by using Hadoop 0.20.2 as of August 8, 2010.
Hardware configurations (speed test) are on slide 21. Hardware configurations (HyperThreading) are on slide 23. Performance tests and ratings are
measured using specific computer systems and/or components and reflect the approximate performance of Intel products as measured by those
tests. Any difference in system hardware or software design or configuration may affect actual performance.

20. Intel and the Intel logo are trademarks or registered trademarks of Intel Corporation or its subsidiaries in the United States and other countries. Other names and brands
may be claimed as the property of others. All products, dates, and figures are preliminary and are subject to change without notice. Copyright © 2010, Intel Corporation.
20
Backup

21. Intel and the Intel logo are trademarks or registered trademarks of Intel Corporation or its subsidiaries in the United States and other countries. Other names and brands
may be claimed as the property of others. All products, dates, and figures are preliminary and are subject to change without notice. Copyright © 2010, Intel Corporation.
Cluster Configurations Information
(Slide: “Processor Choice Impacts Speed”)
Source: Intel internal measurement as of September 19 2009 running Hadoop*, WordCount, and TeraSort
Intel® Xeon® X5460-based server
Processor: Dual-socket quad-core Intel® Xeon® X5460 3.16GHz
Processor Memory: 16GB (DDR2 FBDIM ECC 667MHz) RAM
Storage: 1 X 300GB 15K RPM SAS disk for system and log files, 4 X 1TB 7200RPM SATA for HDFS and intermediate results
Network: 1 Gigabit Ethernet NIC
BIOS: BIOS version S5000.86B.10.60.0091.100920081631EIST (Enhanced Intel SpeedStep Technology) disabled both hardware prefetcher and
adjacent cache-line, prefetch disable
Intel® Xeon® X5570-based server
Processor: Dual-socket quad-core Intel® Xeon® X5570 2.93GHz
Processor Memory: 16GB (DDR3 ECC 1333MHz) RAM
Storage: 1 X 1TB 7200RPM SATA for system and log files, 4 X 1TB 7200RPM SATA for HDFS and intermediate results
Network: 1 Gigabit Ethernet NIC
BIOS: BIOS version 4.6.3 Both EIST (Enhanced Intel SpeedStep Technology) and Turbo mode disabled both hardware prefetcher and adjacent cache-
line prefetch enabled, SMT (Simultaneous MultiThreading), enabled (Disabling hardware prefetcher and adjacent cache-line prefetch helps improve
Hadoop performance on Xeon X5460 server according to our benchmarking.)
Source: Intel internal measurement as of August 8, 2010 running Hadoop* WordCount and TeraSort.
Results: WordCount single job running time was 407 seconds on the Xeon® 5500® processor series and 289 seconds on the Intel® Xeon® 5600
processor series. TeraSort single job running time was 2,541 seconds on the Xeon processor 5500 series and 2,182 seconds on the Intel Xeon processor
5600 series.
Hardware, cluster configuration, and settings were as follows:
(1 Namenode/JobTracker + 5 DataNode/TaskTracker, each has two port 1 GbE connectivity to a single GbE switch with channel bonding enabled.) Intel
Xeon processor 5600 series servers: HP ProLiant* z6000 G6 Server with 2x Intel® Xeon® processor X5670 2.93 GHz (12 cores per node), 24 GB DDR3
RAM, 6 SATA disks per node (All six for HDFS and intermediate results, sharing one for system and log files with isolated partition). Both EIST
(Enhanced Intel® SpeedStep Technology) and Turbo mode disabled. Both hardware prefetcher and adjacent cache-line prefetch enabled. Intel® Hyper-
Threading Technology enabled. Intel Xeon processor 5500 series servers: HP ProLiant z6000 G6 Server with 2x Intel® Xeon® processor X5570 2.93
GHz (8 cores per node), 24 GB DDR3 RAM, 6 SATA disks per node (All six for HDFS and intermediate results, sharing one for system and log files with
isolated partition). Both EIST (Enhanced Intel® SpeedStep Technology) and Turbo mode disabled. Both hardware prefetcher and adjacent cache-line
prefetch enabled. Intel Hyper-Threading Technology enabled. Software: Red Hat Enterprise Linux* 5.4 (with kernel 2.6.30x86_64). Ext4 file system,
mounted with “noatime,nodiratime” options.). Sun JVM 1.6 (Java* version 1.6.0_14 Java SE Runtime Environment Java HotSpot* 64-bit server virtual
machine). Cloudera distribution of Hadoop [hadoop-0.20.2-CDH3 beta 2 (hadoop patch level 320)].
21

22. Intel and the Intel logo are trademarks or registered trademarks of Intel Corporation or its subsidiaries in the United States and other countries. Other names and brands
may be claimed as the property of others. All products, dates, and figures are preliminary and are subject to change without notice. Copyright © 2010, Intel Corporation.
Cluster Configurations Information
(Slide: “Processor Choice Impacts Throughput”)
Source: Intel internal measurement as of August 8, 2010 running Hadoop* WordCount and TeraSort.
Results: Total completed tasks per minute of WordCount over Intel® Xeon® processor 5500 series
was approximately 71.58, and over Intel® Xeon® process 5600 series was approximately 93.22.
Hardware, cluster configuration, and settings were as follows:
(1 Namenode/JobTracker + 5 DataNode/TaskTracker, each has two port 1 GbE connectivity to a
single GbE switch with channel bonding enabled.) Intel Xeon processor 5600 series servers: HP
ProLiant* z6000 G6 Server with 2x Intel Xeon processor X5670 2.93 GHz (12 cores per node), 24 GB
DDR3 RAM, 6 SATA disks per node (All six for HDFS and intermediate results, sharing one for system
and log files with isolated partition). Both EIST (Enhanced Intel® SpeedStep Technology) and Turbo
mode disabled. Both hardware prefetcher and adjacent cache-line prefetch enabled. Intel® Hyper-
Threading Technology enabled. Intel Xeon processor 5500 series servers: HP ProLiant z6000 G6
Server with 2x Intel Xeon processor X5570 2.93 GHz (8 cores per node), 24 GB DDR3 RAM, 6 SATA
disks per node (All six for HDFS and intermediate results, sharing one for system and log files with
isolated partition). Both EIST (Enhanced Intel® SpeedStep Technology) and Turbo mode disabled.
Both hardware prefetcher and adjacent cache-line prefetch enabled. Intel Hyper-Threading
Technology enabled. Software: Red Hat Enterprise Linux* 5.4 (with kernel 2.6.30x86_64). Ext4 file
system, mounted with “noatime,nodiratime” options.). Sun JVM 1.6 (Java* version 1.6.0_14 Java SE
Runtime Environment Java HotSpot* 64-bit server virtual machine). Cloudera distribution of Hadoop
[hadoop-0.20.2-CDH3 beta 2 (hadoop patch level 320)]
22

23. Intel and the Intel logo are trademarks or registered trademarks of Intel Corporation or its subsidiaries in the United States and other countries. Other names and brands
may be claimed as the property of others. All products, dates, and figures are preliminary and are subject to change without notice. Copyright © 2010, Intel Corporation.
Cluster Configurations Information
(Slide: “Intel® Hyper-threading Technology”)
Source: Intel internal measurement as of August 8, 2010 based on the following cluster and server
configuration: 6 nodes (1 NameNode/JobTracker, 5 DataNode/TaskTracker) in each, configured with
2GbE connectivity to each server. Intel® Xeon® processor 5600 series servers: HP ProLiant* z6000
G6 Server 2 x Intel® Xeon® processor X5670 2.93 GHz (12 cores per node), 24 GB DDR3 RAM, 6
SATA disks per node (All six for HDFS and intermediate results, sharing one for file system and log
files with isolated partition). Both EIST (Enhanced Intel® SpeedStep Technology) and Turbo mode
disabled. Both hardware prefetcher and adjacent cache-line prefetch enabled. Intel® Hyper-
Threading Technology (Intel® HT Technology) requires a computer system with an Intel® processor
supporting Intel HT Technology and an Intel HT Technology-enabled chipset, BIOS, and operating
system. Performance will vary depending on the specific hardware and software you use.
See www.intel.com/products/ht/hyperthreading_more.htm for more information including details on
which processors support Intel HT Technology.
23

24. Intel and the Intel logo are trademarks or registered trademarks of Intel Corporation or its subsidiaries in the United States and other countries. Other names and brands
may be claimed as the property of others. All products, dates, and figures are preliminary and are subject to change without notice. Copyright © 2010, Intel Corporation.
Cluster Configurations Information
(Slide: “Networking”)
24
Source: Intel internal measurement as of August 8, 2010 running Hadoop* WordCount and TeraSort.
Hardware, cluster configuration, and settings were as follows:
(1 Namenode/JobTracker + 5 DataNode/TaskTracker, each has two port 1 GbE connectivity to a single
GbE switch with channel bonding enabled.) Intel Xeon processor 5600 series servers: HP ProLiant*
z6000 G6 Server with 2x Intel Xeon processor X5670 2.93 GHz (12 cores per node), 24 GB DDR3
RAM, 6 SATA disks per node (All six for HDFS and intermediate results, sharing one for system and
log files with isolated partition). Both EIST (Enhanced Intel® SpeedStep Technology) and Turbo mode
disabled. Both hardware prefetcher and adjacent cache-line prefetch enabled. Intel® Hyper-Threading
Technology enabled. Intel Xeon processor 5500 series servers: HP ProLiant z6000 G6 Server with 2x
Intel Xeon processor X5570 2.93 GHz (8 cores per node), 24 GB DDR3 RAM, 6 SATA disks per node
(All six for HDFS and intermediate results, sharing one for system and log files with isolated
partition). Both EIST (Enhanced Intel® SpeedStep Technology) and Turbo mode disabled. Both
hardware prefetcher and adjacent cache-line prefetch enabled. Intel Hyper-Threading Technology
enabled. Software: Red Hat Enterprise Linux* 5.4 (with kernel 2.6.30x86_64). Ext4 file system,
mounted with “noatime,nodiratime” options.). Sun JVM 1.6 (Java* version 1.6.0_14 Java SE Runtime
Environment Java HotSpot* 64-bit server virtual machine). Cloudera distribution of Hadoop [hadoop-
0.20.2-CDH3 beta 2 (hadoop patch level 320)]

25. Intel and the Intel logo are trademarks or registered trademarks of Intel Corporation or its subsidiaries in the United States and other countries. Other names and brands
may be claimed as the property of others. All products, dates, and figures are preliminary and are subject to change without notice. Copyright © 2010, Intel Corporation.
Cluster Configurations Information
(Slide: “Data Compression”)
Source: Intel internal measurement as of August 8,2010 running Hadoop* TeraSort.
Results: TeraSort single job running time was 1477 seconds without compression, 1256 seconds with
default(zlib) compression, and 586 seconds with LZO compression.
Hardware, cluster configuration, and settings were as follows: (1 NameNode/JobTracker + 32
DataNode/TaskTracker; each has 1 port 1 GbE connectivity to a single GbE switch) Intel Xeon
processor 5500 series servers: 2x Xeon processor X5570 2.93 GHz (8 cores per node), 24 GB DDR3
RAM, 4 SATA disks per node (All 4 for HDFS and intermediate results, sharing 1 for system and log
files with isolated partition). Both EIST (Enhanced Intel® SpeedStep Technology) and Turbo mode
disabled. Both hardware prefetcher and adjacent cache-line prefetch enabled. Intel Hyper-Threading
Technology enabled. Software: Red Hat Enterprise Linux* 5.4 (with kernel 2.6.30.10 x86_64). Ext3
filesystem, mounted with “noatime,nodiratime” options.). Sun JVM 1.6 (Java* version 1.6.0_14 Java
SE Runtime Environment Java HotSpot* 64-bit server virtual machine). Hadoop 0.20.1 version
25