This study examined NMVOC emissions from domestic product use in Finland from 1990-2014. It analyzed emissions from cosmetics, cleaning products, car care products, and others. The study used two calculation methods, one based on product sales volumes and the other on money spent. It found that NMVOC emissions were close to earlier estimates. Emissions varied from 3.66 to 4.21 kt/year during 2000-2014. The results provide detailed annual estimates of NMVOC emissions from different domestic product groups in Finland.

1. 1
NMVOC EMISSIONS FROM
DOMESTIC SOURCES IN
FINLAND BY 1990-2014
Noora Rantanen
Finnish Environment Institute, SYKE, Helsinki
18.12.2015
ABSTRACT
This study examined the emissions of non-methane
volatile organic compounds from domestic product
use. The research was conducted in summer of 2015
at Finnish Environment Institute, SYKE in Helsinki.
The study investigated NMVOC emissions from
domestic sources during 1990 to 2014 in Finland.
The examined product categories were cosmetics,
toiletries, household cleaning products, car care
products and some other selected products having
clear contribution to emissions. These product
categories were divided into main NMVOC
contributor products.
Products with likely NMVOC releases, according to
existing information such as literature, were selected
for closer studies. Typical concentrations of NMVOC
compounds in products were evaluated, mainly based
on information from material safety data sheets
(MSDS) available for different products. The
product-specific emission factors used in the
calculation methods were based on literature and
expert estimations. NMVOC emissions were
calculated by two methods, which were based on
different activity data. In calculation method I
product sales volumes were used as activity data and
in calculation method II the money consumed to
purchase the product was used as activity data.
The results of this study showed that NMVOC
emissions from Domestic sources were close to the
estimate which was made in early 2000’s by The
Finnish Cosmetic, Toiletry and Detergent
Association. NMVOC emissions from Domestic
solvent use were evaluated to sum up to 4.622
kt/year. According to table 1, this study evaluated
NMVOC emissions to vary between 3.66 kt/year to
4.21 kt/year during period 2000–2014.
Not many countries have not carried out an inventory
of covering the domestic use of products. Information
of Norwegian and Belgian inventory were studied
and compared to the Finnish results and it was found
that national use of practices and climatic conditions
impact emissions.
The results obtained in this study include
uncertainties due to the used activity data in method
I, as well as due to interpretations of the activity data
such as the classification of products. Furthermore,
the scaling of activity data from a few data sources to
represent the whole country’s market volume may
disturb the accuracy of the results. In this research it
was found that in cosmetics, toiletries and household
cleaning products, input data for calculation method
II already represents the consumption in the whole
country. However, both of the data sets show a
similar pattern of the use of products. From the point
of view on which data to use in an annual emission
inventory, the input data for calculation method II
was found to be more accessible of these product
groups in the future.
Keywords:
NMVOC, VOC, air pollutants, domestic sources

2. 2
1. INTRODUCTION
This study focused on determining non-methane
volatile organic compounds (NMVOC) from
domestic product use in Finland. Non-methane
volatile organic compounds are organic compounds
excluding methane and having a vapor pressure of
0.01 kPa or higher at 293.15 K or having a similar
volatility under the particular conditions of use
(Finnish Environment Institute, 2014). The study was
conducted for the period 1990–2014. In early 2000’s
NMVOC emissions from Domestic solvent use were
evaluated to sum up to 4.622 kt/year (Finnish
Environment Institute, 2014). The importance of this
study is that the earlier estimate of NMVOC
emissions from the use of domestic products was a
rough annual total excluding estimates by different
product groups or variations over the years. This
study was conducted as a project funded by the
Ministry of the Environment and carried out at
Finnish Environment Institute SYKE, which acts as
the inventory agency for air pollutant emissions.
NMVOCs are an important source of air pollution,
because of their significant impact in the earth
troposphere (Staats, et al., 2005). In the troposphere
NMVOCs format smog by reacting with other
substances under the influence of sunlight, and thus
contribute to the formation of tropospheric ozone.
Tropospheric ozone acts as a greenhouse gas and is
also harmful to human health (Staats, et al., 2005),
the latter applies to compounds like benzene and 1,3-
butadiene (European Environment Agency, 2013).
Also, fragrances can cause irritation to eyes,
headaches, skin and respiratory irritation, asthma and
allergic reactions (Gorman, 2007).
Industrial processes and product use contributes to a
quarter of NMVOC emissions in Finland. Other
significant sources of NMVOC emissions are energy
and transport sectors, contributing to approximately
half and one fifth of emissions, respectively. Two
thirds of NMVOC emissions from the combined
industrial processes and product use sector come
from product use where different coating applications
and domestic product use are the most significant
sectors (Finnish Environment Institute, 2014). This
study focuses solely and exclusively to NMVOC
emissions from the use of domestic products.
The functions of NMVOCs in domestic products are
related to the properties as an aerosol (Tebert, et al.,
2009), solvent, disinfectant, fragrance, preservative,
as well as an freezing and anti-freezing agent
(European Commission, 2002). The main domestic
product categories containing NMVOCs are
cosmetic, toiletries, household cleaning, car care,
pharmaceutical, office supply, pesticide and do-it-
yourself products (Tebert, et al., 2009) (Kittilsen,
2010) (European Commission, 2002). In this study
the focus is on the following main product groups of
the source of emissions: cosmetics, and personal care
products, household cleaning products, car care
products and some other selected products having
clear contribution to emissions.
Factors contributing to emission levels of NMVOCs
from domestic product use are the volume of a
consumed product, the contents of NMVOC
substances in the products and the volatility of the
substances into the atmosphere (Kittilsen, 2010).
Input data to the calculations were obtained from
companies, authorities, literature, and partly based on
estimates from industry and experts.
Finland is committed under the United Nations
Economic Council for Europe (UNECE) Convention
on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution
(CLRTAP) to estimate and annually report emissions
for the different air pollutants, including NMVOCs.
The same reporting obligations apply also to the
European Union National Emission Ceilings
Directive. NMVOCs are also reported under the
United Nations Convention on Climate Change
(UNFCCC). Finland has not earlier performed a
detailed annual NMVOC emissions inventory
regarding domestically used products but used
instead a constant estimate.
General emission estimation methods related to the
study subject are available in the international
organizations’ guidebooks, however, they do not
contain detailed information to be readily used in this
study. Therefore information related to national
emission inventories and studies by industry and
different research communities were used in the
study.
According to the Norwegian research, the products
used for car care are the largest sources in NMVOC
emissions in private households (36 per cent). The
second largest contributors (25 per cent) are glass,
window and other cleaning products while the use of
cosmetics has corresponds to 18 per cent of NMVOC
emissions from households. (Kittilsen, 2010) The

3. 3
Norwegian study showed also that the main NMVOC
species from this source were ethanol, 2-propanol,
naphtha and ethylene glycol. In another study from
the Netherlands in 2004, the largest shares of
NMVOC emissions from the use of cosmetic
products were aerosol hair sprays (35 per cent) and
deodorants (29 per cent) (Tebert, et al., 2009) and,
these two product groups covered more than half of
domestic product use NMVOC emissions in the
country. According to the same research the second
greatest product groups were other hair styling
products (9 per cent) roll-on deodorants (5 per cent)
and perfumes (4 per cent). Similar results were also
achieved in the study by ARCADIS (ARCADIS,
2010). In total, the largest contributors to domestic
NMVOC emissions were deodorants and
antiperspirants (+/- 25 per cent), hair modelling
products (+/- 25 per cent), windscreen washing fluids
(16.6 per cent) and air fresheners (5.8 per cent).
2. MATERIALS AND METHODS
The following is a description of the calculation
methods, emission factors and the shares of
emissions in the products.
Quantification of emissions is based on the
consumption of products emitting the studied
substances, called activity data, and an emission
factor for each of the substances emitted (Kittilsen,
2010). The basic equation was modified for the use in
different situations, depending, for instance, on the
availability of activity data, as described below and
more specifically in chapter 2.5 Calculation methods.
𝐸𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑁𝑀𝑉𝑂𝐶
= 𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑑𝑎𝑡𝑎 (𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛)𝑥 𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠(𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡)
= ∑(𝐴𝑙𝑙 𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒)
2.1 The definition of product groups
Cosmetics and toiletries
In the literature reviewed, hairstyling products,
deodorants/antiperspirants and fragrances/perfumes
contributed most to NMVOC emissions from the
group of cosmetics and hygiene products (Tebert, et
al., 2009), (ARCADIS, 2010). The most important
emission sources among hairstyling products were
hair sprays (both pump and aerosol) and styling
mousses. Aerosol and roll-on
deodorants/antiperspirants were included in the
study, as well as other less emitting products such as
shampoos and soaps.
Household cleaning products
From household cleansers aerosol type air fresheners
(ARCADIS, 2010) and glass and window cleaners
(Kittilsen, 2010) were included in the study as they
are significant NMVOC sources due to their content
propellant or alcohols. Furthermore, universal,
surface and special cleaners were also taken into
account in this study.
Car care products
According to the studies windscreen washing agents
(ARCADIS, 2010), anti-freezing agents and car
polish are dominant sources of NMVOC -emissions
in car care products. (Kittilsen, 2010) In addition to
these, the following product groups were also
included in the calculation of emissions: car waxes,
radiator and brake fluids, transmission and motor
oils, engine detergents, degreasing agents, vehicle
and boat shampoos.
Other products
The group of other products includes lighter fluids
for grills and repellent sprays for example on
tarpaulins.
2.2 Emission factors
The product-specific emission factors used in
calculation methods I and II are based on literature
and expert estimations. The emission factors take into
account that not all NMVOCs contained in the
product are emitted to ambient air because they may
(1) remain in the product, (2) rather end up in the
sewage than emit into the air, or (3) be partly
destroyed while the product remains in a wasted
container (Tebert, et al., 2009). Product-specific
emission factors used in the calculations [kg/tonn
(product)] are listed in the appendix I.

4. 4
2.3 Typical concentrations of NMVOC
compounds in products
Typical concentrations of NMVOCs in selected
products are presented in appendix II. The
concentrations are mainly based on information from
the material safety data sheets (MSDS) available for
different products. In the MSDSs the concentrations
are generally expressed as percentage intervals, for
example “contains 10-20 per cent ethanol”. The
average concentration values were used in the
calculations almost without exceptions.
2.4 The model
In a national emission inventory, the emission levels
need to be determined annually. In this study the
volumes were determined for every fifth year starting
from the year 1990 to 2014. The market volumes
were scaled according to the whole country’s market
volume by using information of different market
shares from multiple sources (Nielsen, 2011),
(Nielsen, 2012), (Nielsen, 2013), (Nielsen, 2014),
(Nielsen, 2015), (Hallman, 2014). While the sales
data received from companies covered years 2014,
2013 or 2000, sales volumes in earlier years were
adjusted according to changes in gross domestic
production. Sales data for the purpose of the study
were received from companies as liters or kilograms
of volume sold. In addition, information on money
consumed on selected product categories was
available from the industry. The calculation methods
are presented in the following chapters.
2.5 Calculation methods
I) CALCULATION METHOD BY THE
VOLUME OF SALES
In calculation method I products sales volumes were
used as activity data. The volumes for different years
were scaled according to domestic gross production
over the years. The adjusted sales volumes were
multiplied with the density of the product,
concentration of NMVOC compounds in the product
and an average emission rate of the NMVOC
compounds, to reach NMVOC emissions as
presented in the formula below:
𝐸𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡 𝐴 𝑖𝑛 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑋
= 𝑉𝑜𝑙(𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑋)[𝑙]
∗ 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡 [
𝑘𝑔
𝑙
] ∗ 𝐸𝐹 % (𝐴)1
∗ 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑁𝑀𝑉𝑂𝐶𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡 %
II) CALCULATION METHOD BY THE
CONSUPTON OF MONEY TO THE
PRODUCTS
In calculation method II the money consumed to
purchase the product was converted to use volume of
the product in the Finland (European Commission,
2002), (Granqvist, 2005), (Karine, 2006), (Karine,
2007), (Karine, 2008), (Karine, 2009), (Karjomaa,
2010), (Karine, 2011), (Karine, 2012), (Karine,
2013). This was done by multiplying money
consumption with the average price of a volume unit
(liter or kilogram) of the product. After this the
emissions were calculated similarly as in calculation
method I.
3. RESULTS
NMVOC emissions in the period 1990–2014 from
the main product groups in Finland are presented in
this chapter. Detailed results for each main group are
summarized in following sections. Furthermore,
results for each of the sub-groups are presented in
appendix III-V.
Summarized results are presented in following table
1. Car care and other products NMVOC emissions
were calculated using method I, while NMVOC
emissions from household cleaning products and
cosmetics and toiletries are based on calculation
method II. Activity data in calculation method I was
not reliable with these product groups. Thus, the
results from calculation method II were applied.
In 2010 (table 1), the results show that cosmetics and
toiletries are the largest sources of NMVOC
emissions into air in private households (62 per cent).
The second largest contributors are car care (21 per
cent) and household cleaning products (15 per cent).
Other products correspond to two per cent of
NMVOC emissions from households. The shares of
NMVOC contributors vary when comparing Finland
to Norway in 2010. As mentioned in the introduction,
1
Emission factor of the product A

5. 5
in Norway the largest contributor was car care
products (36 per cent) and the smallest one was
cosmetics (18 per cent) (Kittilsen, 2010).
In Norway 2005 emissions from cosmetics were
0.526 kt, anti-freezing agents 0.842 kt, windscreen
washing agents 0.736 kt, disinfectants 0.842 kt and
cleaning products 1.368 kt. When compared to
Finnish emissions at the same time, differences can
be seen in the following product groups: cosmetics,
anti-freezing agents and cleaning products (appendix
III-V). Differences depend on the different approach
on quantification of emissions: Norway uses the
information from the national product register, which
necessarily does not capture all sources that are
included in the Finnish inventory. Other reasons are
the different use practices and climatic conditions.
The inventory of Belgian detailed enough of making
comparisons.
3.1 Cosmetics and toiletries
NMVOC emissions from cosmetics and toiletries
during the period 1990–2014 were between 1.27 kt to
1.47 kt (method I) and 1.80 kt to 2.67 kt (method II).
NMVOC emissions from both methods increase
steadily over time. Results are presented in pictures 1
and 2.
Picture 1 NMVOC emissions based on calculation method I
Picture 2 NMVOC emissions based on calculation method II
It has been studied that the largest shares of NMVOC
emissions from the use of cosmetic products are hair
sprays, deodorants, hair styling products and
perfumes (Tebert, et al., 2009), (ARCADIS, 2010).
This study also indicated that the main NMVOC
sources under cosmetic products are aerosol
hairsprays, spray deodorants and perfumes
(Appendix III, Method I) in 2014l Also when using
method II the main products were hairsprays (aerosol
and pump), deodorants (spray and roll-on) and
styling mousses (Appendix III, Method II).
3.2 Household cleaning products
NMVOC emissions from household cleaning
products vary over time depending on the method of
calculation. Emissions based on calculation method I
rise steadily from 0.10 kt to 0.13 kt between years
1990 to 2014 as presented in picture 3. However,
using method II (picture 4), the emissions vary more
during the time period. The variations may be due to
the purchase and storage patterns where the storage
Product
group
1990
[kt/a]
1995
[kt/a]
2000
[kt/a]
2005
[kt/a]
2010
[kt/a]
2014
[kt/a]
Cosmetics
and
toiletries 1.80 1.84 2.10 2.23 2.69 2.69
Household
cleaning
products 0.61 0.58 0.61 0.68 0.64 0.68
Car care
products 0.42 0.84 0.90 1.02 0.90 0.74
Other
products 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.11
TOTAL 2.85 3.30 3.66 3.98 4.31 4.21
Table 1 Total result from product groups in Finland 1990-2014

6. 6
can be filled up during one year and sold out during
the next.
Picture 3 NMVOC emissions based on calculation method I
Picture 4 NMVOC emissions based on calculation method II
In Finland, the largest NMVOC emission
contributors are glass and window cleaners. In 2010,
glass and window cleaners (concentrate and ready for
use) accounted for about 44 per cent of household
cleaning products emissions (Appendix IV, method
I). Furthermore, in Norway the glass and window
cleaners were mentioned as a major source of
NMVOC emissions (Kittilsen, 2010). However, this
study resulted that in 2010 the aerosol air fresheners
were the main NMVOC emission source (about 51
per cent) (Appendix IV, method II). Air fresheners
would probably have been the major contributor also
in calculation method I, if the activity data would
have been available. The study by ARCADIS
(ARCADIS, 2010) mentioned also, that air fresheners
are significant product group in NMVOC emissions.
3.3 Car care products
NMVOC emissions from car care products were
calculated only based on calculation method I
because there was no activity data for method II. In
picture 5 we can see that NMVOC emissions increase
during 1990 to 2005 from 0.42 kt to 1.02 kt and later
decrease to 0.74 kt. The impact of prohibiting
methanol in windscreen washing agents still needs to
be studied. The main NMVOC emission contributor
in this group was windscreen washing agents.
In this study it was found transmission and motor
oils, radiator and brake fluids do not emit NMVOC
emissions, because their emission factor is 0. These
products do not contain significant amounts of
volatile compounds, because otherwise the product
would not work as expected. The decreasing trend of
emissions may be due to product development and
more widespread use of low-emission products.
Picture 5 NMVOC emissions based on calculation method I
3.4 Other products
NMVOC emissions from other products such as car
care products, were calculated only by method I,
because the lack of activity data for method II.
Emissions from the group other products rise steadily
over examined time period and emissions are not at
significant levels. The group other products contained
products like lighter fluid for grill and repellent for
example on tarpaulin. Results from calculation
method I are presented in following picture 6.

7. 7
Picture 6 NMVOC emissions based on calculation method I
4. DISCUSSION
NMVOC emissions from Domestic solvent use were
evaluated to sum up to 4.622 kt/year in early 2000’s
(Finnish Environment Institute, 2014). According to
table 1, this study evaluated NMVOC emissions from
this source to vary between 3.66 kt/year to 4.21
kt/year during period 2000–2014.
In the Norwegian inventory NMVOC emissions from
household products from 2005 to 2008, varied
between 10 521 tonnes to 9 416 tonnes (Kittilsen,
2010), corresponding to 2.28 kg/person in 2005 and
1.99 kg/person in 2008 as specific emissions. In
Finland, NMVOC emissions varied between time
period 2005-2010 from 0.757 kg/person in 2005 and
to 0.802 kg/person in 2010 (Table1), (Statistics
Finland, 2007), (Statistics Finland, 2011). During the
time period 2005 to 2008, NMVOC emissions in
Finland were about 33 to 40 per cent of NMVOC
emissions in Norway.
The activity data used in the calculations introduced
uncertainty to the results, especially in method I,
which corresponded only a minor and uncertain share
of the total sales volume in the country. Thus, the
scaling activity data to whole country’s market
volume may disturb the accuracy of the results. The
classification of products might cause errors to
NMVOC emissions. In this research it was found that
in cosmetics, toiletries and household cleaning
products, input data for calculation method II already
represents the consumption in the whole country.
However, both of the data sets show a similar pattern
of the use of products. To support regular annual
emission inventory work the input data for
calculation method II is more accessible of these
product groups in the future, because the data is
annually produced by The Finnish Cosmetic, Toiletry
and Detergent Association and does not require
conducting separate surveys each year.
4.1 Factors that may impact future
development of emissions
It has been estimated that the reduction of VOC
content in hairsprays below 90 % would reduce the
performance of product. What comes to the
deodorants, the VOC content limit could be
decreased to 10 %. However, this could mean that
only emulsion-based rollers and sticks would be
allowed on the market. One solution might be if all
cosmetic products manufacturers would have an
obligation to have a clearly visible label of the
product’s VOC content. This would help raise
consumer awareness and help consumers to prefer
VOC reduced products more easily. (Tebert, et al.,
2009)
This configuration of NMVOC emissions from
domestic sources have been made in the product
specific level for the first time in the Finland. Hence,
the results in this study are preliminary and may need
further development in the accuracy of estimates in
the future. For the further study, the volumes of
domestic sales should be investigated further and
wider. In addition, further investigation can be made
to study the effects of product development and the
legislation to concentration of NMVOCs in products.
The inventory of NMVOC emissions from domestic
sources can in the future be extended to cover also
the following product groups: disinfectants,
insecticides and do-it-yourself products. These
product groups were not included in this investigation
due to their likely minor contribution to emissions.

8. 8
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[Accessed 14 December 2015].
Tebert, C. et al., 2009. IMPLEMENTATION AND REVIEW OF DIRECTIVE 2004/42/EC. EUROPEAN
DIRECTIVE LIMITING THE VOC CONTENT IN CERTAIN PRODUCTS – CURRENT SCOPE:
DECORATIVE PAINTS AND VARNISHES, VEHICLE REFINISHING PRODUCTS, Ökopol: European
Commission.

10. 10
APPENDIX I EMISSION FACTORS
THE MAIN PRODUCT GROUPS AND THEIR
PRODUCTS
EMISSION
FACTOR [%]
LITERATURE REFERENCE
CAR CARE PRODUCTS
Car wax 100 (Terbert et al., 2009), (Staats et al., 2005)
Windscreen washing agents (concentrate) 70 (Expert estimate by industry, 2015)
Windscreen washing agents (ready-to-use) 90 (Expert estimate by industry, 2015)
De-icing 100 (Pearson & Brossier, 2015)
Radiator fluid 0 (Expert estimate by industry, 2015)
Brake fluid 0 (Expert estimate by industry, 2015)
Transmission oil 0 (Expert estimate by industry, 2015)
Motor oil 0 (Expert estimate by industry, 2015)
Vehicle and boat shampoo 0 (Expert estimate by industry, 2015)
Wax shampoo 3 (Expert estimate by industry, 2015)
Degreasing agents (3 types) 85 (Terbert et al., 2009), (Staats et al., 2005)
Engine detergent 85 (Terbert et al., 2009), (Staats et al., 2005)
OTHER PRODUCTS
Lighter fluid for grill 100 (Expert estimate by industry, 2015)
Repellent (for example on tarpaulin) 85 (Terbert et al., 2009), (Staats et al., 2005)
COSMETICS AND TOILETRIES
Hair spray (aerosol) 95 95 (Terbert et al., 2009), 1 (Staats et al., 2005)
Hair spray (pump) 95 95 (Terbert et al., 2009), 1 (Staats et al., 2005)
Deodorant / Antiperspirant (Aerosol) 95 95 (Terbert et al., 2009), 1 (Staats et al., 2005)
Deodorant / Antiperspirant (Roll-on alcohol type) 95 95 (Terbert et al., 2009), 85 (Staats et al., 2005)
Perfume 85 (Terbert et al., 2009), (Staats et al., 2005)
Shampoo 5 (Terbert et al., 2009), (Staats et al., 2005)
Soaps (shower gel, liquid soap, bath foam) 5 (Terbert et al., 2009), (Staats et al., 2005)
Styling mousse 100 (Terbert et al., 2009), (Staats et al., 2005)
HOUSEHOLD CLEANING PRODUCTS
Glass and window cleaner 100 (Terbert et al., 2009), (Staats et al., 2005)
Air freshener (aerosol) 100 (Terbert et al., 2009), (Staats et al., 2005)
Universal cleaning product 10 (Terbert et al., 2009), (Staats et al., 2005)
Surface cleaners 10 (Expert estimate by Noora Rantanen, 2015)
Special cleaning agents 5 (Terbert et al., 2009), (Staats et al., 2005)

11. 11
APPENDIX II TYPICAL CONCENTRATIONS OF NMVOC COMPOUNDS IN PRODUCTS
MAIN PRODUCT GROUP AND
PRODUCTS
NMVOC COMPOUNDS
CAS-NUMBER
OF THE
COMPOUND
CONCENTRATION
[%]
USED
CONCENTRATION
IN
CALCULATIONS
[%]
CAR CARE PRODUCTS
Windscreen washing agent (Dilute) Ethanol 64-17-5 1-5 5
Windscreen washing agent (Concentrate)
Ethanol 64-17-6 > 80 80
Butanol 71-36-3 < 2 2
Ethylene glycol 107-21-1 0-5 3
Car wax Distillates (petroleum), hydrotreated light 647-47-8 10-20 15
Shine wax
Distillates (petroleum), hydrotreated light 647-47-8 5-10 5
Dipentene 138-86-3 < 0,1 0,1
De-icing
Ethylene glycol 107-21-1 1-5 3
2-Propanol 67-63-0 5-10 8
2-Butanone 78-93-3 < 0,5 0,5
Ethanol 64-17-6 30-60 50
4-Methyl-2-pentanone 108-10-1 1-5 3
Radiator fluid Ethylene glycol 107-21-1 30-50 40
Brake fluid
Diethylene glycol 111-46-6 10-20 15
2-(2-butoksietoksi)Ethanol 112-34-5 0,5-1 1
2-(2-metoksietoksi)Ethanol 111-77-3 1-3 2
Transmission oil 1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene 95-63-6 < 0,1 0,1
Motor oil (mineral oil) Ethylenediamine 107-15-3 0,0001-0,1 0,01
Vax shampoo Dietyleeniglykoli 111-46-6 0,0001-0,1 0,01

12. 12
Caravan shampoo Dipropyleneglycolmethylether 34590-94-8 1-3 2
Degreasing agent
Dipropyleneglycolmethylether 34590-94-8 1-5 3
2-Butoxyethanol 111-76-2 1-5 3
Engine detergent
Dipropyleneglycolmethylether 34590-94-8 1-5 3
Butane 106-97-8 10-30 20
Propane 74-98-6 10-30 20
Pentane 109-66-0 < 1 1
Naphtha (petroleum), hydrotreated heavy 64742-48-9 60-100 80
OTHER PRODUCTS
Lighter fluid for grill
Naphtha (petroleum), hydrotreated heavy 64742-48-9 100 100
Repellent (for example on tarpaulin)
Naphtha (petroleum), hydrotreated light 64742-49-0 10-25 12
2-Propanol 67-63-0 10-25 12
Acetic acid, 1-methylethyl ester 108-21-4 1-5 3
Pentane 109-66-0 < 1 1
Propane 74-98-6 10-25 12
Acetic acid, butyl ester 123-86-4 10-25 12
Butane 106-97-8 10-25 12
Boat wax
Diethanolamine 111-42-2 ≤ 1 1
Diethylene glycol 111-46-6 ≤ 1 1
Naphtha (petroleum), hydrodesulfurized light,
dearomatized
92045-53-9 5-10 7
Naphtha (petroleum), hydrotreated heavy 64742-48-9 10-30 20
Boat shampoo Dipropyleneglycolmethylether 34590-94-8 1-3 2
COSMETICS AND TOILETRIES
Hair spray (Aerosol)
Dimethylether 115-10-6 55 55
2-Propanol 67-63-0 40 40
Hair spray (Pump) Isopropyl alcohol 67-63-1 95 95

13. 13
Deodorant (Aerosol) Butane 106-97-8 95 95
Deodorant (Roll-on, alcohol type) Ethanol 64-17-6 40 / 20 / 10 40 / 20 / 10
Perfume Ethanol 64-17-7 80 80
Shampoo Perfumes N/A 0,1-1 1
Soaps (Shower gel, Liquid soap, Bath foam) Perfumes N/A 1 1
Styling mousse
Propane 74-98-6 30 / 5 30 / 5
Ethanol 64-17-7 30 / 5 30 / 5
HOUSEHOLD CLEANING PRODUCTS
Glass and window cleaner (Ready for use) Ethanol 200-578-6 < 5 5
Glass and window cleaner (Concentrate) Ethanol 200-578-6 15-30 25
Air freshener (Aerosol)
Propane 200-827-9 10-25 20
Ethanol 200-578-6 10-25 20
Butane 200-857-2 > 50 50
Universal cleaning product 2-Propanol 67-63-0 5-10 7
Surface cleaners Ethanol 64-17-5 < 10 7
Special cleaning agents (Stain remover from surface)
Naphtha (petroleum), hydrotreated heavy 64742-48-9 65-75 70
Butane 106-97-8 10-15 12
Propane 74-98-6 10-15 12
Special cleaning agents (Antiliming agent) Ethanol 64-17-5 1-3 2

14. 14
APPENDIX III LISTED RESULTS FROM COSMETICS AND TOILETRIES
LISTED RESULS FROM COSMETICS AND TOILETRIES BY CALCULATION METHOD I
PRODUCT GROUP
1990
[kt/a]
1995
[kt/a]
2000
[kt/a]
2005
[kt/a]
2010
[kt/a]
2014
[kt/a]
Hairspray (aerosol) 0,36115 0.32189 0.35128 0.41814 0.46551 0.49842
Hairspray (pump) 0.09029 0.08047 0.08782 0.10453 0.11638 0.12460
Deodorant (Aerosol) 0.38708 0.34500 0.37650 0.44816 0.49893 0.53420
Deodorant (roll-on. alcohol type) 0.12100 0.10785 0.05885 0.07005 0.03899 0.04175
Perfume 0.16643 0.14834 0.16188 0.16188 0.21452 0.22969
Styling mousse 0.14492 0.12916 0.14096 0.02349 0.03113 0.03333
Shampoo 0.00139 0.00124 0.00135 0.00135 0.00179 0.00192
Soaps (shower gel. liquid soap. bath foam) 0.00270 0.00241 0.00263 0.00263 0.00348 0.00373
TOTAL 1.27495 1.13636 1.18128 1.23024 1.37074 1.46764
LISTED RESULS FROM COSMETICS AND TOILETRIES BY CALCULATION METHOD II
PRODUCT GROUP
1990
[kt/a]
1995
[kt/a]
2000
[kt/a]
2005
[kt/a]
2010
[kt/a]
2014
[kt/a]
Hairspray (aerosol) 0.5213 0.5337 0.6966 0.8849 1.1685 1.1689
Hairspray (pump) 0.1206 0.1234 0.1611 0.2047 0.2703 0.2704
Deodorant (Aerosol) 0.3788 0.3877 0.5090 0.6429 0.8490 0.8492
Deodorant (roll-on. alcohol type) 0.4514 0.4621 0.3034 0.3832 0.2530 0.2531
Perfume 0.0120 0.0110 0.0143 0.0182 0.0240 0.0240
Styling mousse 0.3092 0.3165 0.4131 0.0875 0.1155 0.1155
Shampoo 0.0016 0.0014 0.0016 0.0019 0.0022 0.0023
Soaps (shower gel. liquid soap. bath foam) 0.0022 0.0020 0.0022 0.0027 0.0031 0.0033
TOTAL 1.7971 1.8379 2.1014 2.2260 2.6855 2.6868

15. 15
APPENDIX IV LISTED RESULTS FROM HOUSEHOLD CLEANING
PRODUCTS
LISTED RESULS FROM HOUSEHOLD CLEANING PRODUCTS BY CALCULATION METHOD I
PRODUCT GROUP
1990
[kt/a]
1995
[kt/a]
2000
[kt/a]
2005
[kt/a]
2010
[kt/a]
2014
[kt/a]
Glass and window cleaner (Ready for use) 0.0272 0.0242 0.0264 0.0315 0.0350 0.0375
Glass and window cleaner (Concentrate) 0.0145 0.0129 0.0141 0.0168 0.0187 0.0200
Air freshener (Aerosol) 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
Universal cleaning product 0.0216 0.0192 0.0210 0.0250 0.0278 0.0298
Surface cleaners 0.0272 0.0242 0.0264 0.0314 0.0350 0.0375
SPECIAL CLEANING AGENTS
Stain remover from surface 0.0048 0.0043 0.0047 0.0056 0.0062 0.0067
Antiliming agent 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001
TOTAL 0.0953 0.0849 0.0927 0.1103 0.1228 0.1315
LISTED RESULTS FROM HOUSEHOLD CLEANING PRODUCTS BY CALCULATION METHOD II
PRODUCT GROUP
1990
[kt/a]
1995
[kt/a]
2000
[kt/a]
2005
[kt/a]
2010
[kt/a]
2014
[kt/a]
Glass and window cleaner (Ready for use) 0.1353 0.1353 0.1353 0.1353 0.1353 0.1353
Glass and window cleaner (Concentrate) 0.0722 0.0722 0.0722 0.0722 0.0722 0.0722
Air freshener (Aerosol) 0.2970 0.2706 0.2987 0.3605 0.3246 0.3635
Universal cleaning product 0.0637 0.0637 0.0637 0.0637 0.0637 0.0637
Surface cleaners 0.0059 0.0054 0.0059 0.0072 0.0085 0.0085
SPECIAL CLEANING AGENTS
Stain remover from surface 0.0368 0.0368 0.0368 0.0368 0.0368 0.0368
Antiliming agent 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
TOTAL 0.6109 0.5840 0.6126 0.6757 0.6411 0.6800

16. 16
APPENDIX V LISTED RESULTS FROM CAR CARE AND OTHER PRODUCTS
THE RESULTS FROM CAR CARE AND OTHER PRODUCTS BY CALCULATION METHOD I
PRODUCT GROUP
1990
[kt/a]
1995
[kt/a]
2000
[kt/a]
2005
[kt/a]
2010
[kt/a]
2014
[kt/a]
CAR CARE PRODUCTS
Windscreen washing agents (concentrate) 0.0041 0.0083 0.0331 0.0828 0.1525 0.2329
Windscreen washing agents (ready-to-use) 0.4130 0.8260 0.8566 0.9177 0.7243 0.4774
Car wax 0.0013 0.0025 0.0033 0.0050 0.0067 0.0083
Boat wax 0.0009 0.0019 0.0025 0.0038 0.0051 0.0063
Shine wax 0.0003 0.0005 0.0007 0.0011 0.0014 0.0018
De-icing 0.0008 0.0016 0.0022 0.0033 0.0032 0.0055
Degreasing agents total 0.0011 0.0022 0.0029 0.0044 0.0059 0.0077
Engine detergent 0.0012 0.0023 0.0031 0.0046 0.0062 0.0081
Total emissions from car care products 0.4219 0.8437 0.9023 1.0194 0.9020 0.7425
OTHER PRODUCTS
Lighter fluid for grill 0.0133 0.0267 0.0356 0.0533 0.0711 0.0889
Repellent (for example on tarpaulin) 0.0025 0.0049 0.0066 0.0099 0.0123 0.0164
Total emissions from other products 0.0158 0.0316 0.0421 0.0632 0.0834 0.1053