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MISCELLANEOUS
The document provides an overview of various drugs and medical topics. It discusses drugs used for deaddiction like opioids, cannabis, and alcohol. It also covers drugs used in CPR and emergencies like adrenaline and atropine. Additionally, it summarizes various vitamins and minerals, their functions, sources, and deficiency effects. The document also briefly outlines immunosuppressants, antidotes, antivenoms, and vaccines/sera.
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MISCELLANEOUS
- 1. MISCELLANEOUS Presented By: Ms. SayaliDilip Powar (Master of Pharmacy ) 6/14/2020 1
- 2. Content • DRUG USEDIN DEADDICTION • DEUGS USED IN CPR & EMERGENCY • VITAMINS & MINERALS • IMMUNOSUPPRESSANTS • ANTIDOTES • ANTIVENOM • VACCINES & SERA 6/14/2020 2
- 3. DRUG USED INDEADDICTION 6/14/2020 3
- 4. Definition • ADDICTION: Addictionis a psychological and physiological dependence on alcohol or other drugs of abuse that effects the central nervous system in such a way that withdrawal symptoms are experienced when the substance is discontinued
- 5. • Alcohol • Opioids •Cannabis • Cocaine • Amphetamines and other sympathomimetics
- 6. Commonly used psychotropic substance •Hallucinogens • Sedatives and hypnotics, for example, barbiturates • Inhalants, for example, volatile solvents • Nicotine
- 7. Consequences of substanceabuse • Physical dependence, psychological dependence • Unhealthy lifestyles and behaviours such as poor diet • Impairs social and occupational functioning, creating personal, professional, financial, and legal problems
- 8. De-Addiction • Drug rehabilitationis a term for the processes of medical or psychotherapeutic treatment, for dependency on psychoactive substances such as alcohol, prescription drugs, and street drugs such as cocaine. •
- 9. 1.Primary prevention: • Reductionof over prescribing by doctors • Identification and treatment of family members who may be contributing to the drug abuse. • Introduction of social changes is likely to affect drinking patterns in the population as a whole. This is made possible by: Putting up the price of alcohol and alcoholic beverages.
- 10. • Secondary prevention: •Early detection and counselling • Motivational interviewing • A full assessment including an appraisal of current medical, psychological and social problems. • Detoxification with benzodiazepines (diazepam).
- 11. 3. Tertiary prevention: •Alcohol deterrent therapy (Disulfiram) • Other therapies include assertiveness training, teaching ,behaviour counselling, supportive psychotherapy • Agencies concerned with alcohol- related problems
- 12. • Financial management •Developing the work habit • Stress management • Family counselling, to reduce interpersonal conflicts, which may otherwise trigger relapse.
- 13. Treatment • Treatment includesmedication for depression or other disorders, counselling by experts and sharing of experience with other addicts. • Some rehab centres include meditation and spiritual wisdom in the treatment process.
- 14. Treatment 1. Behavioural Therapy 2.Pharmacotherapies 3. Counselling 4. Rehabilitation
- 15. Patient and familyteaching • Teach the patient/family about the physical, psychological and social complications of drug and alcohol abuse use. • Inform the patient/family that psychoactive substances may alter a person’s mood, perceptions, consciousness or behaviour. • Explain to the family that the patient may use lies, or manipulation
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- 17. • Cardiopulmonary resuscitation(CPR) is a lifesaving technique useful in many emergencies, including heart attack or BREATHING PROMBLE, in which someone's breathing or heartbeat has stopped.
- 18. • Cardio PulmonaryResuscitation is a technique of basic life support for oxygenating the brain and heart
- 19. Approach safely Check response Shoutfor help Open airway Check breathing Call 108 30 chest compressions 2 rescue breaths
- 20. APPROACH SAFELY! WATCH OBSERVE Approach safely Check response Shoutfor help Open airway Check breathing Call 108 30 chest compressions 2 rescue breaths
- 21. CHECK RESPONSE Approach safely Checkresponse Shout for help Open airway Check breathing Call 112 30 chest compressions 2 rescue breaths
- 22. Shake shoulders gently Ask“Are you all right?” If he responds • Leave as you find him. • Find out what is wrong. • Reassess regularly. CHECK RESPONSE
- 23. SHOUT FOR HELP Approachsafely Check response Shout for help Open airway Check breathing Call 112 30 chest compressions 2 rescue breaths
- 24. OPEN AIRWAY Approach safely Check response Shoutfor help Open airway Check breathing Call 112 30 chest compressions 2 rescue breaths
- 25. OPEN AIRWAY Head tilt andchin lift - lay rescuers - non-healthcare rescuers
- 26. OPEN AIRWAY Head tilt, chinlift + jaw thrust
- 27. CHECK BREATHING Approach safely Checkresponse Shout for help Open airway Check breathing Call 108 30 chest compressions 2 rescue breaths
- 28. CHECK BREATHING • Look, listenand feel for NORMAL breathing • Do not confuse agonal breathing with NORMAL breathing
- 29. Approach safely Check response Shoutfor help Open airway Check breathing Call 108 30 chest compressions 2 rescue breaths
- 30. 30 CHEST COMPRESSIONS Approachsafely Check response Shout for help Open airway Check breathing Call 108 30 chest compressions 2 rescue breaths
- 31. CHEST COMPRESSIONS • Placethe heel of one hand in the centre of the chest • Place other hand on top • Interlock fingers • Compress the chest • When possible change CPR operator every 2 min
- 32. RESCUE BREATHS Approach safely Checkresponse Shout for help Open airway Check breathing Call 112 30 chest compressions 2 rescue breaths
- 33. • Pinch thenose • Take a normal breath • Place lips over mouth • Blow until the chest rises • Take about 1 second • Allow chest to fall • Repeat
- 34. Adrenaline • Adrenaline (epinephrine)is the main drug used during resuscitation from cardiac arrest. Atropine • Atropine as a single dose of 3mg is sufficient
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- 36. VITAMINS • Vitamins aremade up of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. • Vitamins are called micronutrients because they are needed in only very small quantities. They all have chemicals names but they are usually referred to by letters.
- 37. VITAMINS - Two maincategories Water soluble B C Fat Soluble A D E K
- 38. Vitamin A –2 forms; Retinol and Beta- Carotene Retinol Named because of its concern with retina of eye Beta-Carotene Plant sources Present with chlorophyll in plants, converted to Vitamin A in gut wall
- 39. Vitamin A -Retinol and Beta-Carotene Functions • Regulates growth • Promotes healthy skin • Maintenance of healthy tissues • Helps eye adapt to dim light The moisturising vitamin! Sources Retinol - Cod liver oil, Liver, Dairy products, Egg yolk Beta-Carotene Dark green leafy vegetables, Broccoli, Carrots, Deep orange fruits and vegetables
- 40. Vitamin A -Retinol and Beta-Carotene Effects of deficiency • Retarded growth, malformed bones • Long term-may lead to night blindness • Susceptibility to infection • Excess beta-carotene may lead to liver and bone damage
- 41. Vitamin D -Calciferols Functions •Absorption and laying down of calcium and phosphorous in bones and teeth • Regulates calcium balance between bones and blood • Prevents rickets Sources Sunlight conversion Fish liver oils Dairy products Oily fish Margarine
- 42. Vitamin D -Calciferols Effectsof deficiency • *Rickets in children and *osteomalacia in adults • **Osteoporosis • Dental caries * Conditions where bones are soft and cannot take weight of body **Bones become light, less dense and prone to fractures
- 43. Vitamin E -Tocopherol Functions • Protects tissues against damage • Promotes normal growth and development • Helps in normal red blood cell formation Sources Pure vegetable oils Wheat wholemeal bread and Cereals egg yolk nuts sunflower seeds
- 44. Vitamin E -Tocopherol Effects of deficiency Deficiency is very rare but it could affect the central nervous system
- 45. Vitamin K -Napthoquinone Functions • Needed for blood clotting, which means it helps wounds heal properly. • There is increasing evidence that vitamin K is also needed to help build strong bones. Sources Green leafy veg Vegetable oil Cereals
- 46. Vitamin K -Napthoquinones Effects of deficiency Deficiency is very rare but individuals with liver damage and new born infants are at a higher risk
- 47. Vitamin B1 -Thiamin • Functions • Essential for release of energy from carbohydrates • Necessary for appetite and good health • Needed for normal functioning of Sources Meat Oatmeal Breakfast cereals Wheat Fortified white flour Milk Eggs Vegetables
- 48. Vitamin B1 -Thiamin Deficiency • Fatigue, depression, irritability • Beri-beri - disease of nervous system
- 49. Vitamin B2 -Riboflavin Functions •Metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins and fats • Growth, repair, development of body tissues - healthy skin, eyes and tongue • The principal growth promoting factor in the vitamin B complex Sources Milk Cheese Eggs Yeast extracts Green Vegetables
- 50. Vitamin B2 -Riboflavin Deficiency •Loss of appetite • Swollen tongue, cracked lips, eye infection,
- 51. Vitamin B3 -Niacin Functions •Metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins and fats • Needed for normal functioning of nervous system Sources Meat, Yeast extracts Yeast Bran, wheat, flour Some pulses, dried fruit
- 52. Vitamin B3 -Niacin Deficiency •Fatigue, depression, irritability
- 53. Vitamin B9 -FolicAcid Functions • Red blood cell formation • Development of brain, spinal cord and skeleton in foetus • Reduces risk of neural tube defects • May play role preventing heart attacks, strokes and cancer • Sources • Fortified cereals • Green leafy vegetables • Potatoes • bread • Milk • Wheat
- 54. Vitamin B9 -FolicAcid Deficiency • Fatigue in mild cases • Anaemia in severe cases • Neural tube defects Important to take folic acid prior to conception and vital during first 3 months pregnancy
- 55. Vitamin C -AscorbicAcid Functions • immune system • Formation of connective tissue, collagen • Helps absorption of iron • Prevents scurvy • Promotes healing of wounds and healthy blood vessels • Acts as antioxidant, protects cholesterol • Sources, • green peppers, kiwi, citrus • fruits, strawberries, • spinach, cabbage, • broccoli
- 56. Vitamin C -AscorbicAcid Deficiency • Weakening of connective tissue • Susceptibility to infection • Incomplete iron absorption • Delayed healing of wounds • Prevent scurvy - pale skin with spots, bleeding, soft gums.
- 57. MINERALS • Our bodyrequires mineral elements for a variety of functions. They are also known as micronutrients.
- 58. MINERALS • Trace Minerals- are iron, zinc and iodine. • Major Minerals - are sodium, potassium, calcium and phosphorus.
- 59. MINERALS • Minerals have4 major functions: • Body building – teeth and bones • Control of body processes, especially the nervous system • Essential part of body fluids and cells • Form part of enzymes and other proteins necessary for the release of energy
- 60. Iron • Functions • Productionof haemoglobin in red blood cells to carry oxygen in the blood • Sources • Red meat • Kidney • Liver • Eggs • Bread • Green veg Deficiency • Anaemia
- 61. Calcium • Functions • Teethand bones. • Blood clotting. • Nerve and muscle contraction. • Heart regulation • Sources • Dairy products • fortified white bread • oily fish • green veg • nuts and seeds • citrus fruits. Deficiency Stunted growth can cause rickets, osteoporosis.
- 62. Phosphorus • Functions • Bonesand teeth with calcium. • Muscle contraction • Sources • Dairy products • Nuts • Meat • Fish • foods rich in calcium Deficiency Rarely deficient but could cause tiredness and depression
- 63. Sodium • Functions • Maintainswater balance in the body and controls body temperature, helps you sweat when body temp rises. • Sources • Cheese • smoked meats • Fish • processed foods • table salt. Deficiency Deficiency is highly unlikely
- 64. Potassium • Sources • Banana •Functions • Muscle contraction and in maintaining fluid. It is necessary for the building of muscle and for normal body growth. Deficiency Dry skin, acne, Muscle spasms
- 65. Zinc • Sources • Meat •Oats • Eggs • Nuts • Functions • Everything from acne to diabetes. Aids the immune system. Needed for the senses of smell and taste. Deficiency Dry skin, acne, Muscle spasms
- 66. Iodine • Functions • Thyroidgland function (controls how quickly the body uses energy) and body metabolism • Sources • Animal and plat life from the sea • Milk • Eggs • Yogurt Deficiency Particularly in children, fall in the production of thyroid hormones
- 67. Vaccines & sera Vaccine:A substance used to stimulate production of antibodies and provide immunity against disease. Sera/serum: liquid that injected into someone's blood to protect them against poison or disease.(antisnake venom serum ) 6/14/2020 67
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- 78. Immunosuppressant • Immunosuppressive drugs,also known as immunosuppressive agents, immunosuppressants and antirejectio n medications are drugs that inhibit or prevent activity of the immune system. 6/14/2020 78
- 79. WHEN THEY AREUSED ? 6/14/2020 79
- 80. WHEN THEY AREUSED ? 6/14/2020 80
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- 82. EXAMPLES • PREDNISONE • HYDROCORTISONE •CYCLOSPORINE • TACROLIMUS 6/14/2020 82
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