This document summarizes Elizabeth Eisenstein's key publication "The Printing Press as an Agent of Change: Communications and Cultural Transformations in Early-Modern Europe" (1979). The summary discusses 14 points made about how print restructured thinking processes, created a new industry of information workers, valorized novelty, provoked censorship, "fixed" material from the past and ideas for future examination, increased the credibility of printed documents, created concepts of intellectual ownership and copyright, developed the concept of privacy, and became a tool of self-fashioning.
The connecting machine. Librarians' mission after the Fourth revolutionMatilde Fontanin
Presentation given at the IFLA Reference and Information Services Section virtual event: Enabling information ethics in a technologically saturated world - 7 Oct 2020 -
https://www.ifla.org/ES/node/93288
We are made of information, it shapes our lives and reality. After the Fourth revolution (Floridi, 2014) our self is moulded also by data, much involuntarily generated when we use technology.
The ethical issues involved in information sharing and using affect its evaluation, fair use, privacy, openness. Educating users to awareness has always been a mission of the Reference and Information services librarians, pursuing the goal of fostering an informed and active citizenship also envisioned by the Millennium Development Goals and the UNESCO Media and Information Literacy strategy.
The same technology generating information can help govern it, disclose science to citizens, foster social justice, yet it also stimulates the spread of fake news and misinformation.
Machines do not act of their own will, they must be governed to guarantee a Human use of human beings (Wiener, 1950), this demands a multidisciplinary effort, as Wiener demonstrated.
Raising citizens’ awareness on the way algorithms work requires bridging differences in mathematicians, computer scientists, psychologists, philosophers, sociologists, economists and more: librarians and digital humanists could step in as connectors.
In 1948, upon reviewing Wiener’s Cybernetics, Dominique Dubarle provocatively advocated the advent of a “machine à gouverner”, which might do better than inept politicians. Nowadays, society is facing the problem of self-driving cars: for the first time in history, a “Moral machine” (Awad et al., 2019) will be enabled to decide on people’s lives. Some lessons could be learnt from the interdisciplinary approach of the past.
This paper will review literature, consider recent facts and offer some proposals for the renewed ethical commitment of the digital humanist and the librarian facing new technologies and bearing in mind the IFLA Code of Ethics for Librarians and other Information Workers.
Postmodernism refers to a skeptical view of objective truth and reality. Some key aspects of postmodernism discussed in the document include:
1) The distinction between reality and media representations is blurred, with media reality becoming the new reality.
2) Postmodern media rejects notions of artistic hierarchy and values intertextuality over realism.
3) Jean Baudrillard introduced the concept of hyperreality, where simulations replace pure reality and the boundaries of real and imaginary are eroded.
This document provides a 3-step process for improving a first draft of writing: 1) Deepen it with sensory details, 2) Add body language, 3) Drop in reflections. An example is given of applying these steps to strengthen a sample story paragraph. Additional techniques are mentioned like dramatizing with dialogue or using flashbacks. The document promotes a Writers' Village Academy that provides resources and support for authors, including modules, templates, bonuses, forums, and personal advice.
The document provides a list of 30 multiple choice questions that appear to be from a final exam for a BIS 220 course. The questions cover topics related to information systems, databases, networking, security, and productivity software like Microsoft Office. The document instructs users to download the answers to the exam questions at another location.
Vinia Residences Edsa Across Trinoma - Powerpoint PresentationJamie Serrano
At Vinia, you’ll have easy access to malls like SM North EDSA and TriNoma. Nearby transport hubs along EDSA and the MRT3-North Avenue station conveniently link you to the whole metro area.Enjoy all the conveniences of living and working in a condo at an accessible location with the vibrance of nature at Vinia Residences + Versaflat
.FOR MORE INFORMATION,,,Please contact Jamie or Eden Serrano @ 00447875635267 or 00447809404580 email - je4.filinvestuk@gmail.com,
The document discusses Chris Anderson's theory of the "Long Tail", which proposes that as the costs of production and distribution decrease, especially online, niche products and services that appeal to smaller audiences can become economically attractive like mainstream products. It provides examples of how this applies to book publishing and retailing, as well as challenges such as how niche interest products can get published and marketed. The document also speculates on potential future applications of long tail theory such as personalized computer-generated stories and virtual reality environments.
This document defines and provides examples of procedure text, which explains how to do or use something through a series of steps. It outlines the generic structure of procedure text as having a goal, listing required materials, and providing the methods or steps. An example is given for making mango juice, listing the needed materials and providing the steps to peel, cut, and juice the mango to create a drink.
There are three degrees of comparison in English: positive, comparative, and superlative. The positive degree is used to describe one person or thing. The comparative degree is used to compare two people or things. The superlative degree is used to compare more than two people or things and expresses the highest level. Adjectives are made comparative and superlative through different methods depending on their syllable length, ending, and whether they are regular or irregular.
The connecting machine. Librarians' mission after the Fourth revolutionMatilde Fontanin
Presentation given at the IFLA Reference and Information Services Section virtual event: Enabling information ethics in a technologically saturated world - 7 Oct 2020 -
https://www.ifla.org/ES/node/93288
We are made of information, it shapes our lives and reality. After the Fourth revolution (Floridi, 2014) our self is moulded also by data, much involuntarily generated when we use technology.
The ethical issues involved in information sharing and using affect its evaluation, fair use, privacy, openness. Educating users to awareness has always been a mission of the Reference and Information services librarians, pursuing the goal of fostering an informed and active citizenship also envisioned by the Millennium Development Goals and the UNESCO Media and Information Literacy strategy.
The same technology generating information can help govern it, disclose science to citizens, foster social justice, yet it also stimulates the spread of fake news and misinformation.
Machines do not act of their own will, they must be governed to guarantee a Human use of human beings (Wiener, 1950), this demands a multidisciplinary effort, as Wiener demonstrated.
Raising citizens’ awareness on the way algorithms work requires bridging differences in mathematicians, computer scientists, psychologists, philosophers, sociologists, economists and more: librarians and digital humanists could step in as connectors.
In 1948, upon reviewing Wiener’s Cybernetics, Dominique Dubarle provocatively advocated the advent of a “machine à gouverner”, which might do better than inept politicians. Nowadays, society is facing the problem of self-driving cars: for the first time in history, a “Moral machine” (Awad et al., 2019) will be enabled to decide on people’s lives. Some lessons could be learnt from the interdisciplinary approach of the past.
This paper will review literature, consider recent facts and offer some proposals for the renewed ethical commitment of the digital humanist and the librarian facing new technologies and bearing in mind the IFLA Code of Ethics for Librarians and other Information Workers.
Postmodernism refers to a skeptical view of objective truth and reality. Some key aspects of postmodernism discussed in the document include:
1) The distinction between reality and media representations is blurred, with media reality becoming the new reality.
2) Postmodern media rejects notions of artistic hierarchy and values intertextuality over realism.
3) Jean Baudrillard introduced the concept of hyperreality, where simulations replace pure reality and the boundaries of real and imaginary are eroded.
This document provides a 3-step process for improving a first draft of writing: 1) Deepen it with sensory details, 2) Add body language, 3) Drop in reflections. An example is given of applying these steps to strengthen a sample story paragraph. Additional techniques are mentioned like dramatizing with dialogue or using flashbacks. The document promotes a Writers' Village Academy that provides resources and support for authors, including modules, templates, bonuses, forums, and personal advice.
The document provides a list of 30 multiple choice questions that appear to be from a final exam for a BIS 220 course. The questions cover topics related to information systems, databases, networking, security, and productivity software like Microsoft Office. The document instructs users to download the answers to the exam questions at another location.
Vinia Residences Edsa Across Trinoma - Powerpoint PresentationJamie Serrano
At Vinia, you’ll have easy access to malls like SM North EDSA and TriNoma. Nearby transport hubs along EDSA and the MRT3-North Avenue station conveniently link you to the whole metro area.Enjoy all the conveniences of living and working in a condo at an accessible location with the vibrance of nature at Vinia Residences + Versaflat
.FOR MORE INFORMATION,,,Please contact Jamie or Eden Serrano @ 00447875635267 or 00447809404580 email - je4.filinvestuk@gmail.com,
The document discusses Chris Anderson's theory of the "Long Tail", which proposes that as the costs of production and distribution decrease, especially online, niche products and services that appeal to smaller audiences can become economically attractive like mainstream products. It provides examples of how this applies to book publishing and retailing, as well as challenges such as how niche interest products can get published and marketed. The document also speculates on potential future applications of long tail theory such as personalized computer-generated stories and virtual reality environments.
This document defines and provides examples of procedure text, which explains how to do or use something through a series of steps. It outlines the generic structure of procedure text as having a goal, listing required materials, and providing the methods or steps. An example is given for making mango juice, listing the needed materials and providing the steps to peel, cut, and juice the mango to create a drink.
There are three degrees of comparison in English: positive, comparative, and superlative. The positive degree is used to describe one person or thing. The comparative degree is used to compare two people or things. The superlative degree is used to compare more than two people or things and expresses the highest level. Adjectives are made comparative and superlative through different methods depending on their syllable length, ending, and whether they are regular or irregular.
How did printing technology impact literacy and education How d.pdfarihantkitchenmart
How did printing technology impact literacy and education ?
How did printing technology impact literacy and education ?
Solution
Print culture embodies all forms of printed text and other printed forms of Visual
Communication. One prominent scholar in the field is Elizabeth Eisenstein, who contrasted print
culture, which appeared in Europe in the centuries after the advent of the Western printing press
to scribal culture.
Print culture is the conglomeration of effects on human society that is created by making printed
forms of communication. Print culture encompasses many stages as it has evolved in response to
technological advances. Print culture can first be studied from the period of time involving the
gradual movement from oration to script as it is the basis for print culture. As the printing
became commonplace, script became insufficient and printed documents were mass produced.
The era of physical print has had a lasting effect on human culture, but with the advent of digital
text, some scholars believe the printed word is becoming obsolete.
The advent of the printing press over five hundred years ago may be described as one of the few
major significant events in mankind’s history in terms of the greatest impact on literacy. Before
paper and print were invented, oral communication was the only method in which information
was gathered and distributed. Even though this bound the community together, it did not allow
the community to grow and there were no methods of accurately storing and retrieving
information. Further, if the community moved on or perished so did their historical records and
knowledge. Although the following technologies involved the written word in the form of
papyrus scrolls and manuscript codex as examples, it was still quite time consuming and limited
to the upper literate elite class of society. When the printing press was invented there was a shift
from the laborious manuscript making to the codex print allowing many copies of written work
to be quickly created, in turn providing greater access to information for all and providing the
framework for the gradual transformation of societal literacy.
The concept of printing was first conceived and developed in China and Korea. Although the
concept was conceived by the eastern nations, the first mechanized printing press was invented
by a German metalworker named Johann Gutenberg in 1452. Gutenberg did not invent the
printing press but rather conceived the idea of movable type which is actually an aggregation of
three distinct technologies utilized by humans for many centuries before Gutenberg (Jones
2007). This can be described as a form of remediation of previous communication technologies.
Bolter defines remediation when a, “newer medium takes place of an older one, borrowing and
reorganizing the characteristics of writing in the older medium and reforming its cultural space.”
(Bolter, 2001, p.23). Gutenberg combined the technologies of paper, viscous oil-based ink.
The document summarizes the work and impact of Elizabeth Eisenstein, a historian who studied the effects of the printing press. It discusses how printing standardized text and increased access to information. This led to revolutionary changes, as printed books allowed ideas to spread more widely and be examined more critically. Printing helped enable scientific advances by disseminating ancient knowledge more broadly.
1) Printing was first developed in China in the 7th century through woodblock printing of Buddhist texts and then spread to other East Asian countries like Japan and Korea.
2) The technology made its way to Europe in the 15th century via Italy after Marco Polo's return from China. Johannes Gutenberg then developed the printing press in Germany which accelerated book production.
3) The emergence of print culture had wide-ranging impacts such as the growth of literacy, new reading publics, religious and political debates, and the development of national languages and cultures across Europe and other parts of the world.
Class : 10th
Subject : History
Topic : Print culture and the modern world
#CBSE , #NCERT
Hope this will help you guys .
Regards from a "NAVODAYAN" .
Thank you .
The document summarizes the history of printing from its origins in China, Japan, and Korea using woodblock printing techniques. It then discusses how printing spread to Europe via Marco Polo and was advanced through Johannes Gutenberg's development of the mechanical printing press in the 15th century. The summary discusses how the printing press increased book production and literacy, leading to new reading publics and religious and intellectual debates. It outlines how publishers attracted new readers and how print culture influenced movements like the French Revolution. Innovations like powered presses and offset printing are also mentioned.
Print Culture & the Modern World part 1Mukund Ingle
The document summarizes the history of printing from its origins in China, Japan, and Korea using woodblock printing techniques. It then discusses how printing spread to Europe via Marco Polo and was advanced through Johannes Gutenberg's development of the mechanical printing press in the 15th century. The summary discusses how the printing press increased book production and literacy, leading to new reading publics and religious and intellectual debates. It outlines how publishers attracted new readers and how print culture influenced movements like the French Revolution. Innovations like powered presses and offset printing are also mentioned.
This document provides an overview of humanism during the Renaissance era. It defines humanism as an intellectual movement that focused on education, classical learning, and the dignity of man. Key aspects discussed include the emphasis on secularism and reason over religion, the influence of classical Greek and Roman thinkers, and the focus on man as an individual. The document also examines the rise of humanism through important figures like Petrarch and Erasmus, and how it spread and took on different forms in places like Florence, Rome, and England.
The Enlightenment was a period in the 18th century when thinkers began applying reason and science to critically examine traditions and religion. They promoted ideas like natural rights, social contract theory, and equal rights. Documents from this era like the US Bill of Rights, Declaration of the Rights of Man, and Haitian Constitution emphasized natural rights like life, liberty, and property. The Enlightenment also influenced fields like philosophy, politics, science, and art by promoting rational and evidence-based thinking over dogma.
The document summarizes the spread of the Northern Renaissance in Europe. It discusses how the printing press helped spread Renaissance ideas by making books cheaper and more accessible. Key northern Renaissance artists including Jan van Eyck, Albrecht Dürer, and Pieter Bruegel are profiled for developing realistic painting techniques and styles. Writers such as Desiderius Erasmus and Thomas More are also mentioned for critiquing society and advocating humanist ideals through their works.
Broken promises. From the Enlightenment to the modern Epistememon.rodriguez
This document summarizes and critiques Jürgen Habermas's model of the public sphere as presented in his 1962 work "Strukturwandel der Öffentlichkeit". It argues that while Habermas's model provides a useful framework, it idealizes history and does not fully capture changes over time. New perspectives are needed to understand alternative discourses and how digital media may be enabling a new "epistemic rupture" or revolution in structures of knowledge and power.
The document discusses the history and impact of print culture and printing technology. It notes that the oldest known printed book is the 868 AD Diamond Sutra from Japan. The shift from hand printing to mechanical printing, known as the Print Revolution, transformed society by spreading knowledge and encouraging new ways of thinking. It influenced religious debates and dissent. Literacy rates increased, fueling demand for printed books. Overall, widespread printing opened access to information and changed people's relationship with knowledge and authority.
How did printing technology impact literacy and education How d.pdfarihantkitchenmart
How did printing technology impact literacy and education ?
How did printing technology impact literacy and education ?
Solution
Print culture embodies all forms of printed text and other printed forms of Visual
Communication. One prominent scholar in the field is Elizabeth Eisenstein, who contrasted print
culture, which appeared in Europe in the centuries after the advent of the Western printing press
to scribal culture.
Print culture is the conglomeration of effects on human society that is created by making printed
forms of communication. Print culture encompasses many stages as it has evolved in response to
technological advances. Print culture can first be studied from the period of time involving the
gradual movement from oration to script as it is the basis for print culture. As the printing
became commonplace, script became insufficient and printed documents were mass produced.
The era of physical print has had a lasting effect on human culture, but with the advent of digital
text, some scholars believe the printed word is becoming obsolete.
The advent of the printing press over five hundred years ago may be described as one of the few
major significant events in mankind’s history in terms of the greatest impact on literacy. Before
paper and print were invented, oral communication was the only method in which information
was gathered and distributed. Even though this bound the community together, it did not allow
the community to grow and there were no methods of accurately storing and retrieving
information. Further, if the community moved on or perished so did their historical records and
knowledge. Although the following technologies involved the written word in the form of
papyrus scrolls and manuscript codex as examples, it was still quite time consuming and limited
to the upper literate elite class of society. When the printing press was invented there was a shift
from the laborious manuscript making to the codex print allowing many copies of written work
to be quickly created, in turn providing greater access to information for all and providing the
framework for the gradual transformation of societal literacy.
The concept of printing was first conceived and developed in China and Korea. Although the
concept was conceived by the eastern nations, the first mechanized printing press was invented
by a German metalworker named Johann Gutenberg in 1452. Gutenberg did not invent the
printing press but rather conceived the idea of movable type which is actually an aggregation of
three distinct technologies utilized by humans for many centuries before Gutenberg (Jones
2007). This can be described as a form of remediation of previous communication technologies.
Bolter defines remediation when a, “newer medium takes place of an older one, borrowing and
reorganizing the characteristics of writing in the older medium and reforming its cultural space.”
(Bolter, 2001, p.23). Gutenberg combined the technologies of paper, viscous oil-based ink.
The document summarizes the work and impact of Elizabeth Eisenstein, a historian who studied the effects of the printing press. It discusses how printing standardized text and increased access to information. This led to revolutionary changes, as printed books allowed ideas to spread more widely and be examined more critically. Printing helped enable scientific advances by disseminating ancient knowledge more broadly.
1) Printing was first developed in China in the 7th century through woodblock printing of Buddhist texts and then spread to other East Asian countries like Japan and Korea.
2) The technology made its way to Europe in the 15th century via Italy after Marco Polo's return from China. Johannes Gutenberg then developed the printing press in Germany which accelerated book production.
3) The emergence of print culture had wide-ranging impacts such as the growth of literacy, new reading publics, religious and political debates, and the development of national languages and cultures across Europe and other parts of the world.
Class : 10th
Subject : History
Topic : Print culture and the modern world
#CBSE , #NCERT
Hope this will help you guys .
Regards from a "NAVODAYAN" .
Thank you .
The document summarizes the history of printing from its origins in China, Japan, and Korea using woodblock printing techniques. It then discusses how printing spread to Europe via Marco Polo and was advanced through Johannes Gutenberg's development of the mechanical printing press in the 15th century. The summary discusses how the printing press increased book production and literacy, leading to new reading publics and religious and intellectual debates. It outlines how publishers attracted new readers and how print culture influenced movements like the French Revolution. Innovations like powered presses and offset printing are also mentioned.
Print Culture & the Modern World part 1Mukund Ingle
The document summarizes the history of printing from its origins in China, Japan, and Korea using woodblock printing techniques. It then discusses how printing spread to Europe via Marco Polo and was advanced through Johannes Gutenberg's development of the mechanical printing press in the 15th century. The summary discusses how the printing press increased book production and literacy, leading to new reading publics and religious and intellectual debates. It outlines how publishers attracted new readers and how print culture influenced movements like the French Revolution. Innovations like powered presses and offset printing are also mentioned.
This document provides an overview of humanism during the Renaissance era. It defines humanism as an intellectual movement that focused on education, classical learning, and the dignity of man. Key aspects discussed include the emphasis on secularism and reason over religion, the influence of classical Greek and Roman thinkers, and the focus on man as an individual. The document also examines the rise of humanism through important figures like Petrarch and Erasmus, and how it spread and took on different forms in places like Florence, Rome, and England.
The Enlightenment was a period in the 18th century when thinkers began applying reason and science to critically examine traditions and religion. They promoted ideas like natural rights, social contract theory, and equal rights. Documents from this era like the US Bill of Rights, Declaration of the Rights of Man, and Haitian Constitution emphasized natural rights like life, liberty, and property. The Enlightenment also influenced fields like philosophy, politics, science, and art by promoting rational and evidence-based thinking over dogma.
The document summarizes the spread of the Northern Renaissance in Europe. It discusses how the printing press helped spread Renaissance ideas by making books cheaper and more accessible. Key northern Renaissance artists including Jan van Eyck, Albrecht Dürer, and Pieter Bruegel are profiled for developing realistic painting techniques and styles. Writers such as Desiderius Erasmus and Thomas More are also mentioned for critiquing society and advocating humanist ideals through their works.
Broken promises. From the Enlightenment to the modern Epistememon.rodriguez
This document summarizes and critiques Jürgen Habermas's model of the public sphere as presented in his 1962 work "Strukturwandel der Öffentlichkeit". It argues that while Habermas's model provides a useful framework, it idealizes history and does not fully capture changes over time. New perspectives are needed to understand alternative discourses and how digital media may be enabling a new "epistemic rupture" or revolution in structures of knowledge and power.
The document discusses the history and impact of print culture and printing technology. It notes that the oldest known printed book is the 868 AD Diamond Sutra from Japan. The shift from hand printing to mechanical printing, known as the Print Revolution, transformed society by spreading knowledge and encouraging new ways of thinking. It influenced religious debates and dissent. Literacy rates increased, fueling demand for printed books. Overall, widespread printing opened access to information and changed people's relationship with knowledge and authority.
1. Lecture 2: Print as an Agent of
Change (cont)
Key publication: The Printing Press as an Agent of
Change: Communications and Cultural
Transformations in Early-Modern Europe, (1979),
Elizabeth Eisenstein
4. A restructuring of the thinking processes
Title pages “contributed to new habits of placing and dating”
(Eisenstein 1979:106).
Print also created a cultural inclination to systematize knowledge.
2. Print formats re-structured the ‘cognitive space’
They imposed a peculiarly Indo-European filter
Print reifies the Aristotelian notion of contrarity and binary logic.
Question: Is the hyperlinked hologram world of the Internet ‘linear’?
Print restructures the perception of time into the linear
pattern of narrative
Renaissance man onwards saw time as an object to be visualised.
Question: Did print really create a linear sense of time?
Question: Are attention spans really shorter in the modern
era?
3. 5. A new industry of information workers was created.
Intangible information could now be sold as an information product.
6. Novelty became valorised for its own sake.
‘Original’ once meant ab origine. Now it meant novelty.
Novelty - the latest thing - acquired commodity value
‘Newe Herrings, new, wee must crye!’ Thomas Nashe, 1592
Defoe and Richardson (mid 18thc): the first authors of
fiction who were genuinely ‘original’ in their plots
4. 7. Print provoked censorship
A threat! Now information could be managed by the hoi polloi and not
authority
A dialectic began: censorship versus free expression
Censors The press
Guild censorship: eg. Culpepper
State censorship: rise of the Stationers’ Hall:
eg.Ben Jonson (right)
Church censorship: eg. Martin Marprelate
Some clerics welcomed print; others feared it
5. Question: why did the 18thc also see provocative opinions- if they were
not seditious - being increasingly tolerated in newspapers?
Question: has state censorship in Western culture really lapsed?
6. Question: ‘how
many angels can
dance upon the
head of a pin?’
Caution: the question may not be as foolish as
it seems…
7. 8. Print ‘fixed’ material from the past.
‘Typographical fixity’ (Eisenstein 1979: 1, 116-20)
“Works ‘brought to light’ in this period [from 16thc onwards] remained
in the public domain forever after” (Eisenstein 1979:210).
9. Print also ‘fixed’ ideas for future examination.
• A book can be successively revised and reprinted; ephemera are lost
Plays were considered ephemeral until early 17th century
• A good memory was now unnecessary
• Book packaging imposed a spurious perfection on volatile manuscripts.
• A book conveys ‘immortality’ on an author
Question: Did text really fix ideas?
8. 10. Printed documents had high credibility and prestige.
The oral word acquired substance. Books
became status icons. Appeal to exclusivity
11. Print created the concept of intellectual ownership.
The book invented the author…
and the author invented copyright
“Printing forced legal definitions of what belonged in the
public domain…the terms plagiarism and copyright did not
exist for the minstrel. It was only after printing that they
began to hold significance for the author" (Eisenstein
1979:120)
9. Question: Who is the ‘author’ of a book today?
Does it matter?
How could reviewers critique a book written by
a computer program?
10. 12. Print developed the concept of privacy as an entitlement
Question: was print really responsible for the growth of
privacy?
Or did privacy really grow with
the development of chimneys?
11. 13. Print became a tool of self-fashioning
Self-aggrandisement.
Automythopoeia.
Bloggo ergo sum?
12. Summary
Eisenstein argues that print was an ‘agent of change’ that had an effect
on:-
· The Rise of Science: Cartography, Astronomy, Botany etc; The
Rise of Exploration and Exploitation of the Natural World; Scepticism and
rejection of classical authority and deductive principles (arguing from
authority).
· Religion: Reformation, Challenges to the Authority of the
Church, Religious Wars, Rise of Secularism; 18thc anti-clericalism
· The Early Modern Economy: The Rise of Mercantilism and early
Capitalism; the commodification of the word
· The Sense of Individuality and Self-Reliance in Western Culture:
The Rise of Bourgeoisie and the sturdy
individual, private, subjective, independent
· Medieval Universities: Challenges to the Old Authorities and Old
Methods of Learning, The Move towards the 17thc Enlightenment (see
Habermas and Lecture Three); major shifts in sensibility (eg joke books
became more human…)
13. Assignment:
Eisenstein argues that other conditions present in northern
European culture allowed print to act as an agent of change. Print
was not always or necessarily itself an agent of change.
Write a short 500-word paper in an academic register and
format, with citations and a terse bibliography, on the topic:
If we accept that the Internet is inarguably correlated with ‘change’
in processes of human behaviour and cognition, is the Internet by
itself an agent of change? Or is it merely associated with changes
in behaviour and cognition which may be occurring by means of
other agents entirely? Conceivably, are both arguments defensible?
Advance your argument with illustrative examples and citations.