The document discusses how recent rulings by the Court of Justice of the EU (CJEU) have impacted copyright protection on the internet in France. Specifically, the CJEU has ruled that posting hyperlinks and embedding content using framing techniques does not constitute copyright infringement if the original works were freely available online. However, there is still uncertainty around how broadly these rulings can be applied. Under French law, wider copyright protections still exist, but French courts may now only rule on damages caused within France by infringements on websites accessible there.
This short document promotes the creation of Haiku Deck presentations on SlideShare by stating it provides inspiration and allows users to get started making their own presentations. It encourages the reader to create presentations on the Haiku Deck platform hosted on SlideShare.
This document discusses a photographer who created a collage and signed it but then forgot what was in it and realized they didn't know themselves as well as they thought from their clothes alone.
Beyond Open Access: Open Science and Research IntegrityHeidi Laine
Presentation given at the 2015 Academic Mindtrek Conference at the workshop "Beyond Open Access: The changing culture of producing and disseminating scientific knowledge". Workshop was organised by the Open Knowledge Foundation Finland Open Science Working Group.
El documento describe la capacitación de Nelson Cárdenas, un comerciante de 52 años, en el uso de YouTube e Internet. A través del programa Redvolución, Nelson aprendió fácilmente cómo usar YouTube para obtener información sobre temas que le interesan. Con varias sesiones de capacitación, fue adquiriendo más conocimientos y habilidad para buscar información en Internet de manera independiente.
El documento presenta un análisis financiero de una empresa realizado por Harold Robles Clemente y Sandra Sierra Ramirez. Explica que un análisis financiero estudia la información contable de una empresa mediante indicadores para evaluar sus resultados, productividad, eficiencia y situación financiera. Además, identifica que los usuarios principales de estos análisis son la administración, inversionistas, bancos, bolsas de valores y cámaras de comercio.
Un proyecto es un esfuerzo temporal para crear un producto o servicio único mediante la planificación y asignación de recursos. Todo proyecto tiene un inicio y un fin, objetivos definidos y recursos asignados. Los proyectos requieren equipos que a menudo incluyen personas de diferentes organizaciones o ubicaciones trabajando juntas para lograr una meta singular.
This document discusses recent case law from Hungary regarding deceptive trademarks. It summarizes three cases where the Hungarian Intellectual Property Office (HIPO) refused trademark applications on the basis of deceptiveness regarding the geographical origin of the goods. In two of the cases, the decisions were confirmed by the Hungarian Court, finding the signs misleading. However, in the third case involving the term "MANHATTAN SUPERSIZE SEDUCTIVE EYES", the court annulled HIPO's decision, finding the office did not prove consumers would attribute geographical characteristics to the goods that were not present. The document raises questions about inconsistencies in HIPO's approach and burden of proof, and asks about practices in other
This short document promotes the creation of Haiku Deck presentations on SlideShare by stating it provides inspiration and allows users to get started making their own presentations. It encourages the reader to create presentations on the Haiku Deck platform hosted on SlideShare.
This document discusses a photographer who created a collage and signed it but then forgot what was in it and realized they didn't know themselves as well as they thought from their clothes alone.
Beyond Open Access: Open Science and Research IntegrityHeidi Laine
Presentation given at the 2015 Academic Mindtrek Conference at the workshop "Beyond Open Access: The changing culture of producing and disseminating scientific knowledge". Workshop was organised by the Open Knowledge Foundation Finland Open Science Working Group.
El documento describe la capacitación de Nelson Cárdenas, un comerciante de 52 años, en el uso de YouTube e Internet. A través del programa Redvolución, Nelson aprendió fácilmente cómo usar YouTube para obtener información sobre temas que le interesan. Con varias sesiones de capacitación, fue adquiriendo más conocimientos y habilidad para buscar información en Internet de manera independiente.
El documento presenta un análisis financiero de una empresa realizado por Harold Robles Clemente y Sandra Sierra Ramirez. Explica que un análisis financiero estudia la información contable de una empresa mediante indicadores para evaluar sus resultados, productividad, eficiencia y situación financiera. Además, identifica que los usuarios principales de estos análisis son la administración, inversionistas, bancos, bolsas de valores y cámaras de comercio.
Un proyecto es un esfuerzo temporal para crear un producto o servicio único mediante la planificación y asignación de recursos. Todo proyecto tiene un inicio y un fin, objetivos definidos y recursos asignados. Los proyectos requieren equipos que a menudo incluyen personas de diferentes organizaciones o ubicaciones trabajando juntas para lograr una meta singular.
This document discusses recent case law from Hungary regarding deceptive trademarks. It summarizes three cases where the Hungarian Intellectual Property Office (HIPO) refused trademark applications on the basis of deceptiveness regarding the geographical origin of the goods. In two of the cases, the decisions were confirmed by the Hungarian Court, finding the signs misleading. However, in the third case involving the term "MANHATTAN SUPERSIZE SEDUCTIVE EYES", the court annulled HIPO's decision, finding the office did not prove consumers would attribute geographical characteristics to the goods that were not present. The document raises questions about inconsistencies in HIPO's approach and burden of proof, and asks about practices in other
The document provides a marketing roadmap for Leanani, a new cosmetics brand targeting teen girls. It outlines key sections including the large US beauty market opportunity, teen demographic trends focused on social media and value, major competitors in the space, and Leanani's unique selling propositions centered around affordable Japanese beauty products. The marketing strategy proposes exciting teen girls through influencer marketing, social media engagement, and a dedicated website and app. It includes plans for coupon ads, back to school campaigns, and innovative packaging design to attract young customers.
El estudio de caso es una técnica de aprendizaje en la que los estudiantes analizan una situación problemática de la vida real en pequeños grupos. Los estudiantes deben comprender y resolver el problema a través de la discusión. El estudio de caso desarrolla el espíritu crítico de los estudiantes y los prepara para tomar decisiones mediante la defensa de sus argumentos.
Este documento presenta la teoría elemental de la oferta. Explica conceptos clave como la definición de oferta, la ley de la oferta y cómo se determina la curva de oferta. También describe los determinantes de la oferta, los movimientos de la curva de oferta debido a cambios en precios u oferta, y los conceptos de elasticidad de la oferta. El documento concluye con una cita de Adam Smith sobre el verdadero precio de las cosas.
Este documento trata sobre varios temas relacionados con la lingüística y los medios de comunicación. Explica las distintas técnicas periodísticas como entrevistas y conferencias de prensa y cómo el discurso es una herramienta importante para crear noticias atractivas. También discute conceptos lingüísticos como la cohesión, coherencia e intencionalidad. Luego, analiza los nuevos medios y cómo han cambiado, dando el ejemplo de los controladores de videojuegos. Por último, define el hipertexto
Este documento define un proyecto como una idea para resolver un problema, explica que la gerencia es dirigir y administrar una empresa, y que los proyectos facilitan el proceso de toma de decisiones para inversiones al verificar la viabilidad técnica, comercial, económica, legal y financiera de una iniciativa. Finalmente, enumera diferentes tipos de proyectos como simples, complejos, públicos, privados y mixtos.
Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang gaya yang bekerja pada muatan bergerak dalam medan listrik dan magnet, serta penjelasan mengenai gaya Lorentz. Diterangkan pula tentang gaya pada elemen arus diferensial dan contoh soalnya.
European Court of Justice Press Release GS Media vs. SanomaGreg Sterling
The European Court of Justice ruled that posting a hyperlink to copyrighted material published without authorization does not constitute communication to the public if done without knowledge or financial gain, but does if done knowingly or for profit, as the defendant in this case had posted hyperlinks to unauthorized photos for financial gain while aware of their unauthorized publication.
Overview of Recent CJEU Copyright Judgments - ICEL IT Law Conference 2015 (El...Eleonora Rosati
This document summarizes recent and forthcoming copyright decisions from the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU). It discusses cases related to exclusive rights including distribution rights, digital exhaustion, communication to the public, and linking. It also covers exceptions and limitations such as parody and library digitization. Upcoming cases involve private copying levies, linking, broadcasting music, and software exhaustion. The European Commission has launched a Digital Single Market strategy to improve access to online goods and services across Europe and maximize growth of the digital economy.
This document provides an overview of copyright protection for computer programs and software under Irish and EU law. Some key points covered include:
- Copyright automatically protects original software and computer programs without any formal registration. Protection lasts for the author's lifetime plus 70 years.
- While ideas and functionality cannot be copyrighted, the specific code and expression can be. Reproducing all or substantial parts of a program is infringement.
- Employers own the copyright for works created by employees within the scope of their employment.
- Temporary copies made during normal use of a program, such as loading into RAM, are allowed under copyright law. Other provisions address error correction, backup copies, and caching.
- Reverse engineering
Hyperlinks and communication to the publicLéon Dijkman
A periodic update on the case-law concerning hyperlinks and the CJEU's communication to the public criterion. Held at ECTA Copyright Workshop, Brussels (13 September 2017)
This document discusses lawsuits against Google in the European Union regarding copyright infringement and privacy issues. It provides background on Google's services and EU directives related to data protection, e-commerce, and privacy. Courts have struggled to determine if Google is an editor or host for liability purposes. More recently, courts have tended to view Google as a host with limited liability. Lawsuits have been brought against Google on the grounds of privacy/data protection violations, copyright infringement, and unfair competition.
Fordham Law Review Extract Copyright And Digital Rights Management France And...Acumum - Legal & Advisory
The document discusses proposed French legislation regarding copyright, interoperability, and digital rights management (DRM). The legislation would require creators of DRM technology to provide information to allow third parties to achieve interoperability. This would confront the U.S. view of copyright as a property right protected by DRM. The legislation is intended to prevent monopolies and allow consumers more freedom of use. However, critics argue sharing DRM information could enable security breaches. If passed, the law would force changes to DRM-restricted industries like Apple's iTunes.
This document discusses the evolving role of intermediaries on the internet and challenges of regulating their liability for user-generated content. It provides examples of early court cases that established intermediary liability principles and summarizes safe harbor provisions and other legislation that have sought to limit intermediary liability by implementing notice-and-takedown regimes and graduated response policies for copyright infringement. It also discusses ongoing legal cases and policy debates around intermediary liability and how countries are approaching regulation.
Alberto Bellan - The AGCOM Regulation in ItalyEleonora Rosati
The document summarizes the AGCOM Regulation in Italy, which establishes an administrative procedure for addressing online copyright infringement. AGCOM, as the Italian communications authority, will oversee a notice-and-takedown process targeting hosting and access providers. Rightsholders can file notices requesting removal of infringing digital content. Providers are given short timeframes to comply with removal orders or face substantial fines. The process aims to quickly and efficiently enforce copyright online, but has been criticized for potentially disproportionate penalties and impact on small startups.
EU Copyright Directive - 5 minute Presentation Antoine Moyroud
This presentation mainly covers Article 11 and Article 13 from the EU Copyright Directive and shows how you can take action by getting in touch with your European Member of Parliament.
This document discusses copyright protections for software and issues with software patents. It notes that international treaties like TRIPS and WCT designate that computer programs should be protected as literary works under copyright. However, software patents can prevent software authors from exercising rights granted by copyright, like normal exploitation of their work, by preventing the author from selling their work. The document also discusses efforts to harmonize software patent law in Europe and concerns that this could lead to expanded software patents despite their rejection by the European Parliament and other stakeholders.
The document discusses two French laws, Hadopi #1 and #2, which established the High Authority for the Dissemination of Works and the Protection of Rights on the Internet (HADOPI) to address internet piracy through a three-strike warning system and allow for the suspension of internet access, with Hadopi #2 delegating sanctioning power to criminal courts.
Alberto Bellan - The AGCOM Regulation in Italy: Nessun dormaEleonora Rosati
The document summarizes the AGCOM Regulation in Italy, which establishes an administrative procedure for addressing online copyright infringement. AGCOM, the Italian communications authority, can order websites and hosting providers to disable access to infringing content or entire websites. Right holders can file takedown notices that trigger a preliminary assessment and potential blocking orders. Hosting and access providers face fines if they do not comply with blocking orders within 3 days. The procedure aims to quickly and effectively address online copyright infringement but has been criticized for lacking proper due process and risking disproportionate impact.
The document provides a marketing roadmap for Leanani, a new cosmetics brand targeting teen girls. It outlines key sections including the large US beauty market opportunity, teen demographic trends focused on social media and value, major competitors in the space, and Leanani's unique selling propositions centered around affordable Japanese beauty products. The marketing strategy proposes exciting teen girls through influencer marketing, social media engagement, and a dedicated website and app. It includes plans for coupon ads, back to school campaigns, and innovative packaging design to attract young customers.
El estudio de caso es una técnica de aprendizaje en la que los estudiantes analizan una situación problemática de la vida real en pequeños grupos. Los estudiantes deben comprender y resolver el problema a través de la discusión. El estudio de caso desarrolla el espíritu crítico de los estudiantes y los prepara para tomar decisiones mediante la defensa de sus argumentos.
Este documento presenta la teoría elemental de la oferta. Explica conceptos clave como la definición de oferta, la ley de la oferta y cómo se determina la curva de oferta. También describe los determinantes de la oferta, los movimientos de la curva de oferta debido a cambios en precios u oferta, y los conceptos de elasticidad de la oferta. El documento concluye con una cita de Adam Smith sobre el verdadero precio de las cosas.
Este documento trata sobre varios temas relacionados con la lingüística y los medios de comunicación. Explica las distintas técnicas periodísticas como entrevistas y conferencias de prensa y cómo el discurso es una herramienta importante para crear noticias atractivas. También discute conceptos lingüísticos como la cohesión, coherencia e intencionalidad. Luego, analiza los nuevos medios y cómo han cambiado, dando el ejemplo de los controladores de videojuegos. Por último, define el hipertexto
Este documento define un proyecto como una idea para resolver un problema, explica que la gerencia es dirigir y administrar una empresa, y que los proyectos facilitan el proceso de toma de decisiones para inversiones al verificar la viabilidad técnica, comercial, económica, legal y financiera de una iniciativa. Finalmente, enumera diferentes tipos de proyectos como simples, complejos, públicos, privados y mixtos.
Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang gaya yang bekerja pada muatan bergerak dalam medan listrik dan magnet, serta penjelasan mengenai gaya Lorentz. Diterangkan pula tentang gaya pada elemen arus diferensial dan contoh soalnya.
European Court of Justice Press Release GS Media vs. SanomaGreg Sterling
The European Court of Justice ruled that posting a hyperlink to copyrighted material published without authorization does not constitute communication to the public if done without knowledge or financial gain, but does if done knowingly or for profit, as the defendant in this case had posted hyperlinks to unauthorized photos for financial gain while aware of their unauthorized publication.
Overview of Recent CJEU Copyright Judgments - ICEL IT Law Conference 2015 (El...Eleonora Rosati
This document summarizes recent and forthcoming copyright decisions from the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU). It discusses cases related to exclusive rights including distribution rights, digital exhaustion, communication to the public, and linking. It also covers exceptions and limitations such as parody and library digitization. Upcoming cases involve private copying levies, linking, broadcasting music, and software exhaustion. The European Commission has launched a Digital Single Market strategy to improve access to online goods and services across Europe and maximize growth of the digital economy.
This document provides an overview of copyright protection for computer programs and software under Irish and EU law. Some key points covered include:
- Copyright automatically protects original software and computer programs without any formal registration. Protection lasts for the author's lifetime plus 70 years.
- While ideas and functionality cannot be copyrighted, the specific code and expression can be. Reproducing all or substantial parts of a program is infringement.
- Employers own the copyright for works created by employees within the scope of their employment.
- Temporary copies made during normal use of a program, such as loading into RAM, are allowed under copyright law. Other provisions address error correction, backup copies, and caching.
- Reverse engineering
Hyperlinks and communication to the publicLéon Dijkman
A periodic update on the case-law concerning hyperlinks and the CJEU's communication to the public criterion. Held at ECTA Copyright Workshop, Brussels (13 September 2017)
This document discusses lawsuits against Google in the European Union regarding copyright infringement and privacy issues. It provides background on Google's services and EU directives related to data protection, e-commerce, and privacy. Courts have struggled to determine if Google is an editor or host for liability purposes. More recently, courts have tended to view Google as a host with limited liability. Lawsuits have been brought against Google on the grounds of privacy/data protection violations, copyright infringement, and unfair competition.
Fordham Law Review Extract Copyright And Digital Rights Management France And...Acumum - Legal & Advisory
The document discusses proposed French legislation regarding copyright, interoperability, and digital rights management (DRM). The legislation would require creators of DRM technology to provide information to allow third parties to achieve interoperability. This would confront the U.S. view of copyright as a property right protected by DRM. The legislation is intended to prevent monopolies and allow consumers more freedom of use. However, critics argue sharing DRM information could enable security breaches. If passed, the law would force changes to DRM-restricted industries like Apple's iTunes.
This document discusses the evolving role of intermediaries on the internet and challenges of regulating their liability for user-generated content. It provides examples of early court cases that established intermediary liability principles and summarizes safe harbor provisions and other legislation that have sought to limit intermediary liability by implementing notice-and-takedown regimes and graduated response policies for copyright infringement. It also discusses ongoing legal cases and policy debates around intermediary liability and how countries are approaching regulation.
Alberto Bellan - The AGCOM Regulation in ItalyEleonora Rosati
The document summarizes the AGCOM Regulation in Italy, which establishes an administrative procedure for addressing online copyright infringement. AGCOM, as the Italian communications authority, will oversee a notice-and-takedown process targeting hosting and access providers. Rightsholders can file notices requesting removal of infringing digital content. Providers are given short timeframes to comply with removal orders or face substantial fines. The process aims to quickly and efficiently enforce copyright online, but has been criticized for potentially disproportionate penalties and impact on small startups.
EU Copyright Directive - 5 minute Presentation Antoine Moyroud
This presentation mainly covers Article 11 and Article 13 from the EU Copyright Directive and shows how you can take action by getting in touch with your European Member of Parliament.
This document discusses copyright protections for software and issues with software patents. It notes that international treaties like TRIPS and WCT designate that computer programs should be protected as literary works under copyright. However, software patents can prevent software authors from exercising rights granted by copyright, like normal exploitation of their work, by preventing the author from selling their work. The document also discusses efforts to harmonize software patent law in Europe and concerns that this could lead to expanded software patents despite their rejection by the European Parliament and other stakeholders.
The document discusses two French laws, Hadopi #1 and #2, which established the High Authority for the Dissemination of Works and the Protection of Rights on the Internet (HADOPI) to address internet piracy through a three-strike warning system and allow for the suspension of internet access, with Hadopi #2 delegating sanctioning power to criminal courts.
Alberto Bellan - The AGCOM Regulation in Italy: Nessun dormaEleonora Rosati
The document summarizes the AGCOM Regulation in Italy, which establishes an administrative procedure for addressing online copyright infringement. AGCOM, the Italian communications authority, can order websites and hosting providers to disable access to infringing content or entire websites. Right holders can file takedown notices that trigger a preliminary assessment and potential blocking orders. Hosting and access providers face fines if they do not comply with blocking orders within 3 days. The procedure aims to quickly and effectively address online copyright infringement but has been criticized for lacking proper due process and risking disproportionate impact.
The document discusses several topics related to intellectual property rights (IPR) regulation and legislation around the world, including:
1) An overview of IPR frameworks and debates around copyright protection on the internet in the EU, UK, France and Sweden.
2) Details of "three-strikes" copyright infringement laws implemented in France and proposals in the UK.
3) Controversies around restrictive IPR laws limiting access to knowledge and debates around their effectiveness in changing social attitudes towards piracy.
Article 13 - What the 'Upload Filter' means for the Internet Emma Hart
Article 13 is a section of the recently passed European Union Directive on Copyright in the Digital Single Market that makes websites responsible for preventing copyrighted content from being uploaded through mass filtering technology. Supporters believe it protects artists, while opponents argue filters cannot distinguish fair use and fear censorship. If widely implemented, Article 13 could impact memes, online commentary using copyrighted material, and new websites that cannot afford filters. There is concern it may fundamentally alter the open internet.
This document discusses two case studies related to copyright infringement on online platforms:
1) Viacom v. YouTube: The Second Circuit ruled that YouTube was still eligible for safe harbor protections under the DMCA even if generally aware of infringement, as long as it was not aware of specific instances. It remanded the case to determine if YouTube had specific knowledge or was willfully blind.
2) SCIL v. YouTube: The Delhi High Court granted an injunction against YouTube for displaying and profiting from SCIL's copyrighted songs without permission, causing SCIL revenue losses. The court found YouTube intended to profit at SCIL's expense.
Copyright protects the expression of ideas in literary, artistic, and other works without requiring registration. It gives copyright owners exclusive rights over the reproduction, adaptation, distribution, and public performance and display of their works. Exceptions allow temporary copies for computer use and fair use of public works without permission. International agreements like the WIPO Copyright Treaty regulate access to copyrighted works online and prohibit circumventing technological protections and removing rights management information without authorization.
1. Anne-Katel MARTINEAU
akmartineau@medias-tic.com
Has The Court Of Justice Of The Eu Opened A Breach In The Protection
Of Copyright In France? By Anne-Katel MARTINEAU, Attorney at Law, Paris Bar
“framing” technique consists of re-
producing an extract of a digital work
which contains a hyperlink to visual-
ize the content hosted on another
website without having to go on
that website. In these two cases, the
Court found Google Inc. and Google
France liable of copyright infringe-
ment for providing links enabling to
watch a movie on the website www.
video.google.fr via the embedding
technique.
Under French law4
, the website “edi-
tor” (person who has an editorial
control on the contents published
online) is liable for all the content
published on his website; the web-
site “host” (who only exercises a con-
trol on contents after they are pub-
lished) is liable if he fails to remove
infringing content within a reason-
able timeframe after being notified
of the infringement.
Therefore, if an employee publish-
es content on the firm’s website di-
rectly by uploading it or indirectly
by copying it from another website,
the website editorial director may be
held liable of copyright infringement.
However, the recent CJEU decisions
provide a more restricted protection
of copyright on the Internet.
What are the new boundaries of the
protection of copyright according to
the CJEU?
In the “Svensson” case, the CJEU es-
tablished on February 13, 20145
, in
a preliminary ruling procedure, new
rules regarding hyperlinks and copy-
right. Swedish journalists, who had
their articles published in a magazine
and on the website of this magazine
on a freely accessible basis, brought
an action against another website
which provided hyperlinks towards
their articles without their consent.
The CJEU held that providing hyper-
links which redirect internet users
to digital works available on a freely
accessible basis on another website
does not constitute an “act of com-
munication to the public” within the
meaning of EU law6
because the
works are not made available to a
“new public”. Therefore, pursuant
to this EU law interpretation, any-
one may, without the consent of the
copyright holders, publish hyperlinks
towards digital works as long as they
are published on another website
The publication of digital works (ar-
ticles, images or videos) on the Inter-
net is an essential part of corporate
marketing strategies. However, the
risks of infringement of copyright
due to the publication of protected
works are often disregarded. These
risks can be difficult to grasp be-
cause once uploaded on a website,
these works can easily be copied and
shared on other websites and social
networks. Once it has been commu-
nicated online, can a work be shared
on the Internet without limitation?
French courts offer a broad protec-
tion which covers all kinds of works
and means of com-
munication. Howev-
er, recent decisions
of the Court of Jus-
tice of the EU (CJEU)
are challenging the
boundaries of copy-
right protection on
the Internet.
How are works protected on the In-
ternet by copyright law in France?
Under French law, the reproduction
or representation of a work without
the consent of its author is consid-
ered an infringement of copyright,
which can be punished by three years
imprisonment and a €300,000 fine1
.
To these sanctions can also be added
damages for the infringement of the
author’s economic rights, as well as
separate damages for the infringe-
ment of the author’s moral rights.
French courts apply these sanctions
to the reproduction of works online
whether they are directly uploaded
online or copied from another web-
site.
On July 12, 20122
, the “Cour de cas-
sation” (French Supreme Court) held
that the company au-
feminin.com that had
uploaded online pho-
tographs without the
photographer’s con-
sent and the compa-
ny Google which was
reproducing these
pictures in its search
engine Google Images were both in-
fringing the author’s rights. In two
other cases held on 12 July 20123
,
the Cour de cassation also found that
reproducing digital works with the
“embedding” technique was infring-
ing copyright. The “embedding” or
2. embedding protected works, you
should make sure the works were
initially communicated with the right
holders’ consent.
Moreover, it is not certain that the in-
terpretation of the CJEU applies to all
protected works. In the “Bestwater”
case, one had to click on the embed-
ded link to watch the video. When
pictures are embedded, you see the
entire work without having to click
on a link, so applying the “Bestwa-
ter” interpretation to pictures purely
circumvents the author’s reproduc-
tion right. This interpretation of the
EU Directive 2001/29 seems in con-
tradiction with its initial purpose to
ensure a high level of protection of
author’s rights in the EU.
The latest cases of the French Su-
preme Court consider that embed-
ding protected works infringes copy-
right and it is still uncertain to what
extent French courts will follow the
CJEU interpretation.
The CJEU has recently held twice that
EU Member courts may adjudicate
on the infringement of a copyright
protected within their jurisdiction,
but that their jurisdiction is limited
to the damage caused in that mem-
ber state. On October 3, 20138
, the
CJEU found that a musician could
bring a claim before French courts
against the reproduction of his
works without his consent on a CD
pressed in Austria and marketed by
United Kingdom companies on their
websites because they were accessi-
ble in France. On January 22, 20159
,
the CJEU found that Austrian courts
could adjudicate on the reproduction
of photographs by a German firm
on its German website because the
website was accessible from Austria.
Following this CJEU case law, French
courts may adjudicate on damages
caused in France by any infringement
of copyright on a website accessible
in France, and the Cour de cassation
already applied these jurisdiction
rules in three cases held on January
22, 2014. Pursuant to Article 8-1 of
theRomeIIRegulation, Frenchcourts
will logically apply French law to the
copyright infringement in France.
Therefore, if you publish articles, im-
ages or videos online, you should
without any specific restriction (pay-
ment or password requirement for
example).
Pursuant to EU copyright law, if pro-
tectedworkshavealreadybeenmade
freely accessible on another website
by copyright holders, you may pub-
lish hyperlinks towards these works
without having to ask for the right
holders’ consent. However, this right
to provide hyperlinks applies to pro-
tected works made available online
by the right holders. If you publish a
link towards protected works upload-
ed unlawfully, you may be held liable
ofcopyrightinfringement.Therefore,
it is only if you willingly publish your
works online without any restriction
that everyone will be allowed to pub-
lish hyperlinks towards them without
needing an authorization.
The “Svensson” case regarded only
hyperlinks, but in its “Bestwater” or-
der of October 21, 20147
, the CJEU
extended its scope to cover hyper-
links using the “framing” technique.
In a preliminary ruling procedure, the
Court was asked by a German court
if providing on a website a hyperlink
using the framing technique was an
“act of communication to the pub-
lic” under EU law which required the
consent of the right holders. A video
hadbeenembeddedontwowebsites
without the copyright holders’ con-
sent. The CJEU found that providing
a hyperlink towards protected works
with the framing technique did not
require the copyright holders’ con-
sent, if the protected works were not
made available to a new public or by
different technical means.
Therefore, many have considered
that you could now avoid copyright
protection by using the framing tech-
nique: if you don’t copy directly a
protected work on your website, but
only show an image of the work con-
taining a hyperlink towards it using
the framing technique you wouldn’t
need the right holders’ consent as
long as the work is already freely
available online…
However,theconditionofthe“Svens-
son” ruling that the protected work
should have been initially made avail-
able online with the right holders’
consent should still apply. So before
3. verify whether they are copyright-
free, and if they are not, it is always
safer to obtain the right holders’ con-
sent before publishing. This consent
can be obtained by signing a written
assignment of rights which includes
specific provisions such as the extent
of the assigned rights and assign-
ment duration.
Pursuant to the latest CJEU case law,
if you intend to share works that are
already online via hyperlinks or the
framing technique, you should verify
if the works were uploaded with the
right holders’ approval and if they are
accessible without any limitation. If
you are uploading works which are
not yet online, you will need the right
holders’ consent.
Regarding the uncertainty under
French law, you should try to obtain
the right holders’ consent even to
publish via framing technique. More-
over, you should bear in mind that
no matter how you publish protect-
ed works, you should always respect
the authors’ moral rights.
If you are an author and some of
your works are published without
your consent on a website accessible
from France, you can bring an action
before French courts for the damag-
es caused in France by the infringe-
ment or of course negotiate a settle-
ment agreement.
Anne-Katel Martineau is a French
lawyer at the Paris Bar. She holds a
Masters degree in Information Tech-
nology law and Intellectual Property
and has ten years of experience in the
acquisition and protection of intellec-
tual property rights and information
technology law. She has a cross-cut-
ting approach to digital media, en-
tertainment and technology.
After working for major law firms in
Paris renowned for their IP, IT and
media law practice, she seized the
opportunity to accompany two of her
clients to the USA in 2007 where she
worked in New York. When she came
back to Paris, her entrepreneurial
spirit encouraged her to establish
her own law firm - MARTINEAU AVO-
CATS- MEDIASTIC, in Paris.
MARTINEAU AVOCATS - MEDIASTIC
specialized in digital law has an im-
portant international practice and
works with correspondents in several
EU countries and the USA.
Anne-Katel Martineau is a member
of the Copyright Society of the USA.
1. Articles L.335-2 and L.335-3, Intellectual
Property Code
2. Cass. 12 July 2012 (n°11-15165 ; 11-15188)
3. Cass. 12 July 2012 (n°11-13666 ; 11-13669)
4. Law n°2004-575 21 June 2004 (LCEN)
5. C-466/12
6. Directive 2001/29/EC
7. C-348/13
8. C-170/12
9. C-441/13