This document is a verified petition filed in a US bankruptcy court seeking recognition of a foreign bankruptcy proceeding of Compania Mexicana de Aviacion (Mexicana) that was commenced in Mexico. Mexicana operates Mexicana Airlines, Mexico's largest airline. The petition seeks recognition of Maru E. Johansen as the foreign representative of Mexicana and recognition of the Mexican bankruptcy proceeding as a foreign main proceeding. Mexicana is seeking Chapter 15 bankruptcy protections in the US to protect its US assets during its restructuring in Mexico.
This document is a declaration submitted in support of Mexicana's petition for Chapter 15 bankruptcy in US courts. It summarizes that Mexicana initiated reorganization proceedings in Mexico on August 2, 2010 and the declarant was authorized by Mexicana's board to serve as its foreign representative in the US proceeding. It describes Mexicana's operations in both Mexico and the US, its financial difficulties, and secured creditors that could disrupt the reorganization process. The declarant requests injunctive relief to protect Mexicana's assets located in the US during the Chapter 15 proceeding.
This document summarizes a Supreme Court of the Philippines case regarding the constitutionality of Republic Act No. 9522, which adjusted the country's archipelagic baselines and classified the baseline regime of nearby territories. Petitioners argued that RA 9522 reduced Philippine maritime territory and opened internal waters to foreign passage, violating the constitution. Respondents defended RA 9522 as complying with the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea to delineate maritime zones. The Court found that RA 9522 was a statutory tool for delimiting maritime zones under UNCLOS, not territory, and that classifying nearby areas as "regimes of islands" did not weaken sovereignty claims over those areas.
The French Gourmet Inc., indicted recently for knowingly making false attestations on I-9 Forms, hiring employees unauthorized to work in the U.S., and employing those aliens after learning of their ineligibility to work. U.S. v. The French Gourmet Inc.
Mr. X, a 51-year-old citizen of the Dominican Republic who has lived in the US for 30 years, is seeking a waiver of removal under INA Section 212(c). He was ordered removed in 1996 due to criminal convictions but was eligible for a 212(c) waiver. He argues he remains eligible and merits a favorable exercise of discretion. He has strong family ties in the US including two US citizen children and siblings. He has lived in the US for 30 years, worked consistently, and rehabilitated from his past mistakes. He will face hardship if removed including lack of family support and difficulty supporting himself in the Dominican Republic.
Maritime Liens and Law Reform in SingaporeShu Xie Lim
The document discusses reforms needed to Singapore law regarding recognition of foreign maritime liens. Currently, Singapore courts will only recognize a foreign maritime lien if the claim would give rise to a maritime lien under Singapore law. This ignores the substantive nature of maritime liens and means creditors' rights depend on the fortuitous location of arrest. It also contravenes principles of comity by wholly subjugating foreign creditors to Singapore law. Reforms are needed to properly balance foreign and domestic interests and give appropriate deference and respect to foreign law regarding maritime liens.
This document is a complaint filed by the State of Florida against BP Exploration & Production Inc., BP p.l.c., BP America Production Company, and Halliburton Energy Services, Inc. regarding economic damages suffered by Florida from the 2010 Deepwater Horizon oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico. The complaint alleges that BP and Halliburton's negligent actions led to the uncontrolled oil spill, which damaged Florida's tourism-dependent economy. It asserts jurisdiction and provides background on the parties involved. The complaint describes the events leading up to the spill and allegations of negligence against the defendants regarding well design, cementing, and blowout preventer failures. Florida seeks damages for lost tax revenue and economic losses due to impacts on tourism
California State Lands Commission - City of Hermosa Beach State Tidelands TrustStopHermosaBeachOil
This letter is in response to the September 2, 2014, request from your office on behalf of the City of Hermosa Beach (City) memorializing the request made by the City Council during its July 8, 2014 Council meeting for information from the California State Lands Commission (Commission) staff regarding the City's responsibilities as a trustee of granted public trust lands.
This document is a declaration submitted in support of Mexicana's petition for Chapter 15 bankruptcy in US courts. It summarizes that Mexicana initiated reorganization proceedings in Mexico on August 2, 2010 and the declarant was authorized by Mexicana's board to serve as its foreign representative in the US proceeding. It describes Mexicana's operations in both Mexico and the US, its financial difficulties, and secured creditors that could disrupt the reorganization process. The declarant requests injunctive relief to protect Mexicana's assets located in the US during the Chapter 15 proceeding.
This document summarizes a Supreme Court of the Philippines case regarding the constitutionality of Republic Act No. 9522, which adjusted the country's archipelagic baselines and classified the baseline regime of nearby territories. Petitioners argued that RA 9522 reduced Philippine maritime territory and opened internal waters to foreign passage, violating the constitution. Respondents defended RA 9522 as complying with the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea to delineate maritime zones. The Court found that RA 9522 was a statutory tool for delimiting maritime zones under UNCLOS, not territory, and that classifying nearby areas as "regimes of islands" did not weaken sovereignty claims over those areas.
The French Gourmet Inc., indicted recently for knowingly making false attestations on I-9 Forms, hiring employees unauthorized to work in the U.S., and employing those aliens after learning of their ineligibility to work. U.S. v. The French Gourmet Inc.
Mr. X, a 51-year-old citizen of the Dominican Republic who has lived in the US for 30 years, is seeking a waiver of removal under INA Section 212(c). He was ordered removed in 1996 due to criminal convictions but was eligible for a 212(c) waiver. He argues he remains eligible and merits a favorable exercise of discretion. He has strong family ties in the US including two US citizen children and siblings. He has lived in the US for 30 years, worked consistently, and rehabilitated from his past mistakes. He will face hardship if removed including lack of family support and difficulty supporting himself in the Dominican Republic.
Maritime Liens and Law Reform in SingaporeShu Xie Lim
The document discusses reforms needed to Singapore law regarding recognition of foreign maritime liens. Currently, Singapore courts will only recognize a foreign maritime lien if the claim would give rise to a maritime lien under Singapore law. This ignores the substantive nature of maritime liens and means creditors' rights depend on the fortuitous location of arrest. It also contravenes principles of comity by wholly subjugating foreign creditors to Singapore law. Reforms are needed to properly balance foreign and domestic interests and give appropriate deference and respect to foreign law regarding maritime liens.
This document is a complaint filed by the State of Florida against BP Exploration & Production Inc., BP p.l.c., BP America Production Company, and Halliburton Energy Services, Inc. regarding economic damages suffered by Florida from the 2010 Deepwater Horizon oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico. The complaint alleges that BP and Halliburton's negligent actions led to the uncontrolled oil spill, which damaged Florida's tourism-dependent economy. It asserts jurisdiction and provides background on the parties involved. The complaint describes the events leading up to the spill and allegations of negligence against the defendants regarding well design, cementing, and blowout preventer failures. Florida seeks damages for lost tax revenue and economic losses due to impacts on tourism
California State Lands Commission - City of Hermosa Beach State Tidelands TrustStopHermosaBeachOil
This letter is in response to the September 2, 2014, request from your office on behalf of the City of Hermosa Beach (City) memorializing the request made by the City Council during its July 8, 2014 Council meeting for information from the California State Lands Commission (Commission) staff regarding the City's responsibilities as a trustee of granted public trust lands.
Running head JURISDICTION AND LITIGATION 1JURISDICTION AN.docxcowinhelen
Running head: JURISDICTION AND LITIGATION
1
JURISDICTION AND LITIGATION
2
Assignment 1: Jurisdiction and Litigation
Carlos Cruz
International Business Law & Practices | B7616
Professor: Russell Riggs
Argosy University-Atlanta
Jurisdiction and Litigation Case: Carson Jones (Plaintiff) vs. Italian Cruise Ships (Defendant)
Parties: Defendant, Italian Cruise Ships
Facts: Plaintiff Carson Jones brings this action against Italian Cruise Ships “ICS” for personal injuries sustained while he was vacationing aboard the Italian Princess.
This case arises out of an accident that occurred on June 15, 2006, when the small boat ferrying passengers from the ship to the port of Acapulco capsized. Mr. Jones suffered a broken arm and the loss of two toes that were severed from his right foot by a sharp object. After Mr. Jones was stabilized at the local hospital, he was flown back to the United States the next day.
Mr. Jones is a U.S. citizen, residing in California. At the time of the accident, the plaintiff was on a Caribbean cruise which sailed from Miami, Florida. Italian Cruise Ships is an Italian corporation. However, the company maintains a sales and marketing office in Miami. Internet advertising and marketing brochures contain a U.S. phone number and mailing address. The ticket purchased by Mr. Jones was issued out of the Miami office and contained the following sections:
Section 13: Time limits for noticing claims and filing and service of lawsuits: Any lawsuit for personal injury or negligence must be commenced not later than one (1) year after the date of the death or injury.
Section 14: Governing Law: The Passenger Contract is issued by Italian Cruise Ships, an Italian corporation, and shall be governed in accordance with the laws of Italy.
Section 15: Choice of forum/venue: The parties expressly agree that any and all disputes and matters arising under or in connection with the passenger contract or the cruise shall be litigated in and before the Italian court system.
Section 16: Arbitration: You and ICS agree to submit any dispute that does not arise out of the negligence or willful fault of ICS to binding arbitration. The arbitration shall be conducted by the International Chamber of Commerce in the venue specified in Section 15 above.
After returning to the United States and recovering from his injuries, Mr. Jones filed a personal injury suit in the U.S. District Court in Miami, Florida, on June 20, 2007, seeking $1,000,000 for the injuries he sustained.
Issue 1: Carson Jones (Plaintiff), failed to follow Section 16: Arbitration: You and ICS agree to submit any dispute that does not arise out of the negligence or willful fault of ICS to binding arbitration. The arbitration shall be conducted by the International Chamber of Commerce in the venue specified in Section 15 Choice of forum/venue: The parties expressly agree that any and all disputes and matters arising under or in connection with the passenger contract or the cruise shall b ...
This document provides an overview of American Airlines and discusses various forms of government intervention the airline faces in operating internationally. It begins with a brief history of American Airlines and its growth into an international carrier. It then examines deregulation in 1978 that reduced government control over pricing and competition. It also discusses international open skies agreements and post-9/11 security interventions like the TSA. Specific issues American Airlines faces related to government intervention are airport security rules, overflight fees, emissions regulations, and volatile fuel prices. The airline must balance safety, profitability and environmental goals with complying with changing regulations.
The CFTC has filed a complaint against MXBK Group S.A. de C.V. and its forex trading division MBFX S.A. for violations of the Commodity Exchange Act. The complaint alleges that from 2005-present, the defendants accepted over $28 million from over 800 US customers, including some in Utah, to trade forex in pooled accounts but incurred losses of over $29 million. It also claims that on multiple occasions from June 2008-April 2009, the defendants reported fictional trading profits to customers when they had actually incurred losses, and provided false explanations for losses incurred in November 2008. The CFTC is seeking to enjoin the unlawful acts, obtain restitution, dis
EKEJIJA- NVC FUND-SEC SETTLEMENT SOLUTION
CASE: 2:20-cv-08985-ODW-DFM
Case No.: 2:20-cv-08985-FWS-DFM
Dear John F. Libby,
As requested by Judge Fred W. Slaughter, the undersigned, frank-ojogwa: Ekejija, comes now to submit in good faith for your favorable consideration a graceful workable solution to settle and resolve the above-referenced egregious case (the “Case”), according to the requirement of Rule 1 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure (“FRCP”), that “all civil actions and proceedings in the United States district courts … be construed, administered, and employed by the court and the parties to secure the just, speedy, and inexpensive determination of every action and proceeding.”
The purpose of my proposal is to achieve the complete, final, fair, and equitable resolution of all of the financial, civil rights, and reputational damages and other civil claims I am holding against the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, an agency of the federal government (the “SEC”), arising out of and suffered in connection with the extreme quantifiable and unquantifiable economic and wrongs, injuries, damages, defamations, prejudices, and injustices done to our companies and me, by the SEC’s egregious, willful, wrongful, meritless, reckless, abusive, and vindictive crusade, undertaken under color of law and constitutes a gross breach of fidelity, over the past 11 years. That the SEC persisted in misusing and abusing its government authority, compounding these many wrongs long after it knew or should have known that its allegations were meritless, and the resulting compounding of its wrongful behavior, and that such conduct exposed the SEC and the federal government to ridicules, substantial financial and other liability, makes the situation even more outrageous.
Notwithstanding the foregoing, I am willing to settle and resolve this matter upon the terms and conditions summarized below. You will see that my proposal satisfies each of the requirements of FRCP Rule 1. Indeed, I am proposing to achieve the intended result by underwriting the financial elements of my claims out of our assets and at no cost to the government. Moreover, the structure and mechanisms of this proposal are eminently fair and reasonable by design and within your authority as a federal judge to implement.
Bp settlement declaration_cameron_azari_bp_settlement_notice_administrator_4_...Michael J. Evans
This document is the declaration of Cameron Azari, who administered the class action notice plan for the BP Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill Settlement. It explains that Azari is an expert in legal notice and notice plan design. The declaration outlines how the target audience for the BP Settlement notice was intended to match the class definition in the Settlement Agreement. It also highlights Azari's plans to send individual notice by mail to settlement class members.
Presentación de la Cancillería Argentina al Secretario de Estado John Kerry (...CFdeKirchner
El canciller Héctor Timerman informó que la embajadora argentina ante los Estados Unidos, Cecilia Nahón, presentó una nota al secretario de Estado norteamericano, John Kerry, advirtiendo sobre las consecuencias que podría tener la decisión judicial del juez Thomas Griesa, sobre una medida de ‘desacato’ que sería violatoria de la soberanía argentina.
Gr 155650 manila intl airport authority vs ca city of paranaque et al jul 20 ...ruelfernandez2017
This document is a Supreme Court of the Philippines decision regarding a case between the Manila International Airport Authority (MIAA) and various municipal entities in Paranaque City. The key issues are whether MIAA-operated airport lands and buildings are exempt from real estate taxes imposed by Paranaque City, and whether Paranaque City could validly auction these properties due to unpaid real estate taxes. The Supreme Court ultimately ruled the airport properties are exempt from real estate taxes, as MIAA is an instrumentality of the national government and the properties are actually owned by the Republic of the Philippines.
This class action lawsuit alleges that Forex Capital Markets (FXCM) engaged in fraudulent and deceptive practices that systematically depleted customers' trading accounts. The complaint alleges that FXCM used aggressive marketing to attract unsuspecting retail traders but manipulated prices and prevented customers from closing profitable trades, allowing FXCM to profit instead. The lawsuit seeks monetary and injunctive relief on behalf of customers nationwide for violations of RICO, state consumer protection laws, and breach of contract.
The Hells Angels Motorcycle Club's cyberpiracy and trademark infringement lawsuit against the seller of domain names that the HAMC charges infringe upon its intellectual property rights.
This document summarizes the proceedings of an arbitration hearing between Chevron Corporation, Texaco Petroleum Company, and the Republic of Ecuador. The hearing addressed the tribunal's jurisdiction over claims related to an arbitration between the US and Ecuador concerning an investment treaty. Counsel for the respondent argued that the tribunal does not have jurisdiction unless the claimants can demonstrate that a 1995 release agreement extends to claims by third parties related to oil extraction operations in Ecuador. The respondent's counsel asserted that the claimants had not met their burden of proof regarding the scope of the release.
This document summarizes a recent Quebec court case regarding the restructuring of an insolvent construction company under Canadian insolvency law. The court approved an arrangement allowing for a partial release of claims against the company's surety. This was permitted because the surety's continued participation in providing required bonds was critical to the viability of the company's restructuring plan. While some case law suggests third party releases may not be allowed under insolvency law, the court found the circumstances here distinguishable and the arrangement fair and reasonable given the surety's central role in the plan.
Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals Decision in Harper v Muskingum Watershed Conse...Marcellus Drilling News
Anti-drilling landowners (backed by Food & Water Watch) claimed the Muskingum Watershed Conservancy District had violated the deed to the land it owns by leasing that land for Utica Shale drilling. The Sixth Circuit dismissed the case. The anti-drillers lost.
The New Mexico Department of Transportation (NMDOT) likely received actual notice of Elena Roca's accident within 90 days as required by the Tort Claims Act. An internal investigation report created 10 days after the accident detailed the unmarked lane closure that caused the accident. This report and a police report describing the lane closure as the cause were likely sufficient to provide NMDOT actual notice of the facts and circumstances. Additionally, an NMDOT supervisor spoke with witnesses and the Risk Management Division about the faulty sign, indicating NMDOT was informed of its potential liability through an employee. Therefore, NMDOT likely received actual notice despite Roca's failure to provide timely written notice.
Employee class action v Google, Apple, Intel and othersDennis Howlett
Google, Apple, Intel and others are in the dock in a case where plaintiffs argue the operation of an illegal cartel designed to restrict pay to skilled workers.
The document provides a historical overview and summary of fraudulent transfer law in Vermont. It begins with the origins of fraudulent transfer law in 16th century England and discusses how various states, including Vermont, adopted versions of the Statute of 13 Elizabeth. It then summarizes Vermont's adoption of the Uniform Fraudulent Transfer Act in 1996 and how the Act modernized fraudulent transfer standards. The summary concludes by outlining the key elements, parties, remedies, standards of proof, and statute of limitations in fraudulent transfer cases under Vermont law.
This document provides notice of Patriot Coal Corporation's motion seeking court approval to conduct rights offerings as part of its chapter 11 reorganization plan. Specifically, the motion seeks authorization to enter into a backstop purchase agreement with certain funds to ensure sufficient proceeds are raised in the rights offerings. The rights offerings will allow eligible creditors to purchase new senior secured notes and warrants. The motion also seeks approval of the proposed rights offerings procedures. Objections to the motion are due by October 30, with a hearing scheduled for November 6.
The Tribunal was seized with requests from both parties regarding interim measures and jurisdiction. Regarding interim measures, the Tribunal ordered an expert to commence inventorying goods stored by Claimant and transferred some goods to a more suitable warehouse. The Tribunal also ordered Respondents to deposit additional funds to cover expert costs. However, the Tribunal declined to fully grant Respondents' request to transfer all goods, reserving final jurisdiction determination. The Tribunal invited both parties to submit evidence on jurisdiction by a set deadline.
The document discusses the legal and financial framework underlying the US prison system. It explains that courts operate under statute law, which includes bonds like statute merchant and statute staple that allowed creditors rights over debtors' property. It then outlines that the modern criminal legal system involves commercial statutes and bills of exchange, with the indictment as a three-party draft. Private prison corporations like CCA are publicly traded and their financial troubles, including mergers, lawsuits, and stock price declines are discussed.
Edward O'Donnell vs. Countrywide and Bank of America - LawsuitUmesh Heendeniya
This document is a complaint filed under seal in United States District Court against Bank of America alleging violations of the False Claims Act. It claims that Bank of America and its predecessors submitted false statements to Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac, and HUD regarding its mortgage underwriting and quality control in order to profit from its position as a large residential mortgage lender. This misconduct has allegedly cost the United States millions and led to many mortgage defaults, foreclosures, and home evictions. The complaint seeks treble damages and civil penalties under the False Claims Act.
May the above foreign countries recover treble damages for violation.docxstudywriters
This document contains 5 hypothetical legal scenarios involving international law. The first scenario discusses whether the act of state doctrine would apply to a suit by US banks against Costa Rican banks over defaulted promissory notes. The second discusses whether foreign countries can recover damages under US antitrust laws from antibiotic manufacturers engaged in anticompetitive practices abroad. The third discusses whether the act of state doctrine would apply as a defense for an airline in a suit over a problematic tour package to the Dominican Republic.
Mensaje de Doña Rosario Ibarra de Piedra, leído por su hija, Rosario Piedra, al recibir la Medalla al Mérito Cívico "Eduardo Neri, Legisladores de 1913"
Este documento propone medidas de austeridad presupuestaria en México y estima los ahorros potenciales de implementarlas. 1) Reducir los sueldos de altos funcionarios del gobierno en un 50% podría ahorrar $44 mil millones. 2) Al reducir los sueldos de altos funcionarios de organismos descentralizados y poderes autónomos en un 50% se podrían ahorrar otros $45 mil millones. 3) Limitar el crecimiento del gasto operativo a la mitad del crecimiento económico proyectado podría ahor
Running head JURISDICTION AND LITIGATION 1JURISDICTION AN.docxcowinhelen
Running head: JURISDICTION AND LITIGATION
1
JURISDICTION AND LITIGATION
2
Assignment 1: Jurisdiction and Litigation
Carlos Cruz
International Business Law & Practices | B7616
Professor: Russell Riggs
Argosy University-Atlanta
Jurisdiction and Litigation Case: Carson Jones (Plaintiff) vs. Italian Cruise Ships (Defendant)
Parties: Defendant, Italian Cruise Ships
Facts: Plaintiff Carson Jones brings this action against Italian Cruise Ships “ICS” for personal injuries sustained while he was vacationing aboard the Italian Princess.
This case arises out of an accident that occurred on June 15, 2006, when the small boat ferrying passengers from the ship to the port of Acapulco capsized. Mr. Jones suffered a broken arm and the loss of two toes that were severed from his right foot by a sharp object. After Mr. Jones was stabilized at the local hospital, he was flown back to the United States the next day.
Mr. Jones is a U.S. citizen, residing in California. At the time of the accident, the plaintiff was on a Caribbean cruise which sailed from Miami, Florida. Italian Cruise Ships is an Italian corporation. However, the company maintains a sales and marketing office in Miami. Internet advertising and marketing brochures contain a U.S. phone number and mailing address. The ticket purchased by Mr. Jones was issued out of the Miami office and contained the following sections:
Section 13: Time limits for noticing claims and filing and service of lawsuits: Any lawsuit for personal injury or negligence must be commenced not later than one (1) year after the date of the death or injury.
Section 14: Governing Law: The Passenger Contract is issued by Italian Cruise Ships, an Italian corporation, and shall be governed in accordance with the laws of Italy.
Section 15: Choice of forum/venue: The parties expressly agree that any and all disputes and matters arising under or in connection with the passenger contract or the cruise shall be litigated in and before the Italian court system.
Section 16: Arbitration: You and ICS agree to submit any dispute that does not arise out of the negligence or willful fault of ICS to binding arbitration. The arbitration shall be conducted by the International Chamber of Commerce in the venue specified in Section 15 above.
After returning to the United States and recovering from his injuries, Mr. Jones filed a personal injury suit in the U.S. District Court in Miami, Florida, on June 20, 2007, seeking $1,000,000 for the injuries he sustained.
Issue 1: Carson Jones (Plaintiff), failed to follow Section 16: Arbitration: You and ICS agree to submit any dispute that does not arise out of the negligence or willful fault of ICS to binding arbitration. The arbitration shall be conducted by the International Chamber of Commerce in the venue specified in Section 15 Choice of forum/venue: The parties expressly agree that any and all disputes and matters arising under or in connection with the passenger contract or the cruise shall b ...
This document provides an overview of American Airlines and discusses various forms of government intervention the airline faces in operating internationally. It begins with a brief history of American Airlines and its growth into an international carrier. It then examines deregulation in 1978 that reduced government control over pricing and competition. It also discusses international open skies agreements and post-9/11 security interventions like the TSA. Specific issues American Airlines faces related to government intervention are airport security rules, overflight fees, emissions regulations, and volatile fuel prices. The airline must balance safety, profitability and environmental goals with complying with changing regulations.
The CFTC has filed a complaint against MXBK Group S.A. de C.V. and its forex trading division MBFX S.A. for violations of the Commodity Exchange Act. The complaint alleges that from 2005-present, the defendants accepted over $28 million from over 800 US customers, including some in Utah, to trade forex in pooled accounts but incurred losses of over $29 million. It also claims that on multiple occasions from June 2008-April 2009, the defendants reported fictional trading profits to customers when they had actually incurred losses, and provided false explanations for losses incurred in November 2008. The CFTC is seeking to enjoin the unlawful acts, obtain restitution, dis
EKEJIJA- NVC FUND-SEC SETTLEMENT SOLUTION
CASE: 2:20-cv-08985-ODW-DFM
Case No.: 2:20-cv-08985-FWS-DFM
Dear John F. Libby,
As requested by Judge Fred W. Slaughter, the undersigned, frank-ojogwa: Ekejija, comes now to submit in good faith for your favorable consideration a graceful workable solution to settle and resolve the above-referenced egregious case (the “Case”), according to the requirement of Rule 1 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure (“FRCP”), that “all civil actions and proceedings in the United States district courts … be construed, administered, and employed by the court and the parties to secure the just, speedy, and inexpensive determination of every action and proceeding.”
The purpose of my proposal is to achieve the complete, final, fair, and equitable resolution of all of the financial, civil rights, and reputational damages and other civil claims I am holding against the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, an agency of the federal government (the “SEC”), arising out of and suffered in connection with the extreme quantifiable and unquantifiable economic and wrongs, injuries, damages, defamations, prejudices, and injustices done to our companies and me, by the SEC’s egregious, willful, wrongful, meritless, reckless, abusive, and vindictive crusade, undertaken under color of law and constitutes a gross breach of fidelity, over the past 11 years. That the SEC persisted in misusing and abusing its government authority, compounding these many wrongs long after it knew or should have known that its allegations were meritless, and the resulting compounding of its wrongful behavior, and that such conduct exposed the SEC and the federal government to ridicules, substantial financial and other liability, makes the situation even more outrageous.
Notwithstanding the foregoing, I am willing to settle and resolve this matter upon the terms and conditions summarized below. You will see that my proposal satisfies each of the requirements of FRCP Rule 1. Indeed, I am proposing to achieve the intended result by underwriting the financial elements of my claims out of our assets and at no cost to the government. Moreover, the structure and mechanisms of this proposal are eminently fair and reasonable by design and within your authority as a federal judge to implement.
Bp settlement declaration_cameron_azari_bp_settlement_notice_administrator_4_...Michael J. Evans
This document is the declaration of Cameron Azari, who administered the class action notice plan for the BP Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill Settlement. It explains that Azari is an expert in legal notice and notice plan design. The declaration outlines how the target audience for the BP Settlement notice was intended to match the class definition in the Settlement Agreement. It also highlights Azari's plans to send individual notice by mail to settlement class members.
Presentación de la Cancillería Argentina al Secretario de Estado John Kerry (...CFdeKirchner
El canciller Héctor Timerman informó que la embajadora argentina ante los Estados Unidos, Cecilia Nahón, presentó una nota al secretario de Estado norteamericano, John Kerry, advirtiendo sobre las consecuencias que podría tener la decisión judicial del juez Thomas Griesa, sobre una medida de ‘desacato’ que sería violatoria de la soberanía argentina.
Gr 155650 manila intl airport authority vs ca city of paranaque et al jul 20 ...ruelfernandez2017
This document is a Supreme Court of the Philippines decision regarding a case between the Manila International Airport Authority (MIAA) and various municipal entities in Paranaque City. The key issues are whether MIAA-operated airport lands and buildings are exempt from real estate taxes imposed by Paranaque City, and whether Paranaque City could validly auction these properties due to unpaid real estate taxes. The Supreme Court ultimately ruled the airport properties are exempt from real estate taxes, as MIAA is an instrumentality of the national government and the properties are actually owned by the Republic of the Philippines.
This class action lawsuit alleges that Forex Capital Markets (FXCM) engaged in fraudulent and deceptive practices that systematically depleted customers' trading accounts. The complaint alleges that FXCM used aggressive marketing to attract unsuspecting retail traders but manipulated prices and prevented customers from closing profitable trades, allowing FXCM to profit instead. The lawsuit seeks monetary and injunctive relief on behalf of customers nationwide for violations of RICO, state consumer protection laws, and breach of contract.
The Hells Angels Motorcycle Club's cyberpiracy and trademark infringement lawsuit against the seller of domain names that the HAMC charges infringe upon its intellectual property rights.
This document summarizes the proceedings of an arbitration hearing between Chevron Corporation, Texaco Petroleum Company, and the Republic of Ecuador. The hearing addressed the tribunal's jurisdiction over claims related to an arbitration between the US and Ecuador concerning an investment treaty. Counsel for the respondent argued that the tribunal does not have jurisdiction unless the claimants can demonstrate that a 1995 release agreement extends to claims by third parties related to oil extraction operations in Ecuador. The respondent's counsel asserted that the claimants had not met their burden of proof regarding the scope of the release.
This document summarizes a recent Quebec court case regarding the restructuring of an insolvent construction company under Canadian insolvency law. The court approved an arrangement allowing for a partial release of claims against the company's surety. This was permitted because the surety's continued participation in providing required bonds was critical to the viability of the company's restructuring plan. While some case law suggests third party releases may not be allowed under insolvency law, the court found the circumstances here distinguishable and the arrangement fair and reasonable given the surety's central role in the plan.
Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals Decision in Harper v Muskingum Watershed Conse...Marcellus Drilling News
Anti-drilling landowners (backed by Food & Water Watch) claimed the Muskingum Watershed Conservancy District had violated the deed to the land it owns by leasing that land for Utica Shale drilling. The Sixth Circuit dismissed the case. The anti-drillers lost.
The New Mexico Department of Transportation (NMDOT) likely received actual notice of Elena Roca's accident within 90 days as required by the Tort Claims Act. An internal investigation report created 10 days after the accident detailed the unmarked lane closure that caused the accident. This report and a police report describing the lane closure as the cause were likely sufficient to provide NMDOT actual notice of the facts and circumstances. Additionally, an NMDOT supervisor spoke with witnesses and the Risk Management Division about the faulty sign, indicating NMDOT was informed of its potential liability through an employee. Therefore, NMDOT likely received actual notice despite Roca's failure to provide timely written notice.
Employee class action v Google, Apple, Intel and othersDennis Howlett
Google, Apple, Intel and others are in the dock in a case where plaintiffs argue the operation of an illegal cartel designed to restrict pay to skilled workers.
The document provides a historical overview and summary of fraudulent transfer law in Vermont. It begins with the origins of fraudulent transfer law in 16th century England and discusses how various states, including Vermont, adopted versions of the Statute of 13 Elizabeth. It then summarizes Vermont's adoption of the Uniform Fraudulent Transfer Act in 1996 and how the Act modernized fraudulent transfer standards. The summary concludes by outlining the key elements, parties, remedies, standards of proof, and statute of limitations in fraudulent transfer cases under Vermont law.
This document provides notice of Patriot Coal Corporation's motion seeking court approval to conduct rights offerings as part of its chapter 11 reorganization plan. Specifically, the motion seeks authorization to enter into a backstop purchase agreement with certain funds to ensure sufficient proceeds are raised in the rights offerings. The rights offerings will allow eligible creditors to purchase new senior secured notes and warrants. The motion also seeks approval of the proposed rights offerings procedures. Objections to the motion are due by October 30, with a hearing scheduled for November 6.
The Tribunal was seized with requests from both parties regarding interim measures and jurisdiction. Regarding interim measures, the Tribunal ordered an expert to commence inventorying goods stored by Claimant and transferred some goods to a more suitable warehouse. The Tribunal also ordered Respondents to deposit additional funds to cover expert costs. However, the Tribunal declined to fully grant Respondents' request to transfer all goods, reserving final jurisdiction determination. The Tribunal invited both parties to submit evidence on jurisdiction by a set deadline.
The document discusses the legal and financial framework underlying the US prison system. It explains that courts operate under statute law, which includes bonds like statute merchant and statute staple that allowed creditors rights over debtors' property. It then outlines that the modern criminal legal system involves commercial statutes and bills of exchange, with the indictment as a three-party draft. Private prison corporations like CCA are publicly traded and their financial troubles, including mergers, lawsuits, and stock price declines are discussed.
Edward O'Donnell vs. Countrywide and Bank of America - LawsuitUmesh Heendeniya
This document is a complaint filed under seal in United States District Court against Bank of America alleging violations of the False Claims Act. It claims that Bank of America and its predecessors submitted false statements to Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac, and HUD regarding its mortgage underwriting and quality control in order to profit from its position as a large residential mortgage lender. This misconduct has allegedly cost the United States millions and led to many mortgage defaults, foreclosures, and home evictions. The complaint seeks treble damages and civil penalties under the False Claims Act.
May the above foreign countries recover treble damages for violation.docxstudywriters
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Este documento propone medidas de austeridad presupuestaria en México y estima los ahorros potenciales de implementarlas. Propone reducir los sueldos de altos funcionarios públicos en un 50%, lo que ahorraría $44 mil millones. También propone reducir los sueldos de altos funcionarios de organismos descentralizados y poderes autónomos en un 50%, ahorrando $45 mil millones adicionales. Finalmente, propone limitar el gasto operativo a la mitad del crecimiento económico, lo que podría ahorrar hasta
PEMEX y los trabajadores asalariados soportan la mayor parte de la recaudación de impuestos en México, a pesar del crecimiento en las ventas de las grandes empresas. PEMEX pagó el 56% de sus ingresos en impuestos en 2011, mientras que las mayores empresas como América Móvil solo pagaron entre el 1-6% de sus ingresos. Los trabajadores asalariados pagan tasas efectivas de entre el 10-30% dependiendo de sus ingresos.
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La Unión Europea ha acordado un paquete de sanciones contra Rusia por su invasión de Ucrania. Las sanciones incluyen restricciones a las importaciones de productos rusos de alta tecnología y a las exportaciones de bienes de lujo a Rusia. Además, se congelarán los activos de varios oligarcas rusos y se prohibirá el acceso de los bancos rusos a los mercados financieros de la UE.
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El documento presenta la posición del Partido del Trabajo en México con respecto a las demandas del Movimiento por la Paz con Justicia y Dignidad. El Partido del Trabajo apoya las demandas del movimiento y ha presentado varias iniciativas legislativas en línea con sus demandas, incluyendo reformas para limitar el poder del ejecutivo, ampliar los derechos ciudadanos, y abordar la violencia a través de enfoques de seguridad humana y desarrollo socioeconómico. El Partido del Trabajo ofrece su
La Comisión de Gobernación de la Cámara de Diputados votó a favor de la Ley de Seguridad Nacional el 2 de agosto de 2011. 31 diputados votaron a favor de la ley pertenecientes a diferentes partidos como el PRI, PAN, PRD, PVEM y NA. Solo 1 diputado, Juan Enrique Ibarra Pedroza del PT, votó en contra de la ley.
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1. DUANE MORRIS LLP
1540 Broadway
New York, New York 10036-4086
(212) 692-1000
(212) 692-1020 (facsimile)
William C. Heuer, Esq.
William H. Schrag, Esq.
wheuer@duanemorris.com
wschrag@duanemorris.com
Counsel to the Foreign Representative
UNITED STATES BANKRUPTCY COURT
SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF NEW YORK
In re:
COMPANIA MEXICANA DE AVIACION, S.A. de
C.V.,
Debtor in a Foreign Proceeding.
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Chapter 15
Case No. 10-[__]
VERIFIED PETITION FOR RECOGNITION OF FOREIGN
MAIN PROCEEDING AND REQUEST FOR CHAPTER 15 RELIEF
Maru E. Johansen, in her capacity as the foreign representative (the “Foreign
Representative”) of the above-captioned debtor (“Mexicana”), whose voluntary corporate
reorganization proceedings under the laws of Mexico currently are pending before the District
Court for Civil Matters for The Federal District, Mexico (the “Mexican Court” and “Concurso
Proceeding”), respectfully submits this verified petition (the “Petition”) (i) for recognition by this
Court as Mexicana’s “foreign representative” as defined in section 101(24) of the title 11, United
States Code §§ 101 et seq. (the “Bankruptcy Code”) and (ii) for recognition of the Concurso
Proceeding as a “foreign main proceeding” pursuant to Bankruptcy Code sections 1515, 1517
and 1520.
In support of the Petition, the Foreign Representative has filed contemporaneously
herewith her Declaration as Foreign Representative (the “Foreign Representative Declaration”),
which is incorporated herein by reference. In addition, the Foreign Representative also has filed
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contemporaneously herewith the (i) Declaration of Jaime Rene Guerra Gonzalez, Mexican
counsel to Mexicana (the “Guerra Gonzalez Declaration”); and (ii) Affidavit of William C.
Heuer in Support of the Foreign Representative’s Ex Parte Application for an Order Granting (a)
Provisional Relief and Injunction and (b) Scheduling Hearing (the “Heuer Affidavit”), both of
which, too, are incorporated herein by reference.
Preliminary Statement
1. Compania Mexicana de Aviacion, S.A. de C.V. (“Mexicana”) and its affiliates
operate Mexicana Airlines, Mexico’s largest airline. Mexicana and its affiliates carry passengers
and cargo to destinations worldwide.
2. To effectuate a restructuring of its business and financial affairs, on August 2,
2010 (prevailing Mexico time) Mexicana voluntarily filed a petition for commencement of a
corporate reorganization proceeding in the Mexican Court under Mexico’s Ley de Concursos
Mercantiles (the “Concurso Law”). In connection with commencement of the Concurso
Proceeding, Mexicana’s Board of Directors appointed the Foreign Representative and
specifically authorized the Foreign Representative to seek relief in this Court under Chapter 15
of the Bankruptcy Code.
3. As is set forth in the Guerra Gonzalez Declaration, following filing of the petition
commencing the Concurso Proceeding, an examination of Mexicana’s books and records will be
conducted by a Court-appointed individual and the Mexican Court will issue a “business
reorganization judgment,” determining whether the Concurso petition will be granted. If the
Concurso petition is granted, a stay of seizures, foreclosures and execution of judgments will be
put in place, and Mexicana will begin the process of reorganization. Additional relief in the
nature of provisional injunctions is available, and will be sought by Mexicana.
4. In the Concurso Proceeding, Mexicana intends to proceed with a reorganization
and obtain approval of the relevant and required number of affected creditors, and confirmation
3. 3
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by the Mexican Court, of a debt restructuring plan in accordance with the Concurso Law (which
is more fully described below). Under the Concurso Law, Mexicana has authority to pay and
honor outstanding obligations to Mexicana’s customers, vendors, employees and business
partners during the pendency of the Concurso Proceeding.
5. The restructuring contemplated to be undertaken in the Concurso Proceeding will
achieve a significant restructuring of Mexicana’s business. Mexicana anticipates that it will
emerge from this restructuring process a stronger, more competitive company and airline, and
believes that the benefits to be gained from the restructuring process will enable Mexicana to
remain a premier global air carrier.
6. However, pending development and approval of a restructuring plan by the
Mexican Court, Mexicana requires the protection afforded to foreign debtors pursuant to Chapter
15 of the Bankruptcy Code in order to protect its valuable assets in the United States. For
example, Mexicana has interests in certain real estate at: (i) John F. Kennedy International
Airport in New York, New York; (ii) O’Hare International Airport in Chicago, Illinois; (iii)
Dallas Fort Worth Airport in Dallas, Texas; (iv) Denver International Airport in Denver,
Colorado; (v) Fresno Yosemite International Airport in Fresno, California; (vi) McCarran
International Airport in Las Vegas, Nevada; (vii) Miami International Airport in Miami, Florida;
(viii) Oakland International Airport in Oakland, California; (ix) Orlando International Airport in
Orlando, Florida; (x) Sacramento International Airport in Sacramento, California; (xi) San
Antonio Airport in San Antonio, California; (xii) San Francisco International Airport in San
Francisco, California; (xiii) San Jose Airport in San Jose, California; (xiv) Washington Dulles
Airport in Dulles, Virginia; and (xv) at Los Angeles International Airport in Los Angeles,
California. Mexicana has valuable “slots” for its aircraft at those locations. Mexicana also has
approximately 147 employees, multiple aircraft at multiple airports, and aircraft-related
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component parts, in the United States, at any point in time. Mexicana also has interests in certain
bank and collateral accounts located in the United States.
7. Mexicana seeks the protections of Chapter 15 to ensure consistent and smooth
operations without disruption while the Concurso Proceeding moves forward. Protection of
Mexicana’s United States-based assets and ensuring that there are no operational disruptions in
the United States, will help ensure that Mexicana’s restructuring in the Concurso Proceeding
proceeds quickly. Thus, by way of separate motion, Mexicana has sought a temporary
restraining order and preliminary injunctive relief pending a hearing on recognition.
8. To better facilitate an efficient corporate restructuring in the Concurso
Proceeding, pursuant to this Petition, the Foreign Representative seeks recognition (i) as
Mexicana’s “foreign representative” within the meaning of section 101(24) of the Bankruptcy
Code and (ii) of the Concurso Proceedings as a “foreign main proceeding,” within the meaning
of section 101(23) of the Bankruptcy Code.
Jurisdiction
9. The Court has jurisdiction over this matter pursuant to 28 U.S.C. §§ 1334(a) and
157(a) and the Standing Order of Referral of Cases to Bankruptcy Judges of the United States
District Court for the Southern District of New York, dated July 10, 1984. This is a core
proceeding pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 157(b)(2)(P).
10. This case has been properly commenced pursuant to section 1504 of the
Bankruptcy Code by the filing of a petition for recognition of the Concurso Proceeding in
accordance with section 1515 of the Bankruptcy Code by Mexicana’s duly appointed foreign
representative.
11. Mexicana has assets and accounts located in this District, and venue is thus proper
pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1410(3).
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12. The statutory bases for relief are sections 1504, 1515, 1517, 1520 and 1521 of the
Bankruptcy Code.
Background
I. Mexicana’s Business
13. Mexicana was founded 89 years ago. It is the airline with the fourth longest
tradition of service in the world.
14. When Mexicana was founded in Mexico City on July 12, 1921, it was named
Compañía Mexicana de Transportación Aérea (“CMTA”). CMTA began operations with just
four open-cockpit planes that were each able to transport just one passenger and 50 kilograms of
baggage and mail. CMTA’s services expanded over time with increased flights and mail
delivery, and added aerial photography. With this growth, CMTA increased the size of its fleet.
In 1924, CMTA became Mexicana Airlines.
15. In 1928, Mexicana expanded the range of its operations to include the Mexican
southeast, which for centuries had been isolated. Then, in 1929, all of the shares in Mexicana
were sold to Pan American Airways. The union of both companies provided good opportunity
for the continued growth, and internationalization, of Mexicana and its operations.
16. Shortly thereafter, in March 1929, Mexicana opened the international Mexico-
Tuxpan-Tampico-Brownsville Texas route, with the first of five three-engine planes to be
acquired by Mexicana. With these aircraft, significant passenger services were introduced, since
the aircraft had capacity for one flight attendant and 13 passengers. Charles A. Lindbergh
piloted the first trip for Mexicana between Brownsville, Texas and Mexico City.
17. Today, Mexicana is the airline with the most extensive international coverage
from Mexico and the leading transportation company between Mexico and the United States.
From its operations hub in Mexico City International Airport, Mexicana flies to destinations in
North, Central and South America, Europe, and the Caribbean. Mexicana has on numerous
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occasions been recognized with World Travel Awards as the best business class airline in
Mexico and Latin America, in addition to numerous awards as the overall leading airline in the
same region.
II. Mexicana’s Debt Obligations
18. Mexicana is an obligor under the terms of a Credit Agreement with Banco
Mercantil del Norte, S.A. (“Banco Mercantil”), dated as of April 17, 2008 (the “Credit
Agreement”), pursuant to which Mexicana and affiliated non-debtor companies have
approximately $1,572,420,000 (Mexican Pesos) of indebtedness.1
The Credit Agreement is the
primary financing vehicle on which Mexicana has relied in the past. No notices of default have
been issued to Mexicana or any other obligor pursuant to the terms of the Credit Agreement,2
and, in advance of commencement of the Concurso Proceeding, Mexicana began discussions
with Banco Mercantil regarding Mexicana’s financial situation and restructuring, as well as its
aircraft lessors.
19. The Credit Agreement is collateralized through the grant of a security interest to
Banco Mercantil. That security interest includes deposit accounts in Mexicana’s name at Inter
National Bank (the “Collateral Accounts”), which acts as collateral agent (the “Collateral
Agent”) for the benefit of Banco Mercantil with respect to repayment of all obligations under the
Credit Agreement. The security interest, and the role of the Collateral Agent, are detailed in a
Deposit Account Security Agreement dated as of June 16, 2008.
20. The Collateral Accounts are where Mexicana’s U.S.-based credit card and other
payments are sent. The Deposit Account Security Agreement specifically provides that unless an
event of default has occurred under the terms of the Credit Agreement, the Collateral Agent must
1
Applying an exchange rate of 0.0786052, the indebtedness is approximately $123,600,433 (USD).
2
Mexicana’s co-obligor affiliates are not the subject of any reorganization proceedings.
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transfer amounts deposited in the Collateral Account to accounts designated by Mexicana (and
other obligors). The funds collected in the Collateral Account presently flow to Mexicana and
are an important source of revenue for funding Mexicana’s operating expenses.
III. Equity
21. Mexicana is owned (99.81%) by Nuevo Grupo Aeronautico, S.A. de C.V.
(“Grupo Nuevo”), which is a privately-owned company, and by Aeropuertos y Terrenos, S.A. de
C.V. (0.16%).
Commencement of the Concurso Proceeding
22. Over the course of the past few years, Mexicana, like many other entities in a
variety of industries throughout the world, has faced significant challenges. The worldwide
recession that has taken hold over the past three years has created an environment of economic
distress for companies and individuals alike, and that environment has impacted Mexicana’s
operations. In addition, Mexicana’s operations have been impacted over the past few years by an
unprecedented, unexpected and sustained rise in global energy prices. Indeed, the rising price of
energy (in particular, jet fuel) has resulted in a rapid and very significant escalation in
Mexicana’s operational costs. Finally, in 2009, many businesses in Mexico, including
Mexicana, suffered losses as a result of a flu epidemic that had a severe, immediate and
unexpected impact upon Mexican tourism and business-related trips and travel.
23. As a result of the foregoing, Mexicana faces financial and operational hurdles that
made it prudent for Mexicana to seek relief under the Concurso Law in order to preserve its
value as a going concern and maximize the value of its assets for the benefit of all creditors.
24. On July 30, 2010, the Board of Directors of Mexicana authorized the
commencement of the Concurso Proceeding, and also authorized the commencement of this
Chapter 15 proceeding (the “Board Resolution”). Mexicana also empowered Maru E. Johansen
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to act as Mexicana’s Foreign Representative, and empowered her to commence this Chapter 15
proceeding.
25. On August 2, 2010, Mexicana initiated the Concurso Proceeding pursuant to the
provisions of the Mexican Business Reorganization Act by submitting a voluntary petition to the
Mexico Court.
Relief Requested
26. For the reasons set forth herein, the Foreign Representative respectfully requests
that this Court enter an order, substantially in the form attached hereto as Exhibit A, (i)
recognizing the Concurso Proceeding as “a foreign main proceeding” pursuant to 11 U.S.C. §§
1517(a) and (b)(1) and providing the protections and benefits identified in Bankruptcy Code
Section 1521; (ii) recognizing the Foreign Representative as the duly appointed “foreign
representative,” as defined in 11 U.S.C. § 101(24), of Mexicana; and (iii) to the extent necessary
(i.e., if the Concurso Proceeding is found to be a foreign “nonmain” proceeding rather than a
foreign “main” proceeding), granting relief under sections 1521(a)(1), (2), (3), (5) and (6) and
1521(b) of the Bankruptcy Code.
Grounds For Relief Requested
27. Chapter 15 of the Bankruptcy Code is designed to assist foreign representatives to
protect assets located in the United States that belong to a foreign debtor that has commenced
insolvency proceedings in a foreign jurisdiction. See 11 U.S.C. § 1501(b). Among the purposes
of Chapter 15 are: (i) to encourage cooperation between U.S. and foreign courts; (ii) to promote
the fair and efficient administration of cross-border insolvencies that protect creditors, debtors,
and other parties-in-interest; and (iii) to protect and maximize the value of the debtor’s assets.
Consistent with those principles, the Foreign Representative commenced this Chapter 15
proceeding to obtain recognition of the Concurso Proceeding as a foreign “main” proceeding.
The Foreign Representative believes that this Chapter 15 proceeding will complement
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Mexicana’s primary proceedings in Mexico to ensure the effective and economic administration
of Mexicana’s restructuring efforts.
IV. The Requirements For Recognition As A
Foreign Main Proceeding Are Satisfied
28. Section 1517(a) of the Bankruptcy Code provides that a court shall enter an order
granting recognition of a foreign proceeding if:
(i) such foreign proceeding for which recognition is sought is a foreign main
proceeding or foreign nonmain proceeding within the meaning of section
1502;
(ii) the foreign representative applying for recognition is a person or body;
and
(iii) the Petition meets the requirements of section 1515.
11 U.S.C. § 1517(a). Section 1517(b), in turn, provides that a foreign proceeding “shall be
recognized . . . (1) as a foreign main proceeding if it is pending in the country where the debtor
has the center of its main interests.” 11 U.S.C. § 1517(b)(1). The Foreign Representative
submits that all of the requirements for recognition of a foreign main proceeding are satisfied.
iv. The Concurso Proceeding is a “Foreign Proceeding”
29. As a threshold matter, the Concurso Proceeding is a “foreign proceeding” as that
term is defined in the Bankruptcy Code. Section 101(23) of the Bankruptcy Code defines a
“foreign proceeding” as:
a collective judicial or administrative proceeding in a foreign
country, including an interim proceeding, under a law relating to
insolvency or adjustment of debt in which proceeding the assets
and affairs of the debtor are subject to control or supervision by a
foreign court, for the purpose of reorganization or liquidation.
11 U.S.C. § 101(23).
30. The Concurso Proceeding meets this definition because it is a collective
administrative proceeding under the Concurso Law, administered in the Mexican Court, which
relates to insolvency and adjustment of debt. The purpose of the Concurso Proceeding is to
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allow financially troubled businesses time to either craft and execute a plan of reorganization or
go through an orderly liquidation of their assets. The process is controlled by the Mexico Court,
which has authority at the outset to grant or deny the Concurso petition and has review and
approval rights over any plan of reorganization filed by the debtor.3
31. Under the Concurso Law, though Mexicana will remain in control of its business
and operations, the process of forming the plan of reorganization is overseen by a court
appointed administrator, the Conciliador, who exercises powers similar to those of the United
States Trustee in a proceeding under the Bankruptcy Code. Moreover, because Mexicana
operates under a concession of title from the Mexican government as a “Public Service,” the
Mexican Ministry of Transportation and Communications will participate. For these reasons,
Mexicana’s assets are and will continue to be “subject to control or supervision by a foreign
court” through the Concurso Proceeding, and all of the requirements of section 101(23) are met.
Indeed, the Bankruptcy Court for the Southern District of New York has previously recognized
proceedings under the Concurso Law as foreign proceedings under Chapter 15 of the Bankruptcy
Code. See In re Corporacion Durango, S.A.B. de C.V., No. 08-13911 (RDD) (Bankr. S.D.N.Y.
Dec. 11, 2008) (Mexican Concurso proceeding recognized as a foreign proceeding).
v. The Concurso Proceeding Qualifies as a Foreign “Main” Proceeding
32. Once it is determined that the Concurso Proceeding is a foreign proceeding, the
question becomes whether the foreign proceeding is entitled to recognition, and if so, whether as
a foreign “main” or “nonmain” proceeding. Section 1502(5) defines a foreign “nonmain”
proceeding as one which is pending in a country where the debtor has an “establishment,” which
in turn is defined in Section 1502(2) as “any place of operations where the debtor carries out a
3
The Chapter 15 Petition in this case was filed concurrently with the filing of the Concurso petition. Once the
Mexico Court grants the Concurso petition, Mexicana will file appropriate notices and will inform the Court as
required pursuant to 11 U.S.C. §1518.
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nontransitory economic activity.” Section 1502(4), in turn, defines a foreign “main” proceeding
as “a foreign proceeding pending in the country where the debtor has the center of its main
interests.” 11 U.S.C. § 1502(4). Thus, it must be shown that the Concurso Proceeding is located
in the center of Mexicana’s main interests in order for the Concurso Proceeding to be considered
a foreign “main” proceeding.
33. Although the Bankruptcy Code does not provide a conclusive test to determine
what constitutes a debtor’s center of main interests, pursuant to section 1516 of the Bankruptcy
Code it is presumed, absent evidence to the contrary, that the debtor’s center of main interests is
located where the debtor has its registered office. 11 U.S.C. § 1516(c). The concept of center of
main interests has been equated by courts to the concept of a debtor’s “principal place of
business.” In re Tri-Continental Exchange Ltd., 349 B.R. 627, 634 (Bankr. E.D. Cal. 2006).
34. There is no doubt that Mexico is Mexicana’s “center of main interests.”
Mexicana is headquartered in Mexico. The vast majority of Mexicana’s assets are located in
Mexico and many of its employees are located in Mexico. Mexicana’s worldwide flight hub is
in Mexico City. Mexicana’s registered office is located in Mexico, and therefore it is presumed
that Mexicana’s center of main interests is in Mexico. Moreover, since Mexicana operates under
a concession of title from the Mexican government and it is thus a “Public Service” under
Mexican law, the Mexican Ministry of Transportation and Communications will be involved in
the Concurso Proceeding and reorganization process. As the Concurso Proceeding is a foreign
proceeding located where Mexicana’s “center of main interests” are located, it is therefore a
“foreign main proceeding” under the Bankruptcy Code.4
4
In Corporacion Durango, too, the Court found the Concurso proceeding to be a “main” proceeding.
12. 12
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vi. The Foreign Representative Meets the Statutory Requirements
35. The second requirement for recognition of a foreign proceeding under section
1517(a) of the Bankruptcy Code is that the “foreign representative applying for recognition be a
person or body.” See 11 U.S.C. § 1517(a)(2).
36. The term “foreign representative” is defined in section 101(24) of the Bankruptcy
Code as follows:
[A] person or body, including a person or body appointed on an
interim basis, authorized in a foreign proceeding to administer the
reorganization or the liquidation of the debtor’s assets or affairs or
to act as a representative of such foreign proceeding.
11 U.S.C. § 101(24).
37. Courts in this district have on numerous occasions held that a foreign
representative may be appointed by a debtor’s board of directors, and need not be appointed by
the foreign court overseeing the foreign proceeding.5
See, e.g., In re Bd. Of Dirs. of Hopewell,
275 B.R. 699, 707 (S.D.N.Y. 2002) (holding that company’s board of directors qualified as
foreign representative); see also In re Bd. of Dirs. Of Telecom Argentina S.A., No. 05-17811
(BRL), 2006 WL 686867 at *21 (Bankr. S.D.N.Y. Feb. 24, 2006) (same); In re Netia Holdings,
277 B.R. 571, 587 n. 76 (Bankr. S.D.N.Y. 2002) (same). Indeed, neither section 101(24) nor
Chapter 15 of the Bankruptcy Code requires foreign representatives to be appointed by foreign
courts. See In re Hopewell, 275 BR. 699, 707 (S.D.N.Y. 2002) (interpreting prior version of
section 101(24) of the Bankruptcy Code and stressing that “nothing in the statute requires a court
5
The definition of “foreign representative” was amended in 2005 as follows (italicized text representing additions,
and stricken text representing deletions):
The term “foreign representative” means duly selected trustee, administrator, or
other representative of an estate in a foreign proceeding a person or body,
including a person or body appointed on an interim basis, authorized in a
foreign proceeding to administer the reorganization or the liquidation of the
debtor’s assets or affairs or to act as a representative of such foreign
proceeding.
See Lawrence P. King, 2 COLLIER ON BANKRUPTCY ¶ 101.24 (15th
ed. revised 2009).
13. 13
DM22410939.1
appointment”). Although there is little authority interpreting the current version of section
101(24), nothing in the plain text of the statute requires that a foreign representative be appointed
by court order. Rather, section 101(24) simply requires that a foreign representative be
“authorized” to administer the reorganization or the liquidation of the debtor’s assets or affairs or
act as a representative of the foreign proceeding. See 11 U.S.C. § 101(24).
38. Consistent with this reasoning, in In re Corporacion Durango, S.A.B. de C.V., this
Court recognized, in a case involving a proceeding in Mexico under the Concurso Law, an
officer of the debtor as a duly authorized foreign representative of the debtor within the meaning
of sections 101(24) and 1515(a)(2) of the Bankruptcy Code. The foreign representative in
Corporacion Durango was not appointed by the Mexican court, but was instead appointed by the
debtor’s board of directors prior to the filing of its Concurso proceeding. See In re Corporacion
Durango, S.A.B. de C.V., No. 08-13911 (RDD) (Bankr. S.D.N.Y. Dec. 11, 2008).
39. Maru E. Johansen is an individual that has been duly appointed by Mexicana’s
Board of Directors. The requirements of sections 101(24) and 1517(a)(2) of the Bankruptcy
Code have been met. Accordingly, Ms. Johansen should be recognized by the Court as
Mexicana’s Foreign Representative.
vii. The Requirements of Bankruptcy Code Section 1515 Have Been Met
40. The final requirement for recognition of a foreign main proceeding is compliance
with the procedural and evidentiary requirements of section 1515 of the Bankruptcy Code.
Section 1515 (i) requires that a petition be filed with the court and (ii) lists the documents and
statements that must accompany the petition for recognition. See 11 U.S.C. § 1515. All of the
requirements of section 1515 of the Bankruptcy Code have been met.
41. First, the Chapter 15 Petition in this case was properly filed by the Foreign
Representative on behalf of Mexicana, as required by section 1515(a) of the Bankruptcy Code.
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42. Second, documents evidencing: (i) the appointment of the Petitioner as foreign
representative and (ii) the commencement and existence of the Concurso Proceeding, in the form
of the Board Resolution and Concurso petition, have been provided as Exhibits A and C,
respectively, to the Foreign Representative Declaration, as required under section 1515(b).
English translations of the Resolution and Concurso petition, as required by section 1515(d) of
the Bankruptcy Code, are attached as Exhibits B and D to the Foreign Representative
Declaration, respectively.
43. Finally, as is required by to section 1515(c), the Foreign Representative
Declaration includes a statement identifying the Concurso Proceeding as the only foreign
proceeding currently pending with respect to Mexicana. See Foreign Representative Declaration.
Recognition As Foreign Nonmain Proceeding
44. In the event the Court finds that the Concurso is not entitled to foreign main
proceeding status, Mexicana respectfully requests that foreign nonmain status be granted.
Mexicana respectfully submits that based upon the evidence submitted by way of the Foreign
Representative’s Declaration, Mexicana has ably demonstrated that it has a nontransitory
economic presence in Mexico. See 11 U.S.C. §§ 1502; 1517.
45. To the extent the Court grants foreign nonmain status, Mexicana respectfully
requests that the Court grant Mexicana the same relief, and to the same extent, sought by
Mexicana on an interim basis in this Chapter 15 proceeding.
15. 15
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Conclusion
Based upon the foregoing, the Foreign Representative respectfully requests that the Court
enter an order, if the Form annexed hereto as Exhibit A, finding that: (i) the Foreign
Representative meets the statutory requirements of 11 U.S.C. §§ 101(24) and 1517(a)(2); and (ii)
that the Concurso Proceeding qualifies as a foreign main proceeding under the statutory
requirements of 11 U.S.C. §§ 101(23), 1502(4) and 1516(c), and grant such other and further
relief as is necessary and appropriate.
Dated: New York, New York
August 2, 2010
DUANE MORRIS LLP
/s/William C. Heuer
William C. Heuer, Esq.
William H. Schrag, Esq.
1540 Broadway
New York, New York 10036-4086
(212) 692-1000
(212) 692-1020 (facsimile)
wheuer@duanemorris.com
wschrag@duanemorris.com
Counsel to the Foreign Representative