Mansoor Ansari (Hospital Training Report 5th sem ) AKTU..pdf

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A Report File on
“Hospital Training”
Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of
BACHELOR OF PHARMACY
By
MOHD MANSOOR ANSARI
Roll No. 2102610500028
Shakti College of Pharmacy
BALRAMPUR
College code: 261
To
DR. A.P.J. ABDUL KALAM TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY
LUCKNOW
SESSION : 2023 - 2024

AXIS INSTITUTE OF PHARMACY ( 1137)
B.PHARM 3RD
YEAR
HOSPITAL TRANING REPORT
1. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The training opportunity I had with Community Health Care Centre,
BALRAMPUR was a great chance for learning and professionals development.
Therefore I consider myself as a very lucky individual as I was provided with an
opportunity to be a part of it . I am also grateful for having a chance of so wonderful
people and professionals who led me though this training period.
I am using this opportunity to express my deepest gratitude and special thanks
I express my deepest thanks to Dr.ASHOK KUMAR ,Chief Medical officer of
Community Health Care Centre, BALRAMPUR for taking part in useful decision and
giving necessary advices and guidance and arranged all facilities to make life easier I
choose this moment to acknowledge his contribution gratefully.
It is my radiant sentiment to place on record my best regards, deepest sense of
gratitude to Mr. R.K. TIWARI Sir , Chief Pharmacist of Community Health
Care Centre, BALRAMPUR for their careful and precious guidance which were
extremely valuable for my study both theoretically and practically.
I would like to thanks Dr. Rajib Kumar Singh (HOD) and Ms. Ruchi Singh
(Project guide) for the continues guidance and for giving me the opportunity to
complete my internship from Community Health Care Centre, BALRAMPUR.
I perceive as this opportunity as a big milestone in my career development I will
strive to use gained skills and knowledge in best possible way, and I will continue
to work on their improvement.
Thanking you!
MOHD MANSOOR ANSARI
B.Pharm 3rd
Year
Roll No. 2102610500028

B.PHARM 3RD
YEAR
2. DECLARATION
I hereby declared this training report entitled “Hospital Training Report’’ for the
award of Bachelor of pharmacy from Dr .APJ Abdul Kalam Technical
University, Lucknow. This training report, submitted by me in practical
fulfillment for the requirement of Bachelor Degree in Hospital traning from Shakti
College of Pharmacy with the collaboration of Dr. A.P.J Abdul Kalam Technical
University (AKTU) is the result of my original and independent research work
carried out under the supervision and guidance from Shakti College of Pharmacy
Name :MOHD MANSOOR ANSARI
Roll No : 2102610500028
Signature of Student

B.PHARM 3RD
YEAR
3. CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that MOHD MANSOOR ANSARI, has carried out hospital
training for the award of Bachelor of pharmacy from Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam
Technical University, Lucknow under Community Health Care Centre,
BALRAMPUR,. The hospital training report prepared by the student himself and
the contents of the training report do not form the basis for the award of any degree
to the candidate or to anybody else from this or any other university.
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR HEAD OF DEPARTMENT
Ms. Ruchi Singh Dr. Rajib Kumar Singh
Internal Examiner
Shakti College Of Pharmacy Shakti College Of Pharmacy
Place : BALRAMPUR

B.PHARM 3RD
YEAR
4(I). CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that MOHD MANSOOR ANSARI, has carried out hospital
training for the award of Bachelor of pharmacy from Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam
Technical University, Lucknow under Community Health Care Centre,
BALRAMPUR, The hospital training report prepared by the student himself and
the contents of the training report do not form the basis for the award of any degree
to the candidate or to anybody else from this or any other university
Signature of External Examiner
Date :

CONTENTS
S.NO HEADINGS PAGE. NO
1. Acknowledgement 1
2. Declaration 2
3. Certificate 3-4
4. Certificate 2 5
5. Vision 7
6. Objective of Hospital Training 9
A
7 About Hospital 10 - 12
8. Different department in hospital 13 - 14
9. Registration Desk 15 - 18
10. Prescription 19 - 21
11. Out Patient Department 22 - 24
12. General Ward 25 - 27
13. Emergency Department 28 - 30
14. Pharmacy Department 31 - 33
15. First Aid Treatment 34 - 36
16. Route of Administration 37 - 39
17. Injection 40 - 45
18.
Dressing 46
19. Pathology & Blood bank 47 – 48
20. Ophthalmoscopy room 49 – 52

5. VISION
The vision of Hospital training is to study the organization of various departments,
the working and development of the organization the present status of the hospital
and future prospects of the organization . To promote civic sense and shoulder the
responsibilities with full potential by being a ultimate healthcare Professional and
a Responsible Pharmacist.
The overall objectives of the study :
1. To study the hospital structure.
2. To know about its products and service activities.
3. To know the different functions of all the departments.
4. To know the responsibilities of top management and how to execute
responsibility.
5. To analyse the working hospital using by analysis of various department.

6—OBJECTIVE.OF.HOSPITAL
TRAINING
1. Hospital training is an observational oriented procedure in which a person is
able to learn practically from their theoretically knowledge.
2. Hospital training helps to study closely the ground level problems regarding
their job profile.
3. Hospital training provides practical knowledge to the students.
4. Hospital training promotes an environment in which student are induced to
adapt themselves quickly to changed circumstances.
5. Hospital training puts the students in real life situations.
6. Hospital training removes the hesitation of the students regarding their working
skills and personality development.
7. Objective of this Hospital is to provide adequate care and treatment to its
patients free of costs (within the limits imposed by scarce resources).
8. Its principal product is medical, surgical and Nursing Service to the patients
and its central concern is the life and health of the patients
9. Hospital Training serve as a source of information on drug utilization.
10.Hospital Training play organize and implement the policies of the pharmacy.
11.Hospital Training maintain strict inventory of all items received and issued.
12.Hospital Training engage in public health activities to improve the well-being
of the population.

7. ABOUT HOSPITAL
1. Hospitals are centers of treatment . people from all corners of the society
and all walks of life coverage here to cure themselves of their diseases.
2. I did my hospital training Community Health Care Centre,
BALRAMPUR (U.P).
3. They are one of well known government Hospitals in BALRAMPUR.
Backed with a vision to offer the best in patient care and equipped with
technologically advanced healthcare facilities, a team of well trained
medical staff ,non- medical staff and experienced clinical technicians work.
4. It is centre for all types of medical facilities .
5. This training also made me realize the importance of hospitals for people
and how it affects even the day-to-day lives of them .
6. Not only the patients but also the people working in the hospital are truly
dependent on it.
7. This training report comprises of the whole summary of my training in
this hospital and what I learned from that. what I learned from that.
8. Hospitals consist of departments, traditionally called wards, especially when
they have beds for inpatients, when they are sometimes also called inpatient
wards.
9. Hospitals may have acute services such as an emergency department or
specialist trauma center, burn unit, surgery, or urgent care.
10.These may then be backed up by more specialist units such as the Following:
• Emergency department
• Pharmacy unit
• Pathology department
• OPD (Out patient department)

11.Hospital, an institution that is built, staffed, and equipped for the diagnosis
of disease; for the treatment, both medical and surgical, of the sick and the
injured; and for their housing during this process.
12.Hospitals have long existed in most countries. Developing countries, which
contain a large proportion of the world’s population, generally do not have
enough hospitals, equipment, and trained staff to handle the volume of
persons who need care.
13.Thus, people in these countries do not always receive the benefits of modern
medicine, public health measures, or hospital care, and they generally have
lower life expectancies.
14.Hospitals may be compared and classified in various ways: by ownership
and control, by type of service rendered, by length of stay, by size, or by
facilities and administration provided. Examples include the general
hospital, the specialized hospital, the short-stay hospital, and the long-
termcare facility.
Fig no. 1: Hospital Front View

8. DIFFERENT DEPARTMENT IN
HOSPITAL
A hospital is a health care institution providing patient treatment with specialized
medical and nursing staff and medical equipment.
Hospitals consist of departments, traditionally called wards, especially when they
have beds for inpatients, when they are sometimes also called inpatient wards.
Hospitals may have acute services such as an emergency department or specialist
trauma center, burn unit, surgery, or urgent care.
These may then be backed up by more specialist units such as the Following:
1. Emergency department
2. Pharmacy unit
3. Pathology department
4. OPD (Out patient department)
5. Ophthalmoscopy Room
6. Obstetrics and gynaecology & colloquially
7. Maternity ward 8. Store Room

Fig no. 2: Waiting Area
• Approvels :
1. Building build under strict guidance for complete compliance of NABH,
NABL and even international approved JCI norms.
2. Corporate tie up with client like CGHS, ECHS and TPA approval.
3. Tie up with insurance company under approval to give maximum advantage
to the patients.
(I). Facilities provided by Hospital :
1. 24*7 Emergency :
• Providing services for all the time. In order to prioritize treatment for most
sick patients, EDs use a tool called Triage which means sorting out. Those
patients needing immediate life-threatening measures are treated first.
• Those with minor ailments may have to wait. After resuscitation and initial
stabilization patients are either admitted to the indoor area or discharged to
home with a prescription.

• A good ED is equipped with monitors, point-of-care diagnostics, essential
drugs, and other equipment needed for high-quality medical care to the
patient.
• ED works in close association with other departments like radiology,
laboratory, blood bank, etc.
• Emergency Physicians are well supported by other clinical specialists for
optimum care of the patient. EDs also provide initial critical care for patients
waiting for ICU transfer. Accreditation with International and national
bodies such as JCI and NABH, ensures that the quality of care is maintained
by the ED.
• Many of the illnesses like stroke and heart attack need time-critical
interventions.
• EDs ensure that an early diagnosis and interventions are performed in this
critical time.
• EDs cater to medical emergencies like poisonings, complications of
diabetes, respiratory failure, kidney failure, foreign body obstructions,
abnormalities of cardiac rhythm, etc.
• Surgical emergencies such as road traffic accidents, assaults, burns, acute
pain in abdomen, blockage of blood supply to limbs, bleeding or perforation
of intestines, etc.

9. REGISTRATION DESK
1. A Registration desk is an important part of a hospital.
2. The registration desk is often the first contact between the patients and
visitors with the hospital.
3. Anxious patients are welcomed at the registration desk.
4. Registration desk personnel helps patients and visitors to find their way
around the hospital. Complete and accurate patient registration is crucial to
a medical practice's bottom line.
5. Because circumstances and policies change often, staff should confirm and
update patient demographics and insurance information at each visit.
6. Registration provides greater protection for the public.
7. Members of the public can have confidence in knowing that a professional's
standing and qualifications have been independently verified.
8. Registration is the process by which a company files required documents
with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), detailing the
particulars of a proposed public offering.
9. The registration typically has two parts: the prospectus and private filings.
10.All the non-emergency patients who visit the hospital for the first time (for
Out-Patient consultation, Admission) shall get registered at the registration
counter
11.Patient registration is a complex process that requires a considerable amount
of preliminary patient data input, including.
12.Collection of patient demographic information, including personal and
contact information. Patient referral or appointment scheduling.
13.Registration is the process by which a company files required documents
with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), detailing the
particulars of a proposed public offering.
14.Registration desk personnel helps patients and visitors to find their way
around the hospital.
15.Complete and accurate patient registration is crucial to a medical practice's
bottom line. Because circumstances and policies change often, staff should

confirm and update patient demographics and insurance information at each
visit.
16.Registration provides greater protection for the public. Members of the
public can have confidence in knowing that a professional's standing and
qualifications have been independently verified.
(I). Information to be collected at the time of registration :
Following information must be collected from the patient through registration
form –
1. Name
2. Date of Birth
3. Gender
4. Name of guardian (in case the patient is a minor)
5. Relationship with the patient
6. Address
7. Contact number
8. Email address
9. Occupation
10.Health Insurance details (If applicable)
11.Referring doctor’s name (If applicable)
12.For contacting during emergency
• Name of person • Relationship
• Contact number
(II). Information to be provided to a patient getting registered :
1. Patient getting registered must be informed that this is a one-time
registration and will remain valid for the lifetime.
2. He/she should be told about the unique identification number and that it can
be used to access the hospital’s services in future.
3. He/she shall also be informed about how his/her registration details can be
retrieved other than UIN.

(III). Registering an unidentified patient :
1. In case an identified patient is brought to the hospital (such as an
unconscious patient brought by strangers), an incomplete registration shall
be done by entering the name as ‘Unidentified’ followed by a serial number.
2. For example, first unidentified patient shall be written as ‘unidentified-1’
next one as ‘unidentified-2’ and so on.
3. A UIN will still be generated for that patient and healthcare services can be
provided.
4. The incomplete registration shall be completed as soon as identification
details of the patient become available.
(IV). Retrieving the details of a registered patient :
1. UIN can be used for retrieving the details of the patient in any department
of the hospital.
2. However, if the patient has forgotten his/her UIN, the same can be
retrieved from the HIS, by entering other details of the patient such as
name, date of birth, contact number etc.
(V). Confidentiality of Information :
1. The information collected at the time of registration is private information
of the patient and shall be kept confidential.
2. This is an important part of fulfilling patients' rights.
3. The information shall only be used for the purpose of providing healthcare
services.
4. The access of the patients’ information will only be given to specific
departments and staff.
5. This data shall not be revealed to anyone from outside of the hospital. In
certain circumstances, such as legal authorities requesting for information,
the facility head (or a designated authority) shall take the decision.

Fig no. 3: Registration Desk

10. PRESCRIPTION
1. A prescription contains handwritten instructions for the dispensing and
administering of medications.
2. It can be more than an order for drugs as it can also include instructions for
a therapist, the patient, nurse, caretaker, pharmacist or lab technician for
orders for lab test, x ray, and other assessments.
3. Prescription is defined as a written, printed or in any other form document
issued by a Registered Medical Practitioner or any other licensed
practitioners e.g. Dentist, Veterinarian, BAMS etc which directs or instruct
to a Registered Pharmacist to compound and/or dispense a specific type and
quantity of preparation or prefabricated drug to a Patient or his/her
caretaker.
4. Prescription is a way of communication between physician and pharmacist
in which physician and other healthcare professionals authorized pharmacist
to dispense or compound a specific prescription drug for a specific patient
or caretaker. It is often abbreviated ℞ or Rx.
5. Prescriptions may be entered into an electronic medical record system and
transmitted electronically to a pharmacy.
(I). Under Drug and Cosmetic Act, 1945, A Prescription should have
following particulars :
1. Be in writing and be signed by the person giving it with his usual signature
and be dated by him.

2. Specify the name and address of the person for whose treatment it is given,
or the name and address of the owner of the animal if the drug is meant for
veterinary use.
3. Indicate the total amount of the medicine to be supplied and the dose to be
taken.
(II). Contents of the Prescription :
1. Prescribers office information: Name, qualification, address & Regn. No.
2. Patient information: Name & address, Age, Sex, Ref. No.
3. Date
4. Rx Symbol (Known as Superscription Part)
5. Medication Prescribed (Known as Inscription Part)
6. Dispensing directions to Pharmacist (Known as Subscription Part)
7. Directions for patient to be placed on label
8. Refill, Special labeling and /or other instructions
9. Prescriber’s signature and license (or) Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA)
number as required.
(III). Section of Prescription :
1. Superscription :
• The heading with the date and the patient’s name, address, age etc.
• This is derived from the Latin word ‘recipe’ which means to take.
• Instruction is given to the pharmacist as well as the patient to take the
medicine as prescribed.
2. Symbol Rx :
• The Rx stands for “recipe” which in latin mean “to take”.
• The symbol is actually the Roman capital letter R which stands for recipere.
• The word recipere is an imperative form of the verb ‘recipe’.
• So the entire symbol originates from the word ‘recipient’, making the
symbol Rx a command, an instruction to ‘take this’ medicine.

3. Inscription :
• The information about medication. It has the name of ingredients and the
amount needed.
• It includes the main ingredient, anything that helps in the action of the drug,
something to modify the effects of the main drug, and the “vehicle” which
makes the medicine more pleasant to take. .

Fig no. 4: Prescription
11. OPD (OUT PATIENT DEPARTMENT)
1. An out patient department is the part of hospital designed for the treatment
of outpatients.
2. This department provides diagnosis and care for patients that do not need to
stay overnight.
3. It is an important part of the overall running of the department.
4. The outpatient department will usually be on the ground floor of the
hospital.
5. Wheel chairs and stretchers are available for non-ambulatory patients.
6. Close at hand will be X-rat facilities, laboratories, the medical record office
and a pharmacy.

7. In the main waiting area there are a range of facilities for the patients and
their families including toilets, public telephones, canteen, and water
dispenser.
8. Some of the hospitals have no separate department for outpatients, so they
may be treated in same department as patients that stay overnight.
9. In CHC Hospital the timing for OPD is 10:00 AM to 2:00 PM.
10.The abbreviation OPD stands for outpatient department.
11.In this area of a hospital, patients that need medical assistance are attended
to.
12.People must pay consultation fees, and the doctor will come to the patient
to perform the required examination.
13.Based on the patient's health, the doctor evaluates the patient, does the
appropriate tests, and then prescribes medication and treatment.
(I). The services provided by OPD are mentioned below:
1. Consultation Chambers:
• Consultation chambers are a department of OPD, where patients are given
information about medical, surgical, dietetics, by experts.
2. Examination Rooms:
• The examination rooms are the departments where the patients are examined
to detect the disease of patients.
3. Diagnostics:
• The samples of Radiology, Pathology, Microbiology, and other clinical
services are collected in the diagnostics department.
4. Pharmacy:
• Pharmacy department comes under OPD where medicines are provided to
the patients.
5. Prevention and wellness :

• OPDs provide guidance to the patients for overall wellness and prevention
of health issues.
• Doctors guide patients to maintain a healthy weight, improve sleep, balance
sugar levels, etc.
6. Diagnosis :
• OPD is the first place where the patient and doctor meet and discuss the
patient's health condition.
• After discussing the issue, the doctor suggests the necessary tests for the
patient.
• The lab tests and MRI scans are conducted in the OPD.
7. Treatment :
• Treatment and minor surgeries can be done in the outpatient department.
• Modern OPD has all the necessary equipment to treat a patient.
• Surgeries such as cuts, wounds, etc., can be easily handled in the modern
OPD.
(II). Importance of OPD in Healthcare Systems :
1. An Outpatient Department is at the entrance of any hospital. It acts as the
first place where the patients and doctors communicate.
2. It is a crucial link between the patients and the healthcare system and is
hence inseparable.
3. It is vital in preventing diseases and ensures fast recovery of the patient.
4. It controls the number of patients in the inpatient ward by providing small
surgeries and treatments.
5. It evaluates the patients, and only those who require a bed or special care
are shifted to the inpatient ward. Thus, saving the number of occupied beds.
• Generally, people that visit for the first time and have minor health are
treated in OPD.

• Doctors conduct tests, provide consultancy, and give prescriptions to the
patient in the OPD.
Fig no. 5: Out Patient Department Room

12. GENERAL WARD
1. A general ward is a large room where people who need medical treatment
stay in general ward.
2. General wards have a cubicle room having eight to ten patients bed and toilet
in wings of the ward.
3. These wards are fully equipped nursing station, attendant couch, qualified
dietitian for diet advice and diet service.
4. In general ward, those patients are only stay who is not suffered from any
chronic disease.
5. People are transferred from the intensive care unit to a general ward when
medical staff decide that they no longer need such close observation and
one-to-one care.
6. General Ward means a Hospital room for the Insured Person’s use during
the Confinement that is a room with more than two patient beds (not
including any companion bed) and one adjoining bathroom.
7. The room has to be air-conditioned. General Ward is defined as a hall that
accommodates up to ten patients.
8. General ward is a common unit where patients who are admitted share the
same room.
9. The ward is equipped with health monitoring systems with one-to-one care
assistance for patients as required.
10.Facilities are catered as per patient's diagnosis, age, comfort and other
essential factors.
11.At most of the medical facilities, there are separate male and female general
wards. Wards for female patients follow guidelines that are independent
from the other types of general wards.
12.To accompany female patients, only female family members or friends are
allowed to wait at the healthcare facility.
13.All the wards are provided with central oxygen, central suction, crash cart,
resuscitation kit, portable suction apparatus and oxygen cylinders, pulse
oximeter, glucometer, etc.

14.Qualified teaching staff, residents and sufficient nursing staff are working
round the clock to monitor and provide care to the patients.
15.These wards are fully-equipped nursing station, Attendant couch, Qualified
dietitian for diet advice and diet service.
16.In general ward, those patients are only stay who is not suffered from any
chronic disease.
(I). This list of medical equipment which are allowing hospitals to
afford to carry reserves for general ward :
1. Hospital Stretchers :
• Transporting patients is very important when dealing with emergencies.
• This piece of equipment is an absolute must-have for hospitals to keep on
hand as patients route through their care.
2. Defibrillators :
• Commonly used in life-threatening situations such as cardiac arrhythmias
or tachycardia, defibrillators restore normal rhythm to the heart.
• They’re essential tools that a hospital always needs backups.
3. Anesthesia Machines :
• Anesthesia machines are designed to provide an accurate and continuous
supply of medical gases to maintain a proper level of anesthesia to a patient.
• Modern anesthesia machines include added tools such as a ventilator,
suction unit, and patient-monitoring devices.
4. Patient Monitors :
• Patient monitors are standard pieces of medical equipment that keep
accurate track of a patient’s condition and state of health during and after
surgery.
• They are necessary for adult, pediatric & neonatal patients

B.PHARM 3RD
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5. Ventilation to maintain >12 ACH
6. Directed air flow: air supply and exhaust grills located so that clean, filtered
air enters from one side of the room, flows across the patient’s bed, exits on
opposite side of the room
7. Positive room air pressure in relation to the corridor. Pressure differential of
( >2.5 Pa / 0.01” water gauge)
8. Monitor and document results of air flow patterns daily using visual
methods (e.g., flutter strips, smoke tubes) or a hand held pressure gauge
9. Protective environment room(s) shall have self-closing devices on all room
exit doors.
10.Maintain back-up ventilation equipment (e.g., portable units for fans or
filters) for emergency provision of ventilation requirements for PE areas and
take immediate steps to restore the fixed ventilation
11.Protective environment rooms have special requirements and considerations
during renovation and construction.
12.Protective environment room perimeter walls, ceiling, and floors, including
penetrations, shall be sealed tightly so that air does not infiltrate the
environment from the outside or from other spaces.
a. Proper construction of windows, doors, and intake and exhaust ports
b. Ceilings: smooth, free of fissures, open joints, crevices
Fig no. 6: General Ward

B.PHARM 3RD
YEAR
33
13. EMERGENCY DEPARTMENT
1. An Emergency Department (ED), also known as an Accident and
Emergency department (A&E), Emergency Room (ER) and Casualty
Department (CD).
2. It is a medical treatment facility specializing in emergency medicine.
3. The emergency department is usually found in a hospital or other primary
care center.
4. Due to the unplanned nature of patient attendance, the department must
provide initial treatment for a broad spectrum of illnesses and injuries, some
of which may be life threatening and require immediate attention.
5. In some countries, emergency departments have become important entry
points for those without other means of access to medical care.
6. The emergency departments of most hospitals operate 24 hours a day,
although staffing levels may varied in an attempt to reflect patient volume.
7. Hospital emergency rooms have served a growing number of people whose
disorders ordinarily do not require immediate attention.
8. Many people, especially those in low-income sections of large cities, find it
difficult to get affordable medical care when they need it and therefore go
to emergency rooms with minor illnesses, including colds. As a result, the
emergency departments are frequently overcrowded.
(I). Roles played by an ED of a hospital:
1. Emergency Department is a session where patient’s vital statistics are
taken
• The first place to go when a person is suffering from a serious illness is the
emergency department of a hospital.
• This is where vital statistics with regards to the person’s health are taken.
• Signs such as blood pressure, body temperature, and whatnot are
documented.
• The doctors and nurses at this department are highly trained to deliver such
services in a timely manner.

B.PHARM 3RD
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34
2. Administration of drugs to the patients :
• After proper examination of the ill individual, ED is also where the
administration of drugs to the patient is carried out.
• Once the doctor on duty has prescribed some drugs based on what is
happening to an individual, the next thing is for the nurses to administer
these drugs.
3. Patients monitoring :
• Another important function of the emergency department in a hospital is the
monitoring of patients’ improvement.
• Though the role of overseeing the patients at all times rests mainly on the
nurses on duty.
• The doctor also comes in periodically to check what improvements have
been recorded compared to the last time of visit.
4. Charting and Discharging :
• While the patient is in the ED of a hospital, the person’s personal
information and medical history are all charted up.
• The reason for taking in all of this information is to give accurate
information to medical personnel that may be in charge of taking care of the
patient if the need arises.
(II). Most people go to EDs with conditions that include:
1. Injuries from accidents :
• A soft tissue injury is damage to the body’s connective tissue, which means
muscles, ligaments and tendons.
• This is the most common type of injury resulting from a car accident.
• Soft tissue injuries can take many forms

• Many of the direct health effects of a burn are secondary to disruption in the
normal functioning of the skin.
• They include disruption of the skin's sensation, ability to prevent water loss
through evaporation, and ability to control body temperature.
Fig no. 7: Emergency Ward

14. PHARMACY DEPARTMENT
1. Hospital pharmacy can usually be found with in the premises of the hospital.
2. Hospital pharmacy usually stock a large range of medications including
more specialized and investigational medications ( medicines that are being
studied but have not been approved),then would be feasible in the
community setting.
3. Hospital pharmacies typically provide medications for the hospitalized
patients only and are not retail establishments.
4. They typically do not provide prescription service to the public.
5. Some hospitals do have retail pharmacies with in them, which sell over the
counter as well as prescription medications to the public, but these are not
the actual hospital pharmacy.
6. Hospital pharmacy ( Dispensary ) is a specialized field of pharmacy that is
integrated into the care of a medical center.
7. These include centers such as a hospital, outpatient clinic, drugdependency
facility, poison control center, drug information center of residential care
facility.
8. The profession involves choosing, preparing, storing, compounding and
dispensing medications for patients in a medical environment
Fig no. 8: Pharmacy Department

(I). Aims of Hospital Pharmacy :
1. The primary mission of hospital pharmacy is to manage the use of
medications in hospitals and other medical centers.
2. Goals include the selection, prescription, procuration, delivery,
administration and review of medications to optimize patient outcomes.
3. It is important to ensure that the right patient, dose, route of administration,
time, drug, information and documentation are respected when any
medication is used.
(II). The duties and responsibilities of a hospital pharmacist are
given below:
1. Compounding and dispensing for indoor and outdoor patient departments.
2. Preparation and sterilization of injectable medications
3. Filing and labeling of medical stocks
4. Proper maintenance of records (especially narcotic medications)
5. Maintaining sufficient stock of emergency medicines
6. Conducting quality check of the source of purchase (medicines, antibiotics,
biological products and other pharmaceutical items)
7. Sharing details of medicine to doctors, specialists, interns, and nurses.
8. Planning and executing the pharmacy & therapeutic committee.
9. Ensuring that the supply of medicines is within the law Devising specific
medication plans that are individualized for patients.
(VIII). The various drugs which are being distributed are:
1. Alusil-C - Antacid chewable tablets
2. Paracetamol tablets and suspension
3. Calcium tablets
4. B-complex tablets
5. Doxycyclin capsules
6. Diclofenac sodium tablets
7. Tramadol tablets
8. Atenolol tablets

9. Levofloxacin capsules
10. Montelukast tablets
11. Aceclofenac tablets
12. Salbutamol Sulphate Tablets
13. Multivitamin capsules
14. Dexamethasone tablets
15. Betamethasopne tablets
16. Theophylline tablets
17. Vitamin c tablets
18. Oflaxacin tablets
Fig no. 9: Medicine Dispensing Room

15. FIRST AID TREATMENT
1. First aid is the aissistance given to any person suffering a sudden illness
or injury with care provided to preserve life, prevent the condition from
worsening , and her to promote recovery.
2. It includes initial intervention in a serious condition prior to professional
medical help being available, such as performing CPR while awaiting an
ambulance, as well as the complete treatment of minor conditions, such as
applying a plaster to cut.
3. First aid generally performed by the layperson , with many people trained
in providing basic level of first aid , and others willing to do so from
acquired knowledge mental health.first aid is an extension of the concept
of first aid to mental health .
4. There are many situations that may require first aid, and many countries
have legislation, regulation, or guidance, which specifies a minimum level
of first aid provision in certain circumstances.
5. This can include specific training or equipment to be available in the
workplace (such as an automated external defibrillator),
6. The provision of specialist first aid cover at public gatherings, or mandatory
first aid training within schools.
7. First aid, however, does not necessarily require any particular equipment or
prior knowledge, and can involve improvisation with materials available at
the time, often by untrained people.
8. First aid is as easy as ABC – Airway, Breathing and CPR
(cardiopulmonary resuscitation).
9. First aid is the support given to a casualty or a sick person for any injury or
sudden illness before the arrival of an ambulance.
10.A qualified paramedical or medical person or before arriving at a facility
that can provide professional medical care.
11.First Aid is not about giving medicine or diagnosing a condition.

12.As a consequence of disaster emergencies or accidents people suffer injuries
which require urgent care and transportation to the nearest healthcare
facility.
(I). Aim Of First Aid :
The primary goal of first aid is to prevent death or serious injury from worsening.
The key aims of first aid can be summarized with the acronym of 'the three Ps'.
1. Preserve life:
• The overriding aim of all medical care which includes first aid, is to save
lives and minimize the threat of death.
• First aid done correctly should help reduce the patient's level of pain and
calm them down during the evaluation and treatment process.
2. Prevent further harm:
• Prevention of further harm includes addressing both external factors, such
as moving a patient away from any cause of harm, and applying first aid
techniques to prevent worsening of the condition, such as applying pressure
to stop a bleed from becoming dangerous.
3. Promote recovery:
• First aid also involves trying to start the recovery process from the illness or
injury, and in some cases might involve completing a treatment, such as in
the case of applying a plaster to a small wound.
 Note : It is important to note that first aid is not medical treatment and cannot
be compared with what a trained medical professional provides. First aid
involves making common sense decisions in the best interest of an injured
person.
(II). First Aid Kit :
• A first aid kit consists of a strong, durable bag or transparent plastic box.
• They are commonly identified with a white cross on a green background.
• A first aid kit does not have to be bought ready-made.

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47

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48
Fig no. 10: Essential content for first aid box
16--ROUTE OF ADMINISTRATION
Fig no.11 : Route of Administration
1. The route of drug administration is simply defined as the path by which a
drug is taken into the body for diagnosis, prevention, cure or treatment of
various diseases and disorders.
2. For a drug to produce its desired therapeutic effect, it must come in contact
with the tissues of organs and cells of tissues by one way or the other; and
for this to take place the drug must be administered in the appropriate
manner.
Route of Administration
Systemic Local
Enteral Parenteral
1. Skin topical
2. Intranasal
3. Ocular drops
4. Inhalational
5. Transdermal
6. Mucosal
throat, Vagina,
Mouth, Ear
1. Intravenous
2. Intramuscular
3. Subcutaneous
4. Intra-arterial
5. Intra-articular
6. Intradermal
1. Oral
2. Sublingual
3. Rectal

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49
3. The route of administration of a medication directly affects the drug
bioavailability, which determines both the onset and the duration of the
pharmacological effect.
4. The choice of route of administration may be influenced by many factors
among which include:
5. Enteral route involves absorption of the drug via the gastrointestinal tract
and includes oral, sublingual, and rectal administration.
6. Parenteral route, on the other hand, refers to any routes of administration that
do not involve drug absorption via the gastrointestinal tract (par = around,
enteral = gastrointestinal), including injection routes (e.g., intravenous route,
intramuscular route, subcutaneous route etc.), inhalational and transdermal
routes.
(I). Different routes of drug administration :
The main routes of drug administration include:
1. Oral route :
• This is the most frequently used route for drug administration. When possible, it
is the first choice for the administration of drugs, since it is both convenient and
economical.
• Drugs administered orally are placed in the mouth and swallowed.
• Most drugs that are given orally are absorbed into the circulation from the
gastrointestinal tract very efficiently within the limits of the physicochemical
properties of the drug concerned.
• Certain drugs are taken orally for their local effects within the bowel e.g.,
antacids for heartburn and ezetimibe for the reduction of cholesterol absorption.
• Oral agents must be able to withstand the acidic environment of the stomach and
must permeate the gut lining before entering the bloodstream.
• The most popular oral dosage forms are tablets, capsules, suspensions, solutions,
and emulsions.
2. Sublingual/ Buccal route :
• In this route of administration, the drug is placed under the tongue (sublingual
route) or between gums and inner lining of the cheek (buccal route).

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Fig no. 12: Different route of Administration 18.

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17- INJECTION
1. Injections, also known as shots, deliver liquid medications, fluids, or nutrients directly
into a person’s body.
2. A healthcare professional can use injections to administer vaccines and other types of
medications into a person’s vein, muscle, skin or bone.
3. Several different types of injections exist, depending on the purpose of the medication
or substance in the shot.
4. A healthcare professional can inject many medications into many parts of the body.
5. They will decide the most appropriate route of access depending on the situation.
6. Most injections consist of needle and syringe.
7. A doctor may also use a newer device, such as auto and jet injection.
8. Doctor will decide the most appropriate route of access depending on the situation.
9. An injunction is a legal ruling by a judge that mandates an individual or other entity to
either stop or start some action.
10.The three main instances of an injunction are restraining orders, preliminary
(temporary) injunctions, and permanent injunctions.
11.Cease and desist orders are a common type of injunction that demands an individual or
entity to stop some activity.
12.Injunctions are also used by a court when monetary restitution isn't sufficient to remedy
the harm. For example, in addition to making a financial judgment against a defendant,
a court might issue a permanent injunction ordering that the defendant does not
participate in a certain activity or business.
13.All injections are considered forms of parenteral adminiseration, which avoids the first
pars metabolism which would potentially affect a medication absorbed through the GI
tract.
(I). Parental routes of administration
An injection is an infusion method of putting fluid into the body , usually with a syringe and
a hollow needle which is pierced through the skin to a sufficient depth for the material to be
administered into the body.
1. Intradermal injection :

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• Intradermal injection of small amounts of material into the corium or substance of the
skin done in diagnostic procedures and in administration of regional anesthetics, as well
as in treatment procedures.
• In certain allergy tests, the allergen is injected intracutaneously.
• In this, medication is delivered directly into the dermis, the layer just below the
epidermis of the skin.
• The injection is often given at a 5 to 15 degree angle with the needle placed almost flat
against the patient’s skin.
Fig no. 13: Intradermal Injection
2. Intramuscular injection :
• Intramuscular injection injection into the muscle of the upper arm , thigh or buttock at
900
angle.
• Intramuscular injections are given when the substance is to be absorbed quickly .
• They should be given with the extreme care , especially in the buttock , because the
sciatic nerve may be injured or a large blood vessel may be entered if the injection is
not made correctly into the upper , outer quadrant of the buttock.
• The speed of absorption from site of injection is dependent on the vehicle used,
absorption is quick from aqueous solutions and slow from oily preparations.
• Absorption is complete, predictable and faster than subcutaneous route.

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Fig no. 14: Intramuscular Injection
3. Subcutaneous injection :
• Subcutaneous injection made into the subcutaneous tissues.
• Although usually fluid medications are injected, occasionally solid materials such as
steroid hormones may be injected in small, slowly absorbed pellets to prolong their
effect.
• Subcutaneous injections may be given wherever there is subcutaneous tissue, usually
in the upper outer arm or thigh.
• This method is particularly useful when continuous presence of the drug in the tissues
is needed over a long period.
• The usefulness of this method is enhanced by the use of depot preparations from which
the drug is released more slowly than it is from simple solution rosis (deadening of
tissues) at the site of injection. E.g. Insulin

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Fig no. 15: Subcutaneous injection
4. Intravenous injection :
• Intravenous is a term that means “into the vein” Intravenous medication administration
occurs when a needle is inserted into a vein and medication is administered through
that needle.
• the needle is usually placed in a vein near the elbow, the wrist , or on the back of the
hand different sites can be used if necessary.
• Drug solution is injected directly into the lumen of a vein so that it is diluted in the
venous blood.
• The drug is carried to the heart and circulated to the tissues.
• Drugs in oily vehicle or those that cause haemolysis should not be given by this route.
• Since the drug is introduced directly into the blood, the desired concentration of the
drug is achieved immediately which is not possible by any other procedure.
• This route is of prime importance in emergency.
• Also certain irritant drugs could be given by this route.
• Also this is the only route for giving large volume of drugs. Eg- Blood transfusion.
• The injection is often given at 25 degree.

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Fig no. 16: Intravenous Injection
5. Intrathecal Injection:
• Blood brain barrier often prevents the entry of certain drugs into the central nervous
system.
• Thus when local and rapid effects of drugs on meanings are desired the drugs are
injected to the Subarachnoid space and effects of the drugs are then localized to the
spinal nerves and meanings e.g. intrathecal injection of streptomycin in tuberculosis
and meningitis used to be used by this route but with the invention of third generation
cephalosporin’s it is not used any more to treat these conditions.
• The injection of local anesthetics for the induction of spinal anesthesia is given by this
route. Eg- spinal anasthetics.

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Fig no. 17: Intrathecal Injection
6. Intraperitoneal Injection:
• The peritoneum offers a large absorbing surface area from which the drugs enter the
circulation rapidly but primarily by way of portal vein.
• Hence first pars effect not avoided.
• This is probably the most widely used route of drug administration in laboratory
animals.
17(I). VARIOUS INJECTIONS

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18. DRESSING
1. A dressing is a sterile pad or compress applied to a wound to promote healing and
protect the wound from further harm.
2. A dressing is designed to be in direct contact with the wound as distinguished from
a bandage , where is most often used to hold a dressing in place many modern
dressings are self – adhesive .
3. .
Dressings are also important to help:
• Stop bleeding and start clotting so the wound can heal.
• Absorb any excess blood plasma and other fluids.
• Wound debridement.
• Begin the healing process.
Fig no. 22: Dressing

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19. PATHOLOGY DEPARTMENT & BLOOD
BANK
1. Pathology is a branch of medical science primarily concerning the cause,
origin and nature of disease.
2. It involves the examination of tissues, organs, bodily fads and autopsies in
order to study and diagnose disease.
3. These labs perform tests to monitor the prevalence of certain diseases in the
community which are a public health concern, such as outbreaks of foodborne
or waterborne illnesses or detection of unique infectious agents.
4. The Department of Pathology is dedicated to understanding the complexities
of the general study of diseases of the human body systems, blood diseases
and forensic and to focus on the development of the key skills and expert
knowledge-base necessary to accelerate career development and promote
excellence in clinical care.
5. A blood bank is a center where blood gathered as a result of blood donation is
stored and preserved for later use in blood transfusion.
6. The term "blood bank" typically refers to a division of a hospital where the
storage of blood product occurs and where proper testing is performed.
Fig no. 23: Pathology Department

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3. Glucose test :
• Both low blood sugar (hypoglycemia) and high blood sugar
(hyperglycemia) are of concern for patients who take insulin. It is important,
therefore, to carefully monitor blood glucose levels.
• In general, patients with type I diabetes need to take readings four or more
times a day.
Patients should aim for the following
a. Pre-meal glucose levels of 70 - 130 mg/dL.
b. Post-meal glucose levels of less than 180 mg/dL.
4. Urine test :
• A urinalysis or urine test is a non-invasive procedure to check for the
composition of urine, which is helpful in detecting some types of medical
conditions like diabetes, urinary tract infection, and kidney-related diseases,
to name a few.
5. Blood group test :
• A test to determine a person's Blood type is known as Blood typing.
• If you need a Blood transfusion or plan to donate Blood , a test is required.
• Because not all Blood types are compatible, knowing your Blood Group is
crucial.
• Receiving Blood that isn't compatible with your Blood type can result in a
hazardous immunological reaction.
Blood Type A B O AB
RH- Positive A+ B+ O+ AB+
RH- Negative A- B- O- AB-

Fig no. 24: Blood group table
19(I). SOME PATHOLOGY REPORTS
Fig no. 25: CBC report

20. OPHTHALMOSCOPY ROOM
1. It is used to detect and evaluate symptoms of retinal detachment or eye
diseases such as glaucoma.
2. Ophthalmoscopy may also be done if you have signs or symptoms of high
blood pressure, diabetes, or other diseases that affect the blood vessels.
3. The Department of Ophthalmology at CHC Hospital is aimed to provide a
comprehensive range of medical and surgical eye care to patients of every
age group.
4. The department specializes in treating conditions like Cataracts,
Glaucoma, Squint, Retinal Diseases, Congenital and Acquired Deformities,
Amblyopia, and Paediatric cataracts.
5. Integrated with sophisticated diagnostic and microsurgical equipment, the
department complies with the best standards of quality to deliver excellent
patient care.
6. The Ophthalmology Department takes great pride in its team of highly
experienced surgeons and paramedical experts.
7. The team ensures precision and accuracy of treatment with optimal care and
facilities to recover post-treatment.

Fig no. 27: Ophthalmoscopy Room

18.Pupilometer : A device that can measure the distance between pupils, or their
response to visual stimuli.
19.Retinoscope : An instrument to shine light into an individual’s eye in order to
observe the reflection off his or her retina.
20.Schiotz tonometer : A device for measuring the intraocular pressure.
21.Vertometer : An ophthalmic instrument for determining dioptric power of a lens.
22.Volk lens : An instrument for examining the tissues of the eye’s posterior
segment.
Fig no. 28: Inner view of Ophthalmoscopy Room

Mansoor Ansari (Hospital Training Report 5th sem ) AKTU..pdf

Mansoor Ansari (Hospital Training Report 5th sem ) AKTU..pdf

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