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NFC 之问
---贝拉,董事长,Simba Events
---孙隽,董事长,上海嘉隽饮料有限公司(创始人,零度果坊)
---周力,董事会秘书,博士,农夫山泉
贝拉:很多业界的人士说,做 NFC 果汁,原材料是很关键的。两位在原材料这
块是怎样把控的?因为这涉及到成本的问题,所以我想听听两位的看法。
周力:做 NFC 果汁,说复杂很复杂,要回答的问题很多很多。在我们公司是区
别于其他产品的, NFC 果汁是属于一个叫农产品事业部的产品部门。
不仅仅是指原料,还包括产区。比如说佛罗里达和澳洲是碱性土,赣州是酸性土,
种植方式就不同,脐橙的品种也有很大的差异,分别有纽荷尔、伦晚、花脐、哈
姆林等不同的品种。以橙汁为例,榨汁有两种方式:一个是切半榨和压榨抽取。
压榨抽取与空气接触只有 0.5 秒,但是需要选择皮的含量。我们十年前开始生产
果汁,买错了一台 2000 万的设备。等到榨完选择灌装的工艺,需要面对包装、
防护,以及是采用什么渠道做低温、常温等选择题要做,如果选错了就掉坑里了。
其实也很简单,橙汁与果茶产品是不一样的。果茶要耍酷、卖萌,为了茶π我们
请 BigBang。橙汁把产品做好了就 OK。虽然有很多的问题,但原则是以自然环
境为首位。一个自然环境好,其他的条件都可以根据行业经验改善。这也是我们
选择自建果园地址的重要的标准,其他的问题都可以用资金弥补掉。
孙隽:我们是用合作的方式解决原料问题。比如说在中国供应我们果汁的是可口
可乐的供应商,这是我们衡量的标准,因为可口可乐在中国饮料界的标准相对来
讲是高的。当初争取星巴克为客户,它规定最短的考察期是 8—10 个月,而且
非常严格,有第三方的 AIB 审核,单单指标就 70 多种。所以我们尽量与最好的
商家合作。比如说和欧洲第一的果汁供应商的西班牙 AMC 的合作。比如说果茶
里面要有香气但是不能有香精,那么菠萝就要用有自然的香、没有香精的哥斯黎
达加菠萝。
所以我们不是以价格为第一位,而是将产品质量为第一位。大家认为饮料行业就
是水,内容物 1 毛钱,瓶子 7 毛钱,然后卖 3 块钱。但是果汁毛利很低,价格
卖 17、18 元,但是毛利比你想像低得多。因为原料很贵,运输成本很高,所以
达到一定的经济规模才能赚钱。这方面就是细节的把控很重要,所以我们的经验
就是合作,尽量跟最好的合作。
贝拉:作为消费者,选择 NFC 的果汁时是很困惑的。从概念上讲,NFC 非浓缩
还原,我们主观认为它应该是冷链的,但是不知道应当该喝常温还是冷藏的。两
位品牌主从企业的角度来讲是怎样看待这个问题的呢?
周力: NFC 果汁从字面上理解最重要的一点是不含添加水,这是 NFC 产品最
基本的特征。这个从技术角度上是有检测的,我们国家也有推荐的标准,需要非
常昂贵的仪器来测。但是消费者只能用嘴巴检测,只要觉得这个果汁是新鲜的,
好喝的就是好的选择。另外选择这个产品得信任生产的公司,生产者会在标签上
说明任何事情。
第二个常温也好、低温也好,能够做到很好的口感的同时,让他保质期更长一些,
通过更广的渠道来销售是非常好的事情。其实果汁的保质是容易做的,特别是橙
汁是酸性的。所以依赖于中国有这样一个好的市场,消费者最终还是靠口感选择
产品。
孙隽:消费者希望保质期越短的越好,厂商为减少货损需要保质期长一点。从消
费者角度,生产者努力做到更短更新鲜,而且杀菌温度做到低。 但是褐变、沉
淀等问题在无添加的基础上很难解决。
常温市场也比低温大很多。而且人喝东西,0—10 度之间是最好喝的,超过 10
度都不好喝,所以低温保存的速度是口感最好的实践。
周力:夏天果汁、水都要放到冰箱里卖,最好的口感是喝的时候要低温的条件下
喝。但是从保存来说,现在的无菌技术早就解决了这个问题了。
贝拉:刚才提到货损,孙总,货架期怎样控制的?
孙隽:很痛苦,比如说以前全家如果过了保质期是要退货的。我们 10 瓶有 1 瓶
运回工厂销毁。
贝拉:销毁啊?还是自己喝了。
孙隽:做这个行业货损风险很大。有的经销商是剩几天便宜点给员工,还有买赠
活动。所以我们让经销商能卖多少拿多少,因为一报损折价就伤害品牌。而且还
没有地方销毁要拿回工厂在监控下销毁。找一个不会污染环境的位置倒出来处理
掉。
周力:其实常温的产品同样会面临这样的问题。现在讲精益生产或者是根据订单
拉动,尽可能让你减少货损。
贝拉:您知道您公司的处理吗?
周力:污水厂说好,拉回工厂处理掉,倒掉要付污水厂钱。这就是货损。但把货
损减少了,把成本降低,占据更多的市场。
贝拉:在口味搭配方面怎样设计好?
周玉峰(嘉隽研发总监):设计的时候是三种考虑,一个是功效上,二是口味的
搭配,第三是颜色上的搭配。例如有很多人非常喜欢黄甜胶这个口味,但是有一
部分人对这个口味有一些并不是很认可。这种环境下公司会试错,放到市场上去
检测。当推出市场时,调研显示黄甜胶排第二位的。所以坚定不移地做黄甜胶口
味的产品。南瓜是纤维素含量比较高,同时它有一些糖分在里面,为了弥补黄甜
胶,包括其他的果汁和蔬菜的纤维素的含量,把南瓜、黄甜胶的成分做了搭配和
组合,这是从三个方面考虑和设计产品的。
周力:公司体量不同,发展时期不同,可能发展策略不同,我们就做了苹果汁和
橙汁。因为全世界所有的国家里面果汁最多的就是橙汁和苹果,选择了这两个。
另外我们所有做产品的时候,就知道好果汁是要种出来的。没有解决原料的问题,
没有将原料控制起来的话,我们一定不会去做。
贝拉:有橙汁园,还有苹果园吗?
周力:我们现在做的 NFC 苹果汁榨汁基地在新疆。全世界所有的苹果都是发源
于新疆。目前在新疆的果子沟还存在 2 万多种野生苹果的资源,在那里可以开发
到原生的苹果种类,可以做出非常好的苹果汁。
周玉峰:我们与全国蔬菜有特色的种植基地合作,比如说秋葵是在浙江这边的一
个产区,苹果就是北方山东的苹果。我们是找全国最优的产地去进行采购。
贝拉:我很好奇,你的公司是口味搭配,您每天会尝很多的味道吗?
周玉峰:是的,每天的工作是尝试各种蔬菜和水果,去研究各种品种的蔬菜、水
果口味怎样,经过各种各样的工艺口感变化是如何的,做工艺上的研究来控制口
感的稳定性,同时关注更多的资源,来关注原料与工艺、基础上的这些问题,从
而给我们的生产、给我们的产品设计提供更多基础上的支持。
孙隽:补充一下我刚才所说的冰山原理,我们每年不断地加大对研发的投入,因
为你有再好的 idea,再好的设计,内容物不过关是没用的。冰山原理,就是我
们不断地往这方面投资、摸索和试错。因为最终消费者的舌头是不会偏差的,是
通过舌头决定的。比如说养乐多和其他乳业企业的乳酸菌饮料,就是因为菌种的
关系,养乐多的科技含量高。无论做果汁、果蔬汁和果茶,科技含量很重要的。
周力:我也觉得孙总讲得很好,大家看到的是冰山上面的这一块,难的是下面的
一块。大家觉得卖这个果汁是非常难的,其实不知道种植是更难的,我们在采后
是可以做标准化的,但是农业前端做标准化太难太难了,为什么我们起了大早赶
了晚集,就是种树种树,然后所有的错都试过了。
贝拉:农夫山泉有常温、低温的,市场营收哪块会好一些?
周力:农夫现在在整个饮料的品类当中,是 150 亿的规模。目前来说,对于 NFC
果汁讨论它的规模、讨论它的营收都还为时过早,在我们整个团队里面,是非常
非常小的一个份额。我们现在要做的是把这个市场做大,让更多的消费者了解这
个产品,品尝到这个产品。
贝拉:两位各送对方一个具体的祝福语,不能说越来越好,太抽象了。先由周总
来说。
周力:希望我们一直在台上,不要一直在坑里。
孙隽:祝福农夫推出更多的像莫涯泉的这种让中国人骄傲的产品,祝愿他们在果
汁行业能够做出更多的好产品,我们一起把这个市场做大做好。
贝拉:谢谢两位!还有 QA 环节,大家还有问题吗?
观众:我的问题是给周先生的。在这个会场注意到两个事情,一个是嘉隽的例子,
大胆地将秋葵放到果汁里面。还有一个是赞助的水,它居然敢把全是果汁牛奶的
这种典型的包装元素放到水上面。小公司的创新我可以用不同的角度试探市场,
但是农夫山泉这么大的品牌,怎样把握这个度?第二个你们怎样能够知道这个度
在哪里?
周力:研发的阶段,创新非常值得鼓励的。所以像刚才讲包装成分的改变,配方
组成形式的改变,这都是没有问题的。关键问题是说自己还有知道度是什么,创
新一定是有基础的,依据你技术的能力你才能去做创新。只要守住自己品质的底
线,包装的创新这些都不是问题,都可以。有的产品的失败不一定是产品失败了,
有的产品我们觉得非常好,但最后没有成功或者是没有持续下去这很正常,跟后
面的行销等一系列的因素有关系。但是自己的品质底线要管住,技术能力要建立。
孙隽:中国消费升级口味变化是非常非常快的,所以要观察这个市场,随时跟进。
举个简单的例子,我们去年推了一个产品叫红芭乐汁,就是番石榴,很多人不知
道,但小女孩尝很喜欢。去年流行粉红色,我们上了这个产品卖得非常好,今年
依然很好。这两年非常流行的口味是百香果,一年翻十倍的量。所以人们接受新
生事物的力量很快,所以像秋葵这样的还是可以接受,但是不管怎样做品质要保
障。
观众:很多产品都是用冷压而不是用无菌,您觉得这方面有没有什么限制?对于
货架寿命和包装期的限制,在包装方面和封装方面是不是没有什么灵活度?
孙隽:所问的问题一个是冷压,一个是无菌。中国毫无疑问是低温和常温并存的
市场。蒙牛有些产品已经逐步在低温的货架上卖,这是消费者选择自由的权利,
并没有说明一定是低温比常温好。但是相对来讲消费者需要更新鲜的东西,这是
一个趋势。所以我们是聚焦在努力提供更新鲜的东西给消费者。另外在果汁加工
工艺上,也不是低温、常温、巴氏和 THT,现在还有 PHTT,不要纠结于这种加
工方式,而是在于消费者得到的口感和功能是什么。所以我们对技术方面的东西
当然有,但是我们不太拘泥于这个事情。
周力:关于 NFC 果汁的开发,我告诉大家有几个比较关键的问题。第一个问题
为什么很多 NFC 的果汁甚至做得可以比你家里榨出来的新鲜,最重要的是水果
新鲜。橙是呼吸作用非常强的水果,难以长期保存。但是苹果的呼吸作用很缓慢,
可以放一年在冷库都很新鲜。橙汁之所以很新鲜,首先是对水果的要求程度很高。
第二个果汁前的温度控制比灌装黑严格得多,因为在灌装前是敞开的,在这个时
候保证好温度就可以,至于灌装后的很简单,因为连茶叶都可以做到包装。

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