[ERRO] Predavanje: ulazi/izlazi na mikroupravljač (27.10.2016) Stipe Predanic
Elektronička računala i računalna oprema
Predavanje 4: Ulazi i izlazi na mikroupravljač
Video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XQLXKLN_8ZE&index=8&list=PLYqeapOP_CtQKuyzaHtJz16r5JaM4vs-w
Snimljeno 27.10.2016 s TCL SVC 200
[ERRO] Predavanje: ulazi/izlazi na mikroupravljač (27.10.2016) Stipe Predanic
Elektronička računala i računalna oprema
Predavanje 4: Ulazi i izlazi na mikroupravljač
Video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XQLXKLN_8ZE&index=8&list=PLYqeapOP_CtQKuyzaHtJz16r5JaM4vs-w
Snimljeno 27.10.2016 s TCL SVC 200
2024 State of Marketing Report – by HubspotMarius Sescu
https://www.hubspot.com/state-of-marketing
· Scaling relationships and proving ROI
· Social media is the place for search, sales, and service
· Authentic influencer partnerships fuel brand growth
· The strongest connections happen via call, click, chat, and camera.
· Time saved with AI leads to more creative work
· Seeking: A single source of truth
· TLDR; Get on social, try AI, and align your systems.
· More human marketing, powered by robots
ChatGPT is a revolutionary addition to the world since its introduction in 2022. A big shift in the sector of information gathering and processing happened because of this chatbot. What is the story of ChatGPT? How is the bot responding to prompts and generating contents? Swipe through these slides prepared by Expeed Software, a web development company regarding the development and technical intricacies of ChatGPT!
Product Design Trends in 2024 | Teenage EngineeringsPixeldarts
The realm of product design is a constantly changing environment where technology and style intersect. Every year introduces fresh challenges and exciting trends that mold the future of this captivating art form. In this piece, we delve into the significant trends set to influence the look and functionality of product design in the year 2024.
How Race, Age and Gender Shape Attitudes Towards Mental HealthThinkNow
Mental health has been in the news quite a bit lately. Dozens of U.S. states are currently suing Meta for contributing to the youth mental health crisis by inserting addictive features into their products, while the U.S. Surgeon General is touring the nation to bring awareness to the growing epidemic of loneliness and isolation. The country has endured periods of low national morale, such as in the 1970s when high inflation and the energy crisis worsened public sentiment following the Vietnam War. The current mood, however, feels different. Gallup recently reported that national mental health is at an all-time low, with few bright spots to lift spirits.
To better understand how Americans are feeling and their attitudes towards mental health in general, ThinkNow conducted a nationally representative quantitative survey of 1,500 respondents and found some interesting differences among ethnic, age and gender groups.
Technology
For example, 52% agree that technology and social media have a negative impact on mental health, but when broken out by race, 61% of Whites felt technology had a negative effect, and only 48% of Hispanics thought it did.
While technology has helped us keep in touch with friends and family in faraway places, it appears to have degraded our ability to connect in person. Staying connected online is a double-edged sword since the same news feed that brings us pictures of the grandkids and fluffy kittens also feeds us news about the wars in Israel and Ukraine, the dysfunction in Washington, the latest mass shooting and the climate crisis.
Hispanics may have a built-in defense against the isolation technology breeds, owing to their large, multigenerational households, strong social support systems, and tendency to use social media to stay connected with relatives abroad.
Age and Gender
When asked how individuals rate their mental health, men rate it higher than women by 11 percentage points, and Baby Boomers rank it highest at 83%, saying it’s good or excellent vs. 57% of Gen Z saying the same.
Gen Z spends the most amount of time on social media, so the notion that social media negatively affects mental health appears to be correlated. Unfortunately, Gen Z is also the generation that’s least comfortable discussing mental health concerns with healthcare professionals. Only 40% of them state they’re comfortable discussing their issues with a professional compared to 60% of Millennials and 65% of Boomers.
Race Affects Attitudes
As seen in previous research conducted by ThinkNow, Asian Americans lag other groups when it comes to awareness of mental health issues. Twenty-four percent of Asian Americans believe that having a mental health issue is a sign of weakness compared to the 16% average for all groups. Asians are also considerably less likely to be aware of mental health services in their communities (42% vs. 55%) and most likely to seek out information on social media (51% vs. 35%).
AI Trends in Creative Operations 2024 by Artwork Flow.pdfmarketingartwork
This article is all about what AI trends will emerge in the field of creative operations in 2024. All the marketers and brand builders should be aware of these trends for their further use and save themselves some time!
A report by thenetworkone and Kurio.
The contributing experts and agencies are (in an alphabetical order): Sylwia Rytel, Social Media Supervisor, 180heartbeats + JUNG v MATT (PL), Sharlene Jenner, Vice President - Director of Engagement Strategy, Abelson Taylor (USA), Alex Casanovas, Digital Director, Atrevia (ES), Dora Beilin, Senior Social Strategist, Barrett Hoffher (USA), Min Seo, Campaign Director, Brand New Agency (KR), Deshé M. Gully, Associate Strategist, Day One Agency (USA), Francesca Trevisan, Strategist, Different (IT), Trevor Crossman, CX and Digital Transformation Director; Olivia Hussey, Strategic Planner; Simi Srinarula, Social Media Manager, The Hallway (AUS), James Hebbert, Managing Director, Hylink (CN / UK), Mundy Álvarez, Planning Director; Pedro Rojas, Social Media Manager; Pancho González, CCO, Inbrax (CH), Oana Oprea, Head of Digital Planning, Jam Session Agency (RO), Amy Bottrill, Social Account Director, Launch (UK), Gaby Arriaga, Founder, Leonardo1452 (MX), Shantesh S Row, Creative Director, Liwa (UAE), Rajesh Mehta, Chief Strategy Officer; Dhruv Gaur, Digital Planning Lead; Leonie Mergulhao, Account Supervisor - Social Media & PR, Medulla (IN), Aurelija Plioplytė, Head of Digital & Social, Not Perfect (LI), Daiana Khaidargaliyeva, Account Manager, Osaka Labs (UK / USA), Stefanie Söhnchen, Vice President Digital, PIABO Communications (DE), Elisabeth Winiartati, Managing Consultant, Head of Global Integrated Communications; Lydia Aprina, Account Manager, Integrated Marketing and Communications; Nita Prabowo, Account Manager, Integrated Marketing and Communications; Okhi, Web Developer, PNTR Group (ID), Kei Obusan, Insights Director; Daffi Ranandi, Insights Manager, Radarr (SG), Gautam Reghunath, Co-founder & CEO, Talented (IN), Donagh Humphreys, Head of Social and Digital Innovation, THINKHOUSE (IRE), Sarah Yim, Strategy Director, Zulu Alpha Kilo (CA).
Trends In Paid Search: Navigating The Digital Landscape In 2024Search Engine Journal
The search marketing landscape is evolving rapidly with new technologies, and professionals, like you, rely on innovative paid search strategies to meet changing demands.
It’s important that you’re ready to implement new strategies in 2024.
Check this out and learn the top trends in paid search advertising that are expected to gain traction, so you can drive higher ROI more efficiently in 2024.
You’ll learn:
- The latest trends in AI and automation, and what this means for an evolving paid search ecosystem.
- New developments in privacy and data regulation.
- Emerging ad formats that are expected to make an impact next year.
Watch Sreekant Lanka from iQuanti and Irina Klein from OneMain Financial as they dive into the future of paid search and explore the trends, strategies, and technologies that will shape the search marketing landscape.
If you’re looking to assess your paid search strategy and design an industry-aligned plan for 2024, then this webinar is for you.
5 Public speaking tips from TED - Visualized summarySpeakerHub
From their humble beginnings in 1984, TED has grown into the world’s most powerful amplifier for speakers and thought-leaders to share their ideas. They have over 2,400 filmed talks (not including the 30,000+ TEDx videos) freely available online, and have hosted over 17,500 events around the world.
With over one billion views in a year, it’s no wonder that so many speakers are looking to TED for ideas on how to share their message more effectively.
The article “5 Public-Speaking Tips TED Gives Its Speakers”, by Carmine Gallo for Forbes, gives speakers five practical ways to connect with their audience, and effectively share their ideas on stage.
Whether you are gearing up to get on a TED stage yourself, or just want to master the skills that so many of their speakers possess, these tips and quotes from Chris Anderson, the TED Talks Curator, will encourage you to make the most impactful impression on your audience.
See the full article and more summaries like this on SpeakerHub here: https://speakerhub.com/blog/5-presentation-tips-ted-gives-its-speakers
See the original article on Forbes here:
http://www.forbes.com/forbes/welcome/?toURL=http://www.forbes.com/sites/carminegallo/2016/05/06/5-public-speaking-tips-ted-gives-its-speakers/&refURL=&referrer=#5c07a8221d9b
ChatGPT and the Future of Work - Clark Boyd Clark Boyd
Everyone is in agreement that ChatGPT (and other generative AI tools) will shape the future of work. Yet there is little consensus on exactly how, when, and to what extent this technology will change our world.
Businesses that extract maximum value from ChatGPT will use it as a collaborative tool for everything from brainstorming to technical maintenance.
For individuals, now is the time to pinpoint the skills the future professional will need to thrive in the AI age.
Check out this presentation to understand what ChatGPT is, how it will shape the future of work, and how you can prepare to take advantage.
A brief introduction to DataScience with explaining of the concepts, algorithms, machine learning, supervised and unsupervised learning, clustering, statistics, data preprocessing, real-world applications etc.
It's part of a Data Science Corner Campaign where I will be discussing the fundamentals of DataScience, AIML, Statistics etc.
Time Management & Productivity - Best PracticesVit Horky
Here's my presentation on by proven best practices how to manage your work time effectively and how to improve your productivity. It includes practical tips and how to use tools such as Slack, Google Apps, Hubspot, Google Calendar, Gmail and others.
The six step guide to practical project managementMindGenius
The six step guide to practical project management
If you think managing projects is too difficult, think again.
We’ve stripped back project management processes to the
basics – to make it quicker and easier, without sacrificing
the vital ingredients for success.
“If you’re looking for some real-world guidance, then The Six Step Guide to Practical Project Management will help.”
Dr Andrew Makar, Tactical Project Management
2024 State of Marketing Report – by HubspotMarius Sescu
https://www.hubspot.com/state-of-marketing
· Scaling relationships and proving ROI
· Social media is the place for search, sales, and service
· Authentic influencer partnerships fuel brand growth
· The strongest connections happen via call, click, chat, and camera.
· Time saved with AI leads to more creative work
· Seeking: A single source of truth
· TLDR; Get on social, try AI, and align your systems.
· More human marketing, powered by robots
ChatGPT is a revolutionary addition to the world since its introduction in 2022. A big shift in the sector of information gathering and processing happened because of this chatbot. What is the story of ChatGPT? How is the bot responding to prompts and generating contents? Swipe through these slides prepared by Expeed Software, a web development company regarding the development and technical intricacies of ChatGPT!
Product Design Trends in 2024 | Teenage EngineeringsPixeldarts
The realm of product design is a constantly changing environment where technology and style intersect. Every year introduces fresh challenges and exciting trends that mold the future of this captivating art form. In this piece, we delve into the significant trends set to influence the look and functionality of product design in the year 2024.
How Race, Age and Gender Shape Attitudes Towards Mental HealthThinkNow
Mental health has been in the news quite a bit lately. Dozens of U.S. states are currently suing Meta for contributing to the youth mental health crisis by inserting addictive features into their products, while the U.S. Surgeon General is touring the nation to bring awareness to the growing epidemic of loneliness and isolation. The country has endured periods of low national morale, such as in the 1970s when high inflation and the energy crisis worsened public sentiment following the Vietnam War. The current mood, however, feels different. Gallup recently reported that national mental health is at an all-time low, with few bright spots to lift spirits.
To better understand how Americans are feeling and their attitudes towards mental health in general, ThinkNow conducted a nationally representative quantitative survey of 1,500 respondents and found some interesting differences among ethnic, age and gender groups.
Technology
For example, 52% agree that technology and social media have a negative impact on mental health, but when broken out by race, 61% of Whites felt technology had a negative effect, and only 48% of Hispanics thought it did.
While technology has helped us keep in touch with friends and family in faraway places, it appears to have degraded our ability to connect in person. Staying connected online is a double-edged sword since the same news feed that brings us pictures of the grandkids and fluffy kittens also feeds us news about the wars in Israel and Ukraine, the dysfunction in Washington, the latest mass shooting and the climate crisis.
Hispanics may have a built-in defense against the isolation technology breeds, owing to their large, multigenerational households, strong social support systems, and tendency to use social media to stay connected with relatives abroad.
Age and Gender
When asked how individuals rate their mental health, men rate it higher than women by 11 percentage points, and Baby Boomers rank it highest at 83%, saying it’s good or excellent vs. 57% of Gen Z saying the same.
Gen Z spends the most amount of time on social media, so the notion that social media negatively affects mental health appears to be correlated. Unfortunately, Gen Z is also the generation that’s least comfortable discussing mental health concerns with healthcare professionals. Only 40% of them state they’re comfortable discussing their issues with a professional compared to 60% of Millennials and 65% of Boomers.
Race Affects Attitudes
As seen in previous research conducted by ThinkNow, Asian Americans lag other groups when it comes to awareness of mental health issues. Twenty-four percent of Asian Americans believe that having a mental health issue is a sign of weakness compared to the 16% average for all groups. Asians are also considerably less likely to be aware of mental health services in their communities (42% vs. 55%) and most likely to seek out information on social media (51% vs. 35%).
AI Trends in Creative Operations 2024 by Artwork Flow.pdfmarketingartwork
This article is all about what AI trends will emerge in the field of creative operations in 2024. All the marketers and brand builders should be aware of these trends for their further use and save themselves some time!
A report by thenetworkone and Kurio.
The contributing experts and agencies are (in an alphabetical order): Sylwia Rytel, Social Media Supervisor, 180heartbeats + JUNG v MATT (PL), Sharlene Jenner, Vice President - Director of Engagement Strategy, Abelson Taylor (USA), Alex Casanovas, Digital Director, Atrevia (ES), Dora Beilin, Senior Social Strategist, Barrett Hoffher (USA), Min Seo, Campaign Director, Brand New Agency (KR), Deshé M. Gully, Associate Strategist, Day One Agency (USA), Francesca Trevisan, Strategist, Different (IT), Trevor Crossman, CX and Digital Transformation Director; Olivia Hussey, Strategic Planner; Simi Srinarula, Social Media Manager, The Hallway (AUS), James Hebbert, Managing Director, Hylink (CN / UK), Mundy Álvarez, Planning Director; Pedro Rojas, Social Media Manager; Pancho González, CCO, Inbrax (CH), Oana Oprea, Head of Digital Planning, Jam Session Agency (RO), Amy Bottrill, Social Account Director, Launch (UK), Gaby Arriaga, Founder, Leonardo1452 (MX), Shantesh S Row, Creative Director, Liwa (UAE), Rajesh Mehta, Chief Strategy Officer; Dhruv Gaur, Digital Planning Lead; Leonie Mergulhao, Account Supervisor - Social Media & PR, Medulla (IN), Aurelija Plioplytė, Head of Digital & Social, Not Perfect (LI), Daiana Khaidargaliyeva, Account Manager, Osaka Labs (UK / USA), Stefanie Söhnchen, Vice President Digital, PIABO Communications (DE), Elisabeth Winiartati, Managing Consultant, Head of Global Integrated Communications; Lydia Aprina, Account Manager, Integrated Marketing and Communications; Nita Prabowo, Account Manager, Integrated Marketing and Communications; Okhi, Web Developer, PNTR Group (ID), Kei Obusan, Insights Director; Daffi Ranandi, Insights Manager, Radarr (SG), Gautam Reghunath, Co-founder & CEO, Talented (IN), Donagh Humphreys, Head of Social and Digital Innovation, THINKHOUSE (IRE), Sarah Yim, Strategy Director, Zulu Alpha Kilo (CA).
Trends In Paid Search: Navigating The Digital Landscape In 2024Search Engine Journal
The search marketing landscape is evolving rapidly with new technologies, and professionals, like you, rely on innovative paid search strategies to meet changing demands.
It’s important that you’re ready to implement new strategies in 2024.
Check this out and learn the top trends in paid search advertising that are expected to gain traction, so you can drive higher ROI more efficiently in 2024.
You’ll learn:
- The latest trends in AI and automation, and what this means for an evolving paid search ecosystem.
- New developments in privacy and data regulation.
- Emerging ad formats that are expected to make an impact next year.
Watch Sreekant Lanka from iQuanti and Irina Klein from OneMain Financial as they dive into the future of paid search and explore the trends, strategies, and technologies that will shape the search marketing landscape.
If you’re looking to assess your paid search strategy and design an industry-aligned plan for 2024, then this webinar is for you.
5 Public speaking tips from TED - Visualized summarySpeakerHub
From their humble beginnings in 1984, TED has grown into the world’s most powerful amplifier for speakers and thought-leaders to share their ideas. They have over 2,400 filmed talks (not including the 30,000+ TEDx videos) freely available online, and have hosted over 17,500 events around the world.
With over one billion views in a year, it’s no wonder that so many speakers are looking to TED for ideas on how to share their message more effectively.
The article “5 Public-Speaking Tips TED Gives Its Speakers”, by Carmine Gallo for Forbes, gives speakers five practical ways to connect with their audience, and effectively share their ideas on stage.
Whether you are gearing up to get on a TED stage yourself, or just want to master the skills that so many of their speakers possess, these tips and quotes from Chris Anderson, the TED Talks Curator, will encourage you to make the most impactful impression on your audience.
See the full article and more summaries like this on SpeakerHub here: https://speakerhub.com/blog/5-presentation-tips-ted-gives-its-speakers
See the original article on Forbes here:
http://www.forbes.com/forbes/welcome/?toURL=http://www.forbes.com/sites/carminegallo/2016/05/06/5-public-speaking-tips-ted-gives-its-speakers/&refURL=&referrer=#5c07a8221d9b
ChatGPT and the Future of Work - Clark Boyd Clark Boyd
Everyone is in agreement that ChatGPT (and other generative AI tools) will shape the future of work. Yet there is little consensus on exactly how, when, and to what extent this technology will change our world.
Businesses that extract maximum value from ChatGPT will use it as a collaborative tool for everything from brainstorming to technical maintenance.
For individuals, now is the time to pinpoint the skills the future professional will need to thrive in the AI age.
Check out this presentation to understand what ChatGPT is, how it will shape the future of work, and how you can prepare to take advantage.
A brief introduction to DataScience with explaining of the concepts, algorithms, machine learning, supervised and unsupervised learning, clustering, statistics, data preprocessing, real-world applications etc.
It's part of a Data Science Corner Campaign where I will be discussing the fundamentals of DataScience, AIML, Statistics etc.
Time Management & Productivity - Best PracticesVit Horky
Here's my presentation on by proven best practices how to manage your work time effectively and how to improve your productivity. It includes practical tips and how to use tools such as Slack, Google Apps, Hubspot, Google Calendar, Gmail and others.
The six step guide to practical project managementMindGenius
The six step guide to practical project management
If you think managing projects is too difficult, think again.
We’ve stripped back project management processes to the
basics – to make it quicker and easier, without sacrificing
the vital ingredients for success.
“If you’re looking for some real-world guidance, then The Six Step Guide to Practical Project Management will help.”
Dr Andrew Makar, Tactical Project Management
2. 1. Uvod
• Digitalna elektronika je grana elektronike koja se bavi obradom,
generisanjem i prenosom digitalnog signala, tj. signala čije
vrijednosti amplitude mogu imati samo one iznose definisane
konačnim skupom vrijednosti.
• Postoje dva tipa logike:
1. pozitivna logika kod koje je oblast logičke jedinice pozitivnija od
oblasti logičke nule i
2. negativna logika kod koje je oblast logičke jedinice negativnija od
oblasti logičke nule.
3. 1.1. Logičko I kolo
Slika 1. Simbol logičkog I kola
Prenosna funkcija: Y=A*B
Ulazi Izlaz
A B Y
0 0 0
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 1
Tabela 1. Tabela istine logičkog I kola
4. 1.2. Logičko ILI kolo
Slika 2. Simbol logičkog ILI kola
Prenosna funkcija: Y=A+B
Ulazi Izlaz
A B Y
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 1
Tabela 2. Tabela istine logičkog ILI kola
5. 1.3. Logičko NE kolo
Slika 3. Simbol logičkog NE kola
Ulaz Izlaz
X Y
0 1
1 0
Tabela 3. Tabela istine logičkog NE kola
6. 1.4. Integrisano logičko kolo
• Integrisano logičko kolo je elektronska komponenta koja sadrži
mnoštvo malih komponenti. Kako sadrži mnogo malih komponenti,
jedno integrisano logičko kolo može da obavi isti zadatak kao
mnogo malih komponenti.
Slika 4. Relejne stanice
7. 2. PLC
• PLC (eng. Programmable Logic Controller) je programljivi logički
kontroler, tj. industrijski kompjuter koji je prevenstveno napravljen
kako bi zamjenio postojeće sekvencijalne relejne krugove u
upravljanju proizvodnim pogonima u industriji.
Slika 5. Izgled PLC uređaja
10. 2.1. Programiranje PLC uređaja
• Kako su se s vremenom PLC uređaji sve više razvijali i
nadograđivali, tako su se paralelno s njima razvijali programski
jezici. Programski jezici omogućavaju korisnicima da kreiraju
kontrolni program ta automatizirani sistem upravljan PLC uređajem.
• Svaki proizvođač uz PLC uređaj isporučuje odgovarajuću
programsku podršku koja se sastoji od:
1. Uređivača teksta (Text Editor)
2. Prevoditelja (Compiler)
3. Komunikacijske programske podrške
12. 2.2. Testiranje programa
• Kako bi provjerili da li je program ispravno napisan, potrebno je na
neki način ispitati napisani program. Ispitivanje se vrši na način da
se na ulaze dovedu stanja veličina koje odgovaraju onima iz
stvarnih uslova u samom procesu.
• Za takav način ispitivanja programa se koriste simulatori stanja
(states simulators).
• Simulator stanja je niz prekidača na ulazu pomoću kojih se mijenja
stanje ukoliko se radi o digitalnim ulazima ili potenciometar ako se
radi o analognim ulazima i kontrolne lampice (led diode) na izlazu.
13. 2.3 Ljestvičasti dijagram (ladder diagram) – LD
• Ljestvčasti dijagrami su nastali na bazi strujnih upravljačkih
shema. Koriste se od samih početaka PLC uređaja.
• Mogućnost programiranja ljestvčnim dijagramima jedan je od
glavnih razloga uspjeha PLC uređaja.
• Uspoređujući strujne sheme sa ljestvčnim dijagramima PLC
programskog jezika vidljive su sličnosti.
• Rad upravljačkog uređaja, u ovom slučaju motora, ovisi o poziciji
tipki, odnosno pomoćnog kontakta.
14. Slika 14. Poređenje strujnog i logičkog puta
LOGIČKI KONTINUITET
LOGIČKI
PUT
Pomoćni kontakt
Stop
I/1
Start
I/2
O/1
MOTOR-M1
O/1
ELEKTRIČNI KONTINUITET
STRUJNI
PUT
Pomoćni kontakt
Prekidač 2
Start
M1
MOTOR
Prekidač 1
Stop
STRUJNA
SABIRNICA(L)
STRUJNA
SABIRNICA(N)
15. Slika 14. Primjer ljestvčastog dijagrama
Prekidač
Ulazna
Stezaljka
I/1 PLC-a
I/1
(Prekidač) O/1
Prekidač
Ulazna
Stezaljka
I/1 PLC-a
Kontaktni dijagram
I/1
(Prekidač) O/1
Kontaktni dijagram
Izlazna
Stezaljka
O/1 PLC-a
Stanje izlaza
ISKLJUČEN
Izlazna
Stezaljka
O/1 PLC-a
Stanje izlaza
ISKLJUČEN
16. • Programiranje ljestvčastim dijagramom se može svesti na dvije
osnovne kombinacije naredbi logičkog „I“ i „ILI“ kola ili nijhovim
kombinacijama.
• Ako se dvije naredbe povežu paralelno, dobija se logičku operaciju
„ILI“.
Slika 15. ljestvčasti dijagram logičke operacije „I“
Slika 16. ljestvčasti prikaz logičke operacije „ILI“
O/1
I/2
I/1
I/1 O/1
LOGIČKI KONTINUITET
0
1
0
1
0
0
1
1
0
1
1
1
I/2
O/1
I/2
I/1
I/1 I/2 O/1
LOGIČKI KONTINUITET
0
1
0
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
1
17. 2.4. Instrukcijska lista (statement list)
• Instrukcijska lista (statement list) je programski jezik namijenjen
programiranju PLC uređaja koristeći se naredbama na nivou
asemblerskog jezika.
• Svaka linija koda predstavlja jednu naredbu za procesor.
Slika 18. Hijerarhija programa pisanog instrukcijskim listama
18. Slika 19. Proces izvođenja programa intrukcijskim listama
Rečenica unutar
koraka
Da li je
uslovni
dio ispunjen
NE
NE
NE
DA
DA DA
Izvršni dio
Da li je to
zadnja
rečenica u
koraku
Da li je to
zadnja
rečenica u
koraku
Idi na sljedeći korak
Idi na sljedeću
rečenicu unutar koraka
Idi na prvu rečenicu
ovog koraka
19. 2.5. Funkcijski blokovski dijagram
(function block diagram)
• Funkcijski blokovski dijagram je jedan od načina programiranja PLC
uređaja, isto kao i programiranje ljestvčastim dijagramima.
Slika 20. Funkcijski blok
Funkcija
Izlaz
Ulazi
20. Slika 21. Osnovne funkcije u funkcijsko
blokovskom dijagramu
A
B
Ulaz
Izlaz
&
I
A
B
Ulaz
Izlaz
≥
1
ILI
1
NE
A
Ulaz
Izlaz
a) negacija ulaza b) negacija izlaza
A
B
Ulaz Izlaz
=1
ISKLJUČIVO
ILI
A
B
Ulaz
Izlaz
≥
1
NILI
A
B
Ulaz
Izlaz
&
NI
21. 2.6. Centralna procesorska jedinica (CPU)
• Centralna procesorska jedinica (CPU) je najvažniji element PLC
uređaja.
• To je "mozak" sistema upravljanja.
• Sastoji se od tri komponente: mikroprocesora, memorije i izvora
napajanja koji međusobno djeluju.
Slika 7. Dijagram centralno procesorske jedinice
PROCESOR MEMORIJA
IZVOR
NAPAJANJA
22. 2.7. Mikroprocesor
• Vrlo mali mikroprocesor je zapravo integrirano kolo koje ima
zadivljujuću sposobnost izračunavanja i kontrolu nad cijelim
sistemom.
• Izvode matematičke operacije, upravljaju operacijama, brinu o
međusobnoj interakciji ostalih dijelova PLC uređaja, izvršavaju
programe koje postavlja korisnik, nadziru ulaze i na osnovu njih
postavljaju izlaze.
Slika 8. Izgled mikroprocesora
23. 2.8. Izvor napajanja
• Njegova uloga nije samo da obezbedi potreban napon za pojedine
komponente sistema, već da prati i reguliše dovedeni napon i da
upozori centralnu procesorsku jedinicu ako nešto nije kako bi
trebalo da bude.
Slika 9. Izgled napajanja PLC uređaja
24. 2.9. Komunikacijski interfejs
• Glavni zadatak komunikacijskog sučelja je komunikacija s
računarom na kojem je napisan upravljački program.
• Program se preko komunikacijskog kabla prenosi na PLC uređaj.
Slika 10. Dijagram komunikacije PLC uređaja sa
računarom
Komunikacijski kabal
PLC
25. 2.10. Memorija uređaja
• Sistemska memorija je mjesto gdje se pohranjuju sve upute i svi
korisnički programi.
• Ukupna sistemska memorija podijeljena je na dva segmenta:
izvršnu memoriju i korisničku memoriju.
• Izvršna memorija sadrži trajno pohranjene programe i potprograme
koji su sastavni dijelovi PLC uređaja.
• Korisnička memorija je mjesto gdje se pohranjuju korisnički
programi.
• Postoje različite vrste memorije u kojima se pohranjuju podaci:
ROM, RAM, PROM, EPROM, EAROM, EEPROM
• Podaci se mogu obrisati i reprogramirati električnim putem. Dakle,
nudi trajno skladištenje podataka koje programer lako može
promijeniti. EEPROM memorija se koristi u PLC uređajima.
26.
27. 2.11. Moduli za proširenje
• Svaki PLC uređaj ima ograničen broj ulaza i izlaza.
• Modul za proširenje je poseban uređaj koji se povezuje na PLC.
Slika 11. Modul za proširenje PLC uređaja
28. 2.12. Ulazi u PLC uređaj
• Ulaz u PLC se sastoji od spojnih vijčanih stezaljki na koje su
povezani različiti tipovi senzora i ulaznih uređaja.
• Ulazni uređaji preko kojih se odvija komunikacija čovek-PLC su
razni prekidači, tasteri i tastature.
• Signal koji PLC prima na svojim ulazima može biti digitalni ili
analogni.
29. 2.13. Izlazi iz PLC uređaja
• Izlazi iz PLC uređaja su navojne stezaljke na koje su spojeni izvršni
uređaji kojima se upravlja.
• To su najčešće motori, zvučna i svjetlosna signalizacija, pneumatski
razdjelnici itd.
• Izlazi mogu biti analogni ili digitalni.
• Digitalni izlazni signal radi kao prekidač, dok se analogni izlaz koristi
za generiranje analognog signala (npr. regulacija brzine motora
preko količine napona koja odgovara željenoj brzini).
30. 2.14. Princip rada PLC uređaja
Slika 12. Ciklus rada PLC uređaja
Start
Procesorsko organizacijsko
vrijeme i komunikacija
Prijenos obrađenog
programa na izlaze
Obrada ulaznog signala
Obrada programa
31. 2.15. Funkcionalnost
• PLC-ovi su namijenjeni su namijenjeni i stoga tolerantni na teže
uslove rada
• PLC ulaz može uključivati jednostavne digitalne elemente kao što
su prekidači, analogne varijable itd.
• Funkcionalnost PLC/a je evoluirala tokom godina i uključuje
sekvencijalnu relejnu kontrolu kretanja, kontrolu procesa,
sistribuirane sisteme upravljanja i umreženje
32. 2.16. Sigurnost
• Prije otkrića kompjuterskog crva Stuxnet u junu 2010. godine,
bezbjednosti PLC-ova se posvećivalo malo pažnje
• Od 2011. godine ovi problemi su porasli jer umrežavanje postaje
sve uobičajnije u PLC okruženju povezujući prethodno odvojene
mreže pogona i kancelarijske mreže
33. 2.17. Sigurnosni PLC-ovi
• Sigurnosni PLC-ovi mogu biti ili samostalni model ili sigurnosno
ocijenjeni hardver i funkcionalnost dodati postojecim arhitehturama
kontrolera.
• Sigurnosni PLC može se koristiti za kontrolu pristupa robotskoj ćeliji
sa pristupom zarobljenim ključem ili za upravljanje odgovorom
isključivanja na hitno zaustavljanje na proizvodnoj liniji transportera.
• Fleksibilnost koju takvi sistemi nude rezultirala je brzim rastom
potražnje za ovim kontrolerima.
34. 2.18. PLC čip / ugrađeni kontroler
• Slično tradicionalnim PLC-ovima, ali njihova mala veličina
omogućava programerima da ih dizajniraju u prilagođene štampane
ploče poput mikrokontrolera, bez znanja kompjuterskog
programiranja, ali sa jezikom koji je jednostavan za korištenje,
modificiranje i održavanje. To je između klasičnog PLC-a/Mikro-
PLC-a i mikrokontrolera.
Slika 24. Nano ACE PLC & Chip PLC za male proizvođače mašina / male ili
srednje količine
35. 2.19. Cam tajmeri
• Za velike ili vrlo jednostavne fiksne zadatke automatizacije koriste
se različite tehnike. Na primjer, mašinu za pranje suđa za široku
potrošnju kontrolisao bi elektromehanički tajmer koji košta samo
nekoliko dolara u proizvodnim količinama.
37. 2.20. Mikrokontroleri
• Dizajn baziran na mikrokontroleru bio bi prikladan tamo gdje će se
proizvoditi stotine ili hiljade jedinica i tako se troškovi razvoja
• Automobilske aplikacije su primjer: milioni jedinica se naprave
svake godine, a vrlo mali broj krajnjih korisnika mijenja
programiranje ovih kontrolera. Međutim, neka specijalna vozila, kao
što su tranzitni autobusi, ekonomično koriste PLC umesto
prilagođenih kontrola, jer su količine male, a troškovi razvoja bili bi
neekonomični.
39. 2.21. Jednopločni računari
• Veoma složena kontrola procesa, kao što je ona koja se koristi u
hemijskoj industriji, može zahtijevati algoritme i performanse izvan
mogućnosti čak i PLC-ova visokih performansi. Vrlo brze ili precizne
kontrole mogu također zahtijevati prilagođena rješenja: npr. kontrole
leta aviona.
• "Meki PLC-ovi" koji rade na desktop računarima mogu se povezati
sa industrijskim I/O hardverom dok izvršavaju programe unutar
verzije komercijalnih operativnih sistema prilagođenih za potrebe
kontrole procesa.
41. 2.22. PID kontroleri
• PLC-ovi mogu uključivati logiku za analognu upravljačku petlju s
jednom promjenjivom povratnom spregom, PID kontroler. PID petlja
se može koristiti za kontrolu temperature proizvodnog procesa, itd.
• Historijski PLC-ovi su obično bili konfigurisani sa samo nekoliko
analognih kontrolnih petlji, gdje su procesi zahtijevali stotine ili
hiljade petlji, umjesto toga bi se koristio distribuirani kontrolni sistem
(DCS).
• Kako su PLC-ovi postali moćniji, granica između DCS i PLC
aplikacija je zamagljena.
43. 2.23. Primjer korištenja PLC uređaja:
Upravljanje garažnim vratima
Slika 23. Shematski prikaz automatskog sistema upravljanja garažnim
vratima
44. 3. ZAKLJUČAK
• Današnja industrija je gotovo nezamisliva bez automatizacije. PLC uređaji
podigli su ljestvicu automatizacije na potpuno novi nivo. Ovi uređaji odbacili su
stare relejne sisteme koji su bili glomazni i neefikasni.
• PLC uređaji su skratili vrijeme mirovanja u proizvodnim pogonima, do kojeg bi
dolazilo kada bi se mehanički releji istrošili ili pokvarili. Oni su smanjili potrošnju
energije, koja je bila potrebna za rad sistema. Zbog brzine rada PLC uređaja,
vrijeme ciklusa na mašinama je smanjeno, što u konačnici rezultira većom
produktivnošću.
• PLC uređaji se i danas i dalje razvijaju tako što im se smanjuje veličina,
potrošnja a povećava im se brzina rada.
• Pored veličine, potrošnje i brzine, sigurnost PLC uređaja se stalno razvija.
Programiraju se posebni operativni sistemi koje koriste PLC uređaji. Ovi
operativni sistemi koje koriste PLC uređaji su mnogo sigurniji od onih koji se
koriste u desktop računarima.
45. LITERATURA
- Marin Š.: Programirljivi logički kontroleri (PLC), Sveučilište u Rijeci, Filozofski
fakultet u Rijeci, 2016.
- Velibor R.: Automatika, Zagreb, 2005., 9. Izdanje
- Matić, N. (2001). Uvod u industrijske PLC kontrolere, mikroelektronika,
Beograd
- Bryan L.A., Bryan, E.A. (1997). Programmable Controllers, An Industrial Text
Company, Atlanta, SAD
- Bolton, W. (2006). Programmable Logic Controllers, Elsevier Newnes,
Burlington, Velika Britanija
- Malčić, G., Programibilni logički kontroleri – interna skripta, Tehničko
Veleučilište u Zagrebu, Zagreb
- Rajić, F. (2001)., Automatizacija postrojenja, Školska knjiga, Zagreb