Organizational Behavior Teaching material

1. Definitions of Leadership
 Leadership is capacity to influence the
behavior of others.
 “Leadership is a process whereby an
individual influences a group of individuals to
achieve a common goal”.
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2. According to Hersey and
Blanchard, leadership is a
function of the leader, followers
and situation.
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3. Why Do We Need Leaders?
To keep groups orderly and
focused
To accomplish tasks
To make sense of the world
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4.  Produces Change &
Movement
 Establishing Direction
 Creating a vision
 Clarifying the big picture
 Setting strategies
 Motivating and inspiring
Managers
 Management functions
(planning, organizing,
staffing, controlling, leading)
 Provide structure
 Establishing rules and
procedures
 Taking corrective action
 Making job placements
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Leaders

5.  Efficient coaching skills
 Confidence
 Consistency between word and
action – “walking the talk”
 Being visionary ( It must be clear)
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6. There are 4 basic leadership styles. These
includes;
 Autocratic leadership style
 Bureaucratic leadership style
 Laissez-faire leadership style
 Democratic leadership style
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7.  known as ‘’I’’ approach
 practiced by the managers concentrating on
power and authority within themselves.
 Communication tends to be primarily in one
direction from manager to follower
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8. Manages “by the book”.
It is necessary when Staff
performing routine tasks over and
over
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9.  Known as “free-rein” style
 All authority or power given to the
followers and they determine goals,
make decisions, and resolve
problems on their own.
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10.  known as participative style
 Encourages followers to be a part of
the decision making
 Recognizes and encourages
achievement
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11.  The most widespread one's are:
› Great Man Theory,
› Trait Theory,
› Behavioral Theories,
› Contingency Theories,
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12. Assumes that the traits of
leadership are intrinsic.
That simply means that great
leaders are born they are not
made.
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13.  It depends on personal traits
_ Emotional stability and composure: Calm,
confident and predictable
_ Admitting error
_ Good interpersonal skills
_ Intellectual breadth
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14. Look at what leaders actually do
First it focus on what leaders
looks like behaviorally
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15.  Leadership as being more flexible – different
leadership styles used at different times
depending on the circumstance.
 Suggests leadership is not a fixed series of
characteristics that can be transposed into
different contexts
 May depend on:
› Type of staff
› History of the business
› Culture of the business
› Quality of the relationships
› Nature of the changes needed
› Accepted norms within the institution
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16. 1. TRANSFORMATIONAL LEADERSHIP MODEL
 When leaders and followers raise one another to
higher levels of motivation and morality…”
 Requires:
› Long term strategic planning
› Clear objectives
› Clear vision
› Leading by example – walk the walk
› Efficiency of systems and processes
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17.  Servant Leadership requires that we look
at stakeholders needs.
 The servant leader is one who is servant
first. E.g. Mandella
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18. › Focus on the management
of the organisation
› Focus on procedures and efficiency
› Focus on working to rules
and contracts
› Managing current issues
and problems
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19. Key Characteristics of Charismatic leaders
1. Self Confidence- They have complete confidence
in their judgment and ability.
2. A vision- This is an idealized goal that proposes a
future better than the status quo. The greater the
disparity between idealized goal and the status
quo, the more likely that followers will attribute
extraordinary vision to the leader.
3. Ability to articulate the vision-
4. Strong convictions about vision-
5. Behavior that is out of the ordinary-
6. Perceived as being a change agent-
7. Environmental sensitivity-
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20. 1. A leader should understand his or her own
needs and characteristics.
2. Knowing and Using the Resources of the Group
3. Communicating
4. Planning
5. Controlling Group Performance
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21. 6. Setting the Example
7. Representing the Group
8. Effective Teaching
9.Sharing Leadership
10. Evaluating
11. Counseling
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22. Are you a Leader in
your Organization?
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23.  Life is about choices. We deal with choices in
our personal lives everyday. Most of us are
guided by such questions as, “Is this the
correct thing to do? Is this the right decision
to make?”
 We are guided by our own sense of morality,
i.e. the difference between right and wrong.

24.  Organizational business ethics work much the same
way. Here, we are dealing with choices, also, about
anything and everything related to organizational
activities and business situations.
 We apply our own personal set of values, standards,
rules, principles, strategies, and even knowledge of
what is lawful to every decision, and these are the
things that guide us.
 But that’s not to say we aren’t tempted. That’s not
to say we don’t always go against our sense of
morality (right vs wrong) at various times. That’s
not to say we always make the right choices.
Sometimes, we make the wrong one.

25.  If ethics deals with the choices (the morality of right
vs wrong) that individuals make in their personal and
professional lives, then…..
 Organizational business ethics is the application of
these morality related choices as influenced and
guided by values, standards, rules, principles, and
strategies associated with organizational activities
and business situations.
 “Business ethics deals with choices about what laws should be and
whether to follow them, about economics and social issues outside the
law, and about the priority of self-interests over the company’s
interests.” Laura Nash

26. Employee commitment.
Investor and customer loyalty and confidence.
Legal problems and penalties.
Customer satisfaction.
The ability to build relationships with
stakeholders.
Cost control.
Performance, revenue, and profits.
Reputation and image.

27. Develop ethical behavioral influences.
Provide sound ethics training
Instill strong organizational values
Implement plans and strategies to achieve
ethical excellence
Build an integrity based organization

28.  Research indicates that poor
communication is probably the most
frequently cited source of interpersonal
conflict. Individuals spend nearly 70
percent of their waking hours
communicating—writing, reading,
speaking, listening
 No group can exist without
communication and it can be called the
life blood of business organizations.

29. What is Communication?
Communication is the art of transmitting
information, ideas and attitudes from one person to
another.
Communication is the process of meaningful
interaction among human beings.
The transfer and understanding of a message
between two or more people.

30. Personal process
Occurs between people
Involves change in behavior
Means to influence others
Expression of thoughts and emotions through
words and actions.
Tool for controlling and motivating people.
Social and emotional process.

31. What are the most common ways
we communicate?
Written Word

32. In modern business environment
communication extends beyond
written or spoken words to listened
word.
Visual dimension added by T.V.,
computers, outdoor signage etc.
has given new meaning to
communication.

33. Formal Network: Virtually vertical as per
chain of command within the hierarchy.
Informal Network: Free to move in any
direction may skip formal chain of
command. Likely to satisfy social and
emotional needs and also can facilitate task
accomplishment.
e.g. grapevine

34. Direction of
Communication
Upward Lateral
Downward

35. Direction of Communication flow
Downwards Communication : Highly Directive,
from Senior to subordinates, to assign duties, give
instructions, to inform to offer feed back, approval to
highlight problems etc.
Upwards Communications : It is non directive in
nature from down below, to give feedback, to inform
about progress/problems, seeking approvals.
Lateral or Horizontal Communication: Among
colleagues, peers at same level for information level
for information sharing for coordination, to save time.

36. Noise
Noise
Noise
Noise

37. Barriers to communication

38. Filtering
A sender’s manipulation of information so that it will be
seen more favorably by the receiver.
Selective Perception
People selectively interpret what they see on the basis of
their interests, background, experience, and attitudes.
Information Overload
A condition in which information inflow exceeds an
individual’s processing capacity.

39. Emotions
How a receiver feels at the time a message is received will
influence how the message is interpreted.
Language
Words have different meanings to
different people.
Communication Apprehension
Undue tension and anxiety about oral communication,
written communication, or both.

40. Hearing Vs Listening
Hearing – Physical process,
natural, passive
Listening – Physical as well as
mental process, active, learned
process, a skill
Listening is hard. You must choose to
participate in the process of listening.

41. Value of listening
 Listening to others is an elegant art.
 Good listening reflects courtesy and
good manners.
 Listening carefully to the instructions
of superiors improve competence and
performance.

42. The result of poor listening skill could be
disastrous in business, employment and
social relations.
Good listening can eliminate a number of
imaginary grievances of employees.
Good listening skill can improve social
relations and conversation.
Listening is a positive activity rather than a
passive or negative activity.

43. Always think ahead about what you are going to say.
Use simple words and phrases that are understood
by every body.
Increase your knowledge on all subjects you are
required to speak.
Speak clearly and audibly.
Check twice with the listener whether you have been
understood accurately or not
Essentials of communication
(Dos)

44. In case of an interruption, always do a little
recap of what has been already said.
Always pay undivided attention to the speaker
while listening.
While listening, always make notes of important
points.
Always ask for clarification if you have failed to
grasp other’s point of view.
Repeat what the speaker has said to check
whether you have understood accurately.

45. Essentials of communication
(Don’ts)
Do not use technical terms & terminologies
not understood by majority of people.
Do not speak too fast or too slow.
Do not speak in inaudible surroundings, as
you won’t be heard.

46. Do not assume that every body
understands you.
While listening do not glance here and
there as it might distract the speaker.
Do not interrupt the speaker.
Do not jump to the conclusion that you
have understood every thing.

47. How to Improve Existing Level of
Communication?
Improve language.
Improve pronunciation.
Work on body language.
Read more.
 Improve on your topic of discussion,
 Think and speak.
 Don’t speak too fast.
 Use simple vocabulary.
 Don’t speak only to impress someone.
 Look presentable and confident.
Listen more…etc.

48. Improving Body Language -
Tips
• Keep appropriate distance
• Touch only when appropriate
• Take care of your appearance
• Maintain eye contact
• Smile genuinely

49. …in the new global and diverse
workplace requires
excellent communication skills!
Success for YOU…

51. Thank You!