Materials

NAME : MONICA. R
CLASS : 6TH SEMESTER
USN : 1BQ12AT032
COLLEGE : B.ARCH, BMSSA.
 THE WORD PNEUMATICS COMES FROM
THE GREEK WORD PNEUMATIKOS WHICH
MEANS -WIND OR BREATHE.
 PNEUMATICS IS MOVEMENT BY
COMPRESSED OR PRESSURIZED AIR.
PNEUMATICS IN OUR EVERYDAY LIFE
PNEUMATIC STRUCTUREPNEUMATICS
 PNEUMATIC STRUCTURE IS A MEMBRANE
WHICH CARRIES LOAD DEVOLPED FROM
THE TENSILE STRESSES.
 AN AIR SUPPORTED OR AIR INFLATED
STRCTURE WHICH CONSISTS OF INTERNAL
PRESSURIZED AIR THAT IS STRUCTURAL
FABRIC ENVELOPE.
 AIR IS THE MAIN SUPPORT OF THE
STRUCTURE, AND ACCESS IS VIA
AIRLOACKS.
 IT IS USUALLY DOME SHAPED, SINCE THIS
SHAPE CREATES THE GREATEST VOLUME
FOR THE LEAST AMOUNT OF MATERIAL.
 ITS STABLIZATION IS DONE BY PRESTRESSING
THE MEMBRANE EITHER BY:-
1. APPLYING AN EXTERNAL FORCE WHICH PULLS
THE MEMBRANE TAUT.
2. INTERNAL PRESSURIZING IF THE MEMBRANE
IS VOLUME ENCLOSING
SUCH STRUCTURES ARE CALLED
“PNEUMATIC STRUCTURES” .
APPLICATION OF PNEUMATIC
SYSTEM
 INDUSTRIAL ROBOTS (AUTOMATION).
 OPERATION OF BUS DOORS.
 OPERATION OF MACHINE TOOLS.
 OPERATION OF WORK HOLDING DEVICES.
 AIR TOOLS.
PNEUMATIC STRUCTURES
BENEFITS OF COMPRESSED AIR
 EXPLOSION PROOF
 FAST
 EASILY TRANSPORTABLE
 EASILY STORED
 OVERLOAD SAFE
 VARIABLE SPEED
 VARIABLE PRESSURE
 CLEAN
 SIMPLE CONSTRUCTION
 STROKE SETTING
 NO RETURN LINES
 WIDE OPERATING TEMPERATURES.
 OTHERS (COMPACT, LIGHT, REPAIR)
 THESE STRUCTURES CAN CREATE ARTIFICIAL
ENVIRONMENTS ADAPTABLE TO HUMAN USE
.
 THE PNEUMATIC FORMS ARE BOUND TO
INCREASE N POPULARITY, OWING TO
THE TREMENDOUS FREEDOM THEY
PROVIDE TO THE ARCHITECTS IN
DESIGNING LARGE FREE SPACES
WITHIN THEM.
PRINCIPLE
 “PNEUMATIC STRUCTURE” HAS BEEN USED BY MANKIND
FOR THOUSAND OF YEARS.
 BUT IN THE BUILDING TECHNOLOGY IT WAS INTRODUCED
ONLY ABOUT 40 YEARS AGO.
ORIGIN
 ITS PRINCIPLE IS THE USE OF RELATIVELY THIN
MEMBRANE SUPPORTED BY A PRESSURE DIFFERENCE.
 THROUGH INCREASING THE INSIDE AIR PRESSURE NOT
ONLY THE DEAD WEIGHT OF THE SPACE ENVOLPE IS
BALANCED, BUT THE MEMBRANE IS STRESSED TO A
POINT WHERE IT CANNOT BE INDENTED BY
ASYMMETRICAL LOADING .
GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS
1. LIGHT WEIGHT
THE WEIGHT OF THE STRUCTURE AS COMPARED TO THE
AREA IT COVERES IS VERY LESS
EVEN WITH SPANS OF MORE THAN 100MTS, THE WEIGHT
OF THE STRUCTURE DOES NOT EXCEED 3KG/SQUARE
METRE .
2. SPAN
3. SAFETY
4. THEFT
IT IS VERY SAFE NO BODY CAN OR PASS THROUGH A
PNEUMATIC STRUCTURE. IF AN AIR BAG IS CUT WITH A
KNIFE/ PIN, A BANG IS PRODUCED.
5. HUMAN HEALTH
6. QUICK ERECTION AND DISMANTLING
SUITABLE FOR TEMPORARY CONSTRUCTIONS.
1 SQ.KM. OF AN AREA CAN BE BROUGHT DOWN IN 6
HOURS. AND ESTABLISH IN LESS THAN 10 HOURS. THE 4
HOURS DIFFERENCE IS DUE TO ESTABLISHMENT OF PEGS
ETC.
7. ECONOMY
IT IS NOT EXPENSIVE WHERE IT IS USED FOR SHIFTING
STRUCTURES. FOR PERMANENT STRUCTURES, IT IS VERY
EXPENSIVE. OTHERWISE THE COST PER SQURE FOOT OF AIR
SUPPORTED STRUCTURES IS AMONG THE LOWEST FOR LARGE
SPAN ROOFS.
GOOD NATURAL LIGHT
GIVES GOOD NATURAL LIGHT AS
TRANSLUCENT/TRANSPARENT PLASTIC SHEETS ARE USED
TO COVER AIR BAGS.WE CAN EVEN BRING THE WHOLE
SUN INSIDE. THERE IS A LOT OF FLEXIBILITY IN GETTING
SUN LIGHT(50%-80%).
TYPES OF PNEUMATIC STRUCTURES
AIR – SUPPORTED STRUCTURES
AIR – INFLATED STRUCTURE
MATERIALS
PLASTIC FILMS:- THESE ARE PRIMARILY PRODUCED FROM
PVC,POLY ETHYLENE, POLYESTER, POLYAMIDE ETC.
RUBBER MEMBRANE:- THEY ARE THE LIGHTEST AND
MOST FLEXIBLE.
FABRICS:- THESE MAY BE MADE OF GLASS FIBRES OR
SYNTHETIC FIBRES WHICH ARE COATED IN A PVC,
POLYESTER OR POLYURETHENE FILM.
METAL FOILS:- THEY POSSESS A VERY HIGH GAS
DIFFUSION RESISTANCE AND HIGH TENSILE STRENGTH .
ONE OF THE MAJOR PROBLEMS IN THE USE OF METAL
FOILS IS IN NEED TO PRODUCE VERY EXACT CUTTING
PATTERNS.
GRIDDED FABRIC:- THESE ARE COARSE-WEAVE MADE
OF ORGANIC MINERAL OR SYNTHETIC FIBRES OR
METALLIC NETWORKS.
THEY ARE PARTICULARLY USED WHERE MAXIMUM
LIGHT TRANSMISSION AND HIGH STRENGTH IS
REQUIRED.

NAME : MONICA. R
USN : 1BQ12AT032
WATER PROOFING
IN CONSTRUCTION THE BUILDING IS WATERPROOFED WITH THE USE OF MEMBRANES
AND COATINGS TO PROTECT CONTENTS AND AS WELL AS PROTECTING STRUCTURAL
INTEGRITY.
CEMENTITIOUS WATERPROOFING
 USED IN INTERNAL WET AREAS SUCH AS TOILETS.
 SEMI FLEXIBLE, SOME EVEN TOWARD RIGID TYPE.
 INTERNAL TOILETS ARE NOT EXPOSED TO SUNLIGHT AND
WEATHERING AND SO IT DO NOT GO THROUGH THE CONTRACTION
AND EXPANSION PROCESS CONTINUOUSLY.
 PORTLAND CEMENT, PROPERLY SELECTED AND GRADED AGGREGATES,
ADDITIVES AND ACRYLIC EMULSION POLYMER AS BINDER.
LIQUID PROOFING WATER MEMBRANE
 THIN COATING WHICH CONSISTS OF USUALLY A PRIMER COAT AND TWO
COATS OF TOP COATS.
 MORE FLEXIBILTY THAN THE CEMENTITIOUS TYPE.
 DURABILITY OF WATERPROOFING COATING ALSO DEPENDS ON WHAT
TYPE OF POLYMER THE MANUFACTURER USE FOR THE MAKING OF THE
LIQUID WATERPROOFING.
 APPLIED OVER BUILDING ROOFS/TERRACES-FLAT AND SLOPING
SURFACCES.
GYPSUM
GYPSUM OCCURS IN SEDIMENTARY
ROCK FORMATIONS. IT IS A SOFT
SULFATE MINERAL COMPOSED OF
CALCIUM SULFATE DEHYDRATE.
GYPSUM IN ITS ROCK FORM
 GYPSUM BOARD, COMMONLY KNOWN AS
DRYWALL.
 GYPSUM BOARD IS THE PREMIER
BUILDING MATERIAL FOR WALL, CEILING
AND PARTITION SYSTEMS IN RESIDENTIAL,
INSTITUTIONAL, AND COMMERCIAL
STRUCTURES AND IS DESIGNED TO
PROVIDE A MONOLITHIC SURFACE.
GYPSUM BOARD
MAKING OF GYPSUM BOARD
POWDERED GYPSUM IS MIXED WITH WATER AND ADDITIVES TO
FORM A SLURRY WHICH IS FED BETWEEN CONTINUOUS LAYERS OF
PAPER ON A BOARD MACHINE. AS THE BOARD MOVES DOWN A
CONVEYER LINE, IT RECRYSTALLIZES, REVERTING TO ITS ORIGINAL
ROCK STATE. THE PAPER BECOMES CHEMICALLY AND
MECHANICALLY BONDED TO THE CORE. THE BOARD IS THEN CUT TO
LENGTH AND CONVEYED THROUGH DYERS TO REMOVE ANY FREE
MOISTURE.
ADVANTAGES
 EASY AND FAST
INSTALLATION
 FIRE RESISTANCE
 SOUND ISOLATION
 DURABILITY
 ECONOMY
 VERSATILITY
DIS-ADVANTAGES
 NOT RESISTANT TO WATER
 UNTREATED FACE PAPER CAN
ENCOURAGE MOLD GROWTH
 NOT STRUCTURAL
 LACK OF INTRINSIC
CHARACTER
NOW , WITH OVER 97% OF NEW HOMES USING
GYPSUM BOARD, IT IS CLEARLY THE INTERIOR
CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL OF CHOICE. WE CAN
ALSO SEE THE USAGE OF GYPSUM ROCKS IN THE
ANCIENT DAY PYRAMIDS.
MODERN DAY
POLYURATHANE LIQUID MEMBRANE
 USED FOR FLAT ROOF AREAAND EXPOSED TO WEATHERING. IT IS
EXPENSIVE.
 OFFERS HIGHER FLEXIBILTY.
 EVALUATE THE MOISTURE CONTENT OF THE CONCRETE SLAB-
OTHERWISE PEELING OR DEBONDING MAYBE EASILY OBSERVED
AFTER SOMETIME.VERY SENSITIVE TO MOISTURE CONTENT
PRESENT BEFORE APPLICATION TIME.
 REINFORCEMENT WITH POLYESTER GLASS FIBER BETWEEN 2
COATS AT ANGLES.
 MADE OF BITUMEN BASED MATERIALS AND
IS NOT SUITABLE FOR EXPOSE TO SUNLIGHT
BECAUSE IT BECOMES VERY BRITTLE AND
FRAGILE WITH LONG EXPOSURE.
 USED FOR FOUNDATIONS AND BASEMENTS.
 FLEXIBILTY DEPENDS ON THE SOLID
CONTENT OF THE POLYMER ADDED.
BITUMINOUS COATING BITUMINOUS MEMBRANE
 TORCH ON MEMBRANE AND SELF ADHESIVE.
 THICKNESS 3MM TO 4MM. APPLICATION IS BY
USING A STANDARD ROOFER’S TORCH.
 THE SELF ADHESIVE PROPERTY OF THE
MEMBRANE REDUCES THROUGH
TIME.THEREFORE, THEY HAVE TO USE ONE
ADDITIONAL PRIMER TO PREVENT THE
DEBONDING PROBLEM IN THE NEAR FUTURE.
PLASTER OF PARIS
 PLASTER OF PARIS, QUICK-SETTING GYPSUM PLASTER
CONSISTING OF A FINE WHITE POWDER (CALCIUM
SULFATE HEMIHYDRATE), WHICH HARDENS WHEN
MOISTENED AND ALLOWED TO DRY.
 KNOWN SINCE ANCIENT TIMES IT IS SO CALLED
BECAUSE OF ITS PREPARATION FROM THE ABUNDANT
GYPSUM FOUND NEAR PARIS.
MANUFACTURED THROUGH DRY PROCESS.PLASTER OF
PARIS IS PREPARED BY HEATING CALCIUM SULFATE
DIHYDRATE, OR GYPSUM, TO 120-180deg Cel. WITH AN
ADDITIVE TO RETARD THE SET, IT IS CALLED WALL, OR
HARD WALL, PLASTER, WHICH CAN PROVIDE PASSIVE
FIRE PROTECTION FOR INTERIOR SURFACES.
MANUFACTURING OF PLASTER OF
PARIS
 PLASTER OF PARIS NOT ONLY LENDS ELEGANCE AND
BEAUTY TO WALLS, ENHANCES DURABILITY AS
WELL.
 THE WALLS BECOME STRONGER DUE TO CHEMICAL
REACTION THAT TAKES PLACE WHEN WATER
ESCAPES THE PLASTER MIXTURE.
 IT IS QUITE EASY TO INSTALL PLASTER OF PARIS AS
IT DOES NOT GENERATE ANY KIND OF DUST.
 PLASTER DOES NOT NEED ANY KIND OF SANDING
AND A WALL CAN BE PLASTERED WITHIN A SHORTER
TIMEFRAME.
 USED IN PASSIVE FIRE PROTECTION AS FIRE
PROOFING PRODUCTS.
 USED IN INDUSTRIES OF GLASS MAKING, TANNING
ETC;
 SAFETY ISSUES : THE CHEMICAL REACTION THAT
OCCURS WHEN PLASTER IS MIXED WITH WATER IS
EXOTHERMIC AND, IN LARGE VOLUMES, CAN BURN
THE SKIN.
WATER-PROOFING, GYPSUM AND PLASTER OF PARIS.

NAME : MONICA. R
USN : 1BQ12AT032
PLASTICS
 PLASTIC IS A MATERIAL CONSISTING OF ANY
OF A WIDE RANGE OF SYNTHETIC ORGANICS
THAT ARE MALLEABLE AND CAN BE MOLDED
INTO SOLID OBJECTS OF DIVERSE SHAPES.
 THESE ARE THE SYNTHETIC MATERIALS
DERIVED FROM PETROCHEMICALS.
TYPES
THERE ARE MANY FAMILIES OF
PLASTICS AND POLYMERS USED IN
CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY.THEY ARE
 ACRYLIC
 POLYCARBONATE
 POLYVINYL CHLORIDE
 PVC POLYMER FILMS
 EXPANDED POLYSTRENE
 COMPOSITES
 POLYPROPYLENE
PROPERTIES
PLASTICS HAVE PROPERTIES THAT MAKE IDEAL BUILDING
MATERIALS.SOME OF THESE PROPERTIES ARE :
 PLASTICS ARE STRONG YET LIGHT WEIGHT, AND SO THEY
ARE EASY TO TRANSPORT AND MANOEUVRE.
 THEY ARE DURABLE, KNOCK AND SCRATCH RESISTANT
WITH EXCELLENT WEATHER ABILITY.
 THEY DO NOT ROT OR CORRODE.
 THEY ARE EASY TO INSTALL , MANY HAVE A SNAP-FIT
KIND OF JOINTING PROCEDURES.
 PLASTICS OFFER LIMITLESS POSSIBILITIES IN DESIGN
ACHIEVED BY EXTRUSION, BENDING, MOULDING ETC.,
 THEY CAN BE GIVEN ANY RANGE OF COLOURS BY
ADDING PIGMENTS.
 THE PLASTICS ARE LOW CONDUCTORS OF HEAT AND THUS
ARE USED AS INSULATION MATERIALS IN GREEN
BUILDING CONCEPTS.
 THESE PRODUCTS CAN ACHIEVE TIGHT SEALS.
 THEY CAN BE SAWN AND NAILED EMPLOYING STANDARD
CARPENTRY TOOLS AND SKILLS.
 THEY CAN BE EASILY REMOVED AND RECYCLED.
 THEY ARE BAD CONDUCTORS OF ELECTRICITY.
LIMITATIONS
 DEGRADED UNDER THE ACTION OF DIRECT SUNLIGHT.
 FLAMMABLE UNLESS TREATED.
 UNSUITABLE FOR LOAD-BEARING APPLICATIONS.
 THERMAL EXPANSION FOR MOST PLASTICS IS HIGH.
PLASTICS : ACRYLIC, POLYCARBONATE AND POLYVINYL CHLORIDE
ACRYLIC
HISTORY
 COMMERCIAL NAME PLEXIGLAS.
 DISCOVERED IN 1893, BY FRENCH CHEMIST, CHARLES
MOUREAU.
 BY 2001, MILLIONS OF TONS OF THIS MATERIAL WAS
PRODUCED WORLD WIDE.
 THE OUTBREAK OF WORLD WAR I SLOWED DOWN ITS
USE.
 HOWEVER ITS APPLICATION INCREASED WITH TIME.
PROPERTIES
 WEATHER RESISTANT
 CHEMICAL RESISTANCE
 EXCELLENT INSULATOR
 COMBUSTIBLE
 FLEXIBILITY
 GOOD LIGHT TRANSMITTANCE
 LIGHT WEIGHT
 MORE IMPACT RESISTANT THAN GLASS.
APPLICATION
 ACRYLIC PANLES CAN BE USED AS STRUCTURAL
GLAZING IN ARCHITECTURE AS THEY CAN BEAR
HIGH LOADS.
 ACRYLIC PANELS CAN ALSO BE USED FOR
ROOFING WHICH PROVIDES DAYLIGHT DUE TO
THEIR TRANSPARENT CHARACTER.
Behnisch & Frei Otto Work of
the Munich Olympic Stadium
Rooftop
Work of Sanaa Architects
for pavilion in Barcelona
ADVANATAGES
 EASY INSTALLATION
 EASILY FABRICATED AND
SHAPED
 LIGHT WEIGHT
 HIGH STRENGTH
 WEATHER RESISTANT,
WATER PROOF
 CHEAP
 CLEAR GLASS
 SOFTER
 SEAMLESS
DISADAVNTAGES
 CANNOT WITHSTAND HIGH
TEMPERATURE
 DISTORTION
 HIGH LOAD OF TOXICITY
 NON-BIODEGRADABALE
 NOT EASILY RECYCLABLE
 EASILY STAINED
 POOR CLARITY- BECOMES
YELLOW WITH AGE AND
SUNLIGHT EXPOSURE.
POLYCARBONATE
HISTORY
 DISCOVERED IN 1898, BY ALFRED EINHORN,
GERMAN SCIENTIST.
 THE BRAND NAME MAKROLON (1955).
 AFTER 1970, THE BROWNISH ORIGINAL
POLYCARBONATE TINT WAS IMPROVED TO
“GLASS - CLEAR”.
PROPERTIES
 GOOD DIMENSIONAL STABILITY
 NATURALLY TRANSPARENT
 RESISTANT TO ACIDS AND
MINERAL OILS
 RESIATNT TO ALCOHOL AND
VEGETABLE OILS
 TOUGH IN NATURE
 HEAT RESISTANT
 EXCELLENT COLOUR STABILITY
APPLICATION
 POLYCARBONATE IS HIGHLY TRANSPARENT TO
VISIBLE LIGHT, WITH BETTER LIGHT TRANSMISSION
THAN MANY KINDS OF GLASS, HENCE THEY ARE
USED IN
 DOMELIGHTS OR SKYLIGHTS
 CURVEED AND FLAT GLAZING
 SOUND WALLS.
ADVANTAGES
 VERY EASY TO MOULD
INTO DIFFERENT SHAPES
 NO FADING
 LIGHT WEIGHT’
 ULTRAVIOLET
BLOCKAGE
 TEMPERATURE
RESISTANCE
 FLEXIBILTY OF USE-
CLEAR GLASS- LIKE
TRASLUCENT AND
OPAQUE
DISADVANTAGES
 MANUFACTURE- COSTLY
AND NOT ENVIRONMENT
FRIENDLY
 HAZZARDOUS TO
HEALTH
 DENTING- NOT VERY
RESISTANT TO
SCRATCHING.
 LOW CHEMICAL
RESISTANCE.
PVC POLYMER FILMS AND SHEETS
HISTORY
 ONE OF THE OLDEST SYNTHETIC MATERIAL,
ACCIDENTALLY DISCOVERED ON TWO OCCASIONS.
 THE POLYMER APPEARED AS A WHITE SOLID INSIDE
FLASKA OF THE NEWLY DISCOVERED VINYL CHLORIDE
GAS THAT HAD BEEN LEFT EXPOSED TO SUNLIGHT.
 DISCOVERED BY, FRENCH PHYSICIST, HENRI VICTOR
REGNAULT (1838).
PROPERTIES
 CHEMICALLY STABLE
 AMORPHOUS
 FIRE RESISTANT
 OIL/CHEMICAL RESISTANT
 RESISTANT TO OXIDATION
 HIGH MOULDABILITY
 HIGH PROCESSABILITY
 FLEXIBLE AND ELASTIC
APPLICATIONS
 COLOURED PVC FILMS ARE USED FOR INTERIOS
DECORATION
 BLISTER PACKING
 VACCUM FORMING
 UPVC POLYMERS ARE USED IN MANUFACTURE OF
DOORS, WINDOW FRAMES ETC;
ADVANTAGES
 HIGH CLARITY
 GOOD DIMENSIONAL
STABILITY
 EASILY DIE-CUT
 AVAILABLE IN CLEAR
AND MATTE
 MANY CUSTOM
PRODUCTION OPTIONS
: COLOURS, FINISHES.
ETC;
DISADVANTAGES
 SENSITIVE TO UV
 LIMITED THERMAL
CAPABILITY
 TOXICITY OF PVC
 HIGHER DENSITY THAN
MANY PLASTICS
 ATTACKED BY SEVERAL
SOLVENT TYPES.
 THERMAL
DECOMPOSITION
EVOLVES HCI

NAME : MONICA. R
USN : 1BQ12AT032
CEMENT
 A CEMENT IS A BINDER, A SUBSTANCE THAT SETS AND
HARDENS AND CAN BIND OTHER MATERIALS TOGETHER.
 THE WORD “CEMENT” TRACES TO THE ROMANS, WHO
USED THE TERM OPUS CAEMENTICIUM TO DESCRIBE
MASONRY RESEMBELING MODERN CONCRETE THAT WAS
MADE FROM CRUSHED ROCK WITH BURNT LIME AS
BINDER.
 CEMENTS USED IN CONSTRUCTION CAN BE
CHARACTERIZED AS BEIN EITHER
o HYDRAULIC
o NON-HYDRAULIC.
ORIGIN
MESAPOTAMIA/EGYPT - ROMAN EMPIRE DEVELOPED THROUGH
MIDDLE AGES UNTIL FINAL PATENTOF MODERN DAY PORTLAND
CEMENT IN 1824 BY JOSEPH ASPDIN.
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF CEMENT
 SETTING TIME
 SOUNDNESS
 FINENESS
 STRENGTH
ASBESTOS
 ASBESTOS IS A NATURALLY OCCURING MINERAL
FOUND IN UNDERGROUND ROCK FORMATIONS.
 FOR COMMERCIAL PURPOSES, IT IS RECOVERED
BY MINING AND ROCK CRUSHING.
DIFFERENT TYPES OF ASBESTOS
THERE ARE MAJORLY TWO DIFFERENT VARIETIES OF
ASBESTOS
i. CHRYSOTILE VARIETY : THIS ACCOUNTS FOR THE 95% OF
ASBESTOS FOUND IN BUILDINGS IN AMERICA. MOST
COMMONLY USED, CAN BE SPUN AND WOVEN INTO
FABRIC.
ii. AMPHIBOLE VARIETY
PROPERTIES OF ASBESTOS
 AN ASBESTOS SHEET IS A TYPE OF CONSTRUCTION
MATERIAL THAT IS MADE FROM ASBESTOS CEMENT.
 THE ASBESTOS MIXED INTO THE CEMENT PROVIDES
DURABILITY, INSULATION AND FIREPROOFING.
 MOST FORMS OF ASBESTOS ARE INERT.
 IT IS BOTH FIBROUS AND CRYSTALLINE,ELASTIC AND
BRITTLE. IT CAN BE SUB-DIVIDED INTO FINE FIBRES THAT
ARE STRONG AND FLEXIBLE ENOUGH TO BE SPUN INTO
MATERIAL THAT IS FLAME RETARDENT. CHEMICALLY
INERT AND ELECTRICAL INSULATOR
 THEY DO NOT HAVE A DETECTIBLE ODOUR OR TASTE.
 THEY DO NOT MOVE THROUGH SOIL AND ARE INSOLUBLE
IN WATER.
 THEY ARE HIGLY TOXIC WHEN USED IN CEILINGS AND
TEXILE CONSTRUCTION WHEN COMPARED TO THAT IN
FLOORING AND HVAC SYSTEMS.
 THESE SHEETS HAVE BEEN USED IN INDIA
FOR OVER 70 YEARS. BEING WEATHER
PROOF AND CORROSION RESISTANT,
THESE SHEETS ARE PRACTICALLY
AGELESS AND MAINTENANCE FREE,
WHEREAS METAL SHEETS CORRODE AND
DETERIORATE WITH AGE AND EXPOSURE.
 PROVEN TO BE THE MOST COST
EFFECTIVE, EASY TO INSTALL, STRONG
AND DURABLE ROOFING MATERIAL FOR
WAREHOUSES, FACTORIES, LOW-COST
HOUSING AND PRACTICALLY ANY
STRUCTURE NEEDING A ROOF.
USES OF CEMENT
 PRODUCTION OF CONCRETE
 CONSTRUCTION PURPOSE
 BUILDING (FLOORS, BEAMS,
COLUMNS, ROOFING)
 TRANSPORT (ROADS, PATHWAYS,
CROSSINGS, BRIDGES)
 WATER (PIPES, DRAINS, CANALS)
 AGRICULTURE (IRRIGATION,
HOUSING).
TYPES OF CEMENT
THE BASIC RAW MATERIALS USED IN THE CEMENT
MANUFACTURING PROCESS ARE LIMESTONE, SAND,SHALE,
CLAY AND IRON ORE.
 ORDINARY PORTLAND CEMENT (OPC)
 PORTLAND POZZOLANA CEMENT (PPC)
 RAPID HARDENING
 WHITE CEMENT
 SULPHATE RESISTING PORTLAND CEMENT
 PORTLAND BLAST FURNANCE SLAG CEMENT (PBFS)
CEMENT, ASBESTOS AND RUBBER
RUBBER
NATURAL RUBBER, ALSO CALLED INDIAN RUBBER AS
INITIALLY PRODUCED, CONSISTS OF POLYMERS OF THE
ORGANIC COMPOUND ISOPRENE, WITH MINOR
IMPURITIES OF OTHER ORGANIC COMPOUNDS PLUS
WATER.
 SINCE THE ADVENT OF THE FIRST RUBBER LINING, RESEARCH
AND DEVELOPMENT WORK CONTINUED AND TODAY’S RUBBER
TECHNOLOGY TOOK A DIFFERENT SHAPE FROM ERASER TO TYRE
TECHNOLOGY TO A MORE SOPHISTICATED HIGH TECHNOLOGY
DISCIPLINE KNOWN AS ANTICORROSIVE RUBBER OR 2 RUBBER AS
A CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL.
REASONS FOR WIDE USE OF RUBBER AND
ITS PROPERTIES
 AMONG MANY REASONS WHY RUBBERS ARE WIDELY USED IN THE
PROCESS INDUSTRIES, THREE ARE CONSIDERED AS IMPORTANT.
 RUBBER OPERATES IN A VARIETY OF ENVIRONMENTS AND HAS
USABLE RANGES OF DEFORMITY AND DURABILITY.
 RUBBER IS EMINENTLY SUITABLE CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL FOR
PROTECTION AGAINST CORROSION IN THE CHEMICAL PLANT AND
EQUIPMENT AGAINTS VARIOUS CHEMICALS WITH MINIMUM
MAINTAINANCE.
 RUBBER CAN READILY AND RAPIDLY, AT A RELATIVELY LOWER
COST, BE CONVERTED INTO USABLE PRODUCTS, HAVING
COMPLICATED SHAPES AND DIMENSIONS.
 RUBBER IS ALSO USED FOR PROTECTION OF OTHER MATERIALS
AGAINST FIRE, HEAT AND WEARING.
 IT GIVES EXCELLENT PERFORMANCE AS A CONSTRUCTION
MATERILA, IN VIBRATION AND SHOCK DAMPENING, IN ELIMINATION
OF STRUCTURAL NOISE AND IS THE ULTIMATE MATERIAL FOR
SEALING SYSTEMS.
 RUBBER DAMPENS
 RUBBER SEALS
 RUBBER PROTECTS CORROSION EFFECTS
 RUBBER GIVES THERMAL INSULATION
 RUBBER GIVES PASSIVE FIRE PROTECTION
 RUBBER IS ABLATIVE
 RUBBER WEARS
 RUBBER BONDS WELL WITH METALS
 RUBBER IS IMPERMEABLE.

NAME : MONICA. R
USN : 1BQ12AT032
FIBRE REINFORCED POLYMER (FRP)
FRP ALSO KNOWN AS FIBRE REINFORCED POLYMER IS A
COMPOSITE MATERIAL MADE OF A POLYMER MATRIX
REINFORCED WITH FIBRE.
 THE FIBRES- GLASS, CARBON OR BASALT.
 POLYMER- EPOXY, POLYESTER THERMOSETTING
PLASTIC, AND PHENOL FORMALDEHYDE RESINS.
OVER LAST 30 YEARS IT IS DOMINANT IN THE BUILDING
MATERIALS.
PLAYS AN IMPORTANT ALTERNATIVE TO TIMBER, STEEL,
ALUMINIUM, CONCRETE.
FRP CONSISTS OF A CORE MATERIAL THAT IS WOVEN WITH
FIBREGLASS WIRE MESH,IMPREGNATED WITH WHITE POLYESTER
RESIN AND THEN FUSED TOGETHER UNDER HEAT AND PRESSURE
USING ACCELERATOR AND CATALYST ONTO A REQUIRED MOULD.
 SURFACE QUALITY- COSMETIC APPEARANCE
 DIMENSIONAL STABILITY
 FABRICATION AND END USE TOLERANCE
 COMPATIBILTY WITH OTHER MATERIALS
 RESISTANCE TO ACIDS, ALKALIES AND ORGANIC SOLVENTS
 WATER ABSORPTION
 RESISTANCE TO ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION AND WEATHERING
ADVANTAGES
 SUPERIOR STRENGTH TO
WEIGHT RATIO
 DESIGN FLEXIBILITY
 ADVANCED FINISHES
 TEXTURED SURFACES
 ELECTRICALLY NON-
CONDUCTIVE
 DURABLE
 CORROSION RESISTANT.
DISADVANTAGES
 TOXIC – WHEN IT BURNS,
PRODUCES TOXIC FUMES.
 MANUFACTURE- HARD
 COST- IT IS NOT COST
EFFECTIVE
 NON-BIODEGRADABLE- IT
IS NOT ECO-FRIENDLY
SINCE IT IS A POLYMER.
FRP WALL CLADDING FRP PERGOLA GATE
FRP JALI WALL
CHAIR
CONSTRUCTION CHEMICALS
A VARIETY OF CONSTRUCTION CHEMICALS ARE USED IN MOST LARGE
SCALE CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS AS WELL AS PROJECTS OF SPECIAL
DESIGN AND ENGINEERING, DEPENDING ON THEIR SPECIFIC NEEDS.
THESE MATERIALS INCLUDE:
CONCRETE ADMIXTURE, SURFACE TREATMENT, WATERPROOFING,
GROUT, FLOOR TOPPING, COATING, SEALER, FLOOR HARDENING.
WATERPROOFING
OBJECTS UNAFFECTED BY WATER OR RESISTING INGRESS OF
WATER UNDER SPECIFIC CONDITION.
IN BUILDING CONSTRUCTION, WATERPROOFING IS A
FUNDAMENTAL ASPECT OF CREATING A BUILDING ENVELOPE
WHICH IS A CONTROLLED ENVIRONMENT.
FELT PAPER OR TAR
PAPER WITH
ASPHALT OR TAR
EPDM RUBBER LIQUID ROOFING
GROUT
GROUT IS A CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL USED TO
 EMBED REBARS IN MASONRY WALLS
 CONNECT SECTIONS OF PRE-CAST CONCRETE
 FILL VOIDS
 SEAL JOINTS
GROUT IS GENERALLY A MIXTURE OF WATER, CEMENT, SAND, OFTEN
COLOURED TINT, AND SOMETIMES FINE GRAVEL. IT IS APPLIED AS A
THICK EMULSION AND HARDENS OVER TIME, MUCH LIKE ITS CLOSE
RELATIVE MORTAR.
TILING GROUT NON-SHRINK GROUT FLOORING GROUT
COATING
A COATING IS A COVERING THAT IS APPLIED TO SURFACE OF AN OBJECT,
USUALLY REFERRED TO AS SUBSTRATE.THE PURPOSE OF APPLYINGTHE
COATING MAYBE DECORATIVE, FUNCTIONAL OR BOTH.
 FUNCTIONAL COATINGS MAYBE APPLIED TO CHANGE THE SURFACE
PROPERTIES OF SUBSTRATE, SUCH AS ADHESION, WETABILITY,
CORROSION RESISTANCE, OR WEAR RESISTANCE.
 PAINTS AND LACQUERS ARE COATINGS THAT MOSTLY HAVE DUAL USES
OF PROTECTING THE SUBSTRATE AND BEING DECORATIVE.
PAINTED WALL LACQUERED COATED WOODEN FLOOR
ADDITIVES
A SUBSTANCE ADDED IN SMALL AMOUNTS TO SOMETHING ELSE TO
IMPROVE, STRENGTHEN, OR OTHERWISE ALTER IT.
THERE ARE VARIOUS TYPES :
 PAINT ADDITIVES
 FOOD ADDITIVES
 POLYMER ADDITIVES
 CHEMICAL ADDITIVES
 BIODEGRADABLE ADDITIVES AND MANY MORE.
ADDITIVES IN CONCRETE
 CEMENT DYES – TO RENDER MIXES AND CONCRETE TO BE COLOURED OR TO
PROVIDE A PLEASING APPEARANCE TO A NEW WORK.
 ACCELERATORS – SPEED UP THE HYDRATION OF THE CONCRETE.
 RETARDERS – SLOW THE HYDRATION OF CONCRETE AND ARE USED IN LARGE OR
DIFFICULT POURS WHERE PARTIAL SETTING BEFORE THE POUR IS COMPLETE AND
IS UNDESIRABLE.
 MORTAR PLASTICIZER
CEMENT DYES ACCELERATORS RETARDERS MORTAR PLASTICIZER
ADHESIVE
SUBSTANCE USED TO JOIN TWO OR MORE PARTS SO AS TO FORM A SINGLE UNIT.
GLUE IS THE GENERAL TERM USED TO INDICATE AN ADHESIVE SUBSTANCE.
ADVANTAGES
 IT CAN BE USED FOR BONDING
GLASS, METAL,WOOD AND
PLASTICS
 PREVENTS CORROSION BETWEEN
DIFFERENT METALS
 APPLICATION IS SPEEDY,
ECONOMICAL AND EASY.
DISADVANTAGES
 NOT POSSIBLE TO ADOPT ANY
ADHESIVE TO ANY SURFACE
 IT DOESN’T BECOME STRONG
IMMEDIATELY AFTER ITS
APPLICATION
 IT DOES NOT REMAIN STABLE AT
HIGHER TEMPERATURE.
TYPES OF ADHESIVES
 ALBUMIN GLUES
 ANIMAL PROTEIN GLUES
 GLUES FROM NATURAL RESIN
 GLUES FROM SYNTHETIC RESIN (MELAMINE, PHENOLIC,UREA)
 VEGETABLE GLUES
 STARCH GLUES
 RUBBER GLUES
 NITROCELLULOSE GLUES
 SPECIAL GLUES
FRP, CONSTRUCTION CHEMICALS, ADDITIVES AND ADHESIVES.

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