Umm Kulthum was an iconic Egyptian singer and actress active from the 1920s to 1970s. She was born in 1898 in a village in the Nile Delta region of Egypt to a religious family, and showed musical talent from a young age by learning to sing and recite the Quran. At age 16, she began studying classical Arabic music more formally with musicians in her village. In the 1920s, she moved to Cairo to further her career, where she was invited to perform and study by prominent musicians. Umm Kulthum went on to become one of the most popular and influential Arab singers of the 20th century, earning the honorific title "Star of the East."

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Umm Kulthum (Arabic: ‫كلثوم‬ ‫أم‬, Egyptian Arabic: [ˈomme kælˈsuːm]; French: Oum Kalthoum; born Fāṭima ʾIbrāhīm es-
Sayyid el-Beltāǧī ‫البلتاجي‬ ‫السيد‬ ‫إبراهيم‬ ‫فاطمة‬[1][2]
on 31 December 1898, or 4 May 1904;[3]
died 3 February 1975) was
an Egyptian singer, songwriter, and film actress active from the 1920s to the 1970s. She was given the honorific
title Kawkab al-Sharq (‫الشرق‬ ‫كوكب‬, 'Star of the East').[4]
She is considered a national icon in her native Egypt; she has been dubbed "The voice of Egypt"[5][6]
and
"Egypt's fourth pyramid".[7][8]
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Umm Kulthum was born into a family with a religious background as her father Ibrahim El-Sayyid El-Beltagi
was an imam from the Egyptian countryside, her mother was Fatmah El-Maleegi, a simple housewife.[9]
Her place of
birth was the village of Tamay e-Zahayra, belonging to the city of Senbellawein, Dakahlia Governorate, in the Nile
Delta.[9]
Her birth date is unconfirmed, as birth registration was not enforced throughout Egypt at that time. Some
sources claim that she was born either on 31 December 1898; 31 December 1904; or 4 May 1904. She learned how
to sing by listening to her father teach her older brother, Khalid. From a young age, she showed exceptional singing
talent. Through her father, she learned to recite the Qur'an, and she reportedly memorized the entire book.[9]
When
she was 12 years old, having noticed her strength in singing, her father asked her to join the family ensemble, upon
which she joined as a supporting voice, at the beginning just repeating what the others sung.[10]
She dressed as a boy
in a Bedouin fashion, so that her father would avoid the disapproval of a girl performing.[10]
At the age of 16, she was
noticed by Mohamed Abo Al-Ela, a modestly famous singer, who taught her the old classical Arabic repertoire. A few
years later, she met the famous composer and oudist Zakariyya Ahmad, who invited her to Cairo. Although she
made several visits to Cairo in the early 1920s, she waited until 1923 before permanently moving there. She was
invited on several occasions to the home of Amin Beh Al Mahdy, who taught her to play the oud, a type of lute. She
developed a close relationship with Rawheya Al-Mahdi, Amin's daughter, and became her closest friend. Umm
Kulthum even attended Rawheya's daughter's wedding, although she ordinarily preferred not to appear in public
(offstage).
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