2. Outline
• Central Nervous System vs Peripheral Nervous System
• UMN vs LMN
• UMN and LMN lesion
• Disease on UMN and LMN lesion
3. The Nervous System
• Central Nervous system :
- Brain
- Spinal Cord
• Peripheral Nervous System :
- Nerve that connect all body
parts to Spinal Cord
11. UMN vs LMN
UMN
- corticospinal : run from the cortex down to the spinal cord before it reach the ganglia
- corticobulbar : run from the cortex down to the nucleus at the specific
Cranial nerves nuclei at the bulbar or brainstem
LMN
- anterior gray horn
- cranial nerve nuclei
12. UPPER MOTOR NEURON
• Upper motor neurons (UMN) are responsible for conveying
impulses for voluntary motor activity through descending motor
pathways that make up the upper motor neurons.
• UMN send fibers to the LMN, and that exert direct or indirect
supranuclear control over the LMN of the cranial and spinal
nerves.
13. HOW UPPER MOTOR NEURON FUNCTION
Upper motor neuron control lower motor neuron through two
different pathways
• Pyramidal tract
• Extra pyramidal tract
15. WHAT ARE LOWER MOTOR NEURON
All voluntary movement depend upon excitation of lower motor
neuron by upper motor neuron
These are the only neurons that innervate the skeletal muscle fibers,
they function as the final common pathway, the final link between the
CNS and skeletal muscles
16. CLASSIFICATION OF LMN
Lower motor neurons are classified based on the type of muscle fiber
they innervate:
•Alpha motor neurons (a-MNs) innervate extrafusal muscle fibers, the
most numerous type of musclefiber and the one involved in muscle
contraction.
•Gamma motor neurons (v-MNs) innervate intrafusal muscle fibers,
which together with sensory afferents compose muscle spindles. These
are part of the system for sensing body position (proprioception)
20. Stroke (CVA)
Definition : stroke as 'rapidly
developed clinical signs of focal (or
global) disturbance of cerebral
function, lasting more than 24 hours
or leading to death, with
no. apparent cause other than of
vascular origin'.
21. There are three main kinds of stroke:
• Ischemic strokes
• Haemorrhagic strokes
• Transient ischemic attacks (TIAs), also referred to as mini-
strokes (<24h)
22.
23.
24.
25. Multiple Sclerosis
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an acquired disabling neurological
disease of young adults, affecting approximately 2.3 million
people worldwide.
MS is an inflammatory disease due to autoimmune of the
central nervous system (CNS), which causes a heterogeneous
array of symptoms and signs because of differential
involvement of motor, sensory, visual and autonomic systems.
42. Botulism
• Botulism is an acute flaccid paralytic illness caused by
neurotoxins produced by Clostridium botulinum or rarely
neurotoxins of C. butyricum and C.bratii.
• The disease has been linked to foods such as unrefrigerated
home-made salsa, honey, and traditionally prepared salted or
fermented fish.
• The most poisonous substance known (parental lethal dose is
10-7 mg/kg)
44. Myasthenia Gravis
myasthenia gravis (MG) is a disorder that develops due
to an immune system attack (autoimmune) against the
acetylcholine receptor. This prevents the energy
packets (acetylcholine) from attaching to the receptor,
causing muscular weakness and excessive fatigue. This
may affect muscles associated with the eyes, face,
throat, esophagus or legs.
