Direct memory access (DMA) allows peripheral devices to access main memory directly without intervention of the central processing unit (CPU). This improves data transfer speeds between peripherals like hard disks and memory. During a DMA transfer, the peripheral device takes control of the system bus temporarily from the CPU. A DMA controller manages DMA requests and data transfers between peripherals and memory to maximize efficiency.
Human resources refer to people's skills and abilities that can be utilized by an organization. Developing human resources is important and can be done through encouraging investment in education, increasing collaboration with foreign countries, and handing over techniques. Vietnam has some advantages in human resources due to its large, young population, but also faces disadvantages such as low educational quality and lack of skilled labor.
Ukiyo-e were woodblock prints produced in Japan between the 16th-20th centuries that depicted scenes of everyday life. They originated in Kyoto and gained popularity in the 18th century, originally focusing on subjects like kabuki actors, landscapes, and beautiful women. Ukiyo-e evolved from using just black ink to incorporating color and being mass produced using advanced woodblock printing techniques. Famous Ukiyo-e artists included Hokusai, Hiroshige, and Kunisada, who are renowned for their colorful prints of actors, landscapes, and beauty.
Ionizing radiation was discovered in 1895 by Wilhelm Roentgen. Exposure to radiation can cause both early and late biological effects on the skin, gonads, blood counts, and chromosomes. Early effects include acute radiation syndrome and occur after high single exposures over a short period. Late effects include cancer risk and may not appear for months or years. Studies of atomic bomb survivors in Hiroshima and Nagasaki showed increased leukemia occurrence and mental retardation from radiation exposure. While radiation poses risks, it is only dangerous when not properly understood.
This document discusses the Effortless English method for learning English. It outlines the concepts of Effortless English, which involves learning English as a child does through listening, speaking, reading, and writing. The method was created by AJ Hoge and focuses on using English rather than just learning grammar. The advantages of this method are described as being more interesting and building confidence compared to traditional methods, while allowing someone to learn English faster and speak it well through focused practice over 3 to 6 months.
The endocrine system involves communication between glands and target cells through chemical messengers called hormones. The pituitary gland located at the base of the brain regulates other endocrine glands through feedback loops. It has an anterior and posterior lobe. The thyroid gland produces the hormones thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) which affect metabolism. Thyroxine is converted to the active T3 in target cells. The thyroid synthesizes these hormones by binding iodine to tyrosine residues on thyroglobulin within its follicles.
Direct memory access (DMA) allows peripheral devices to access main memory directly without intervention of the central processing unit (CPU). This improves data transfer speeds between peripherals like hard disks and memory. During a DMA transfer, the peripheral device takes control of the system bus temporarily from the CPU. A DMA controller manages DMA requests and data transfers between peripherals and memory to maximize efficiency.
Human resources refer to people's skills and abilities that can be utilized by an organization. Developing human resources is important and can be done through encouraging investment in education, increasing collaboration with foreign countries, and handing over techniques. Vietnam has some advantages in human resources due to its large, young population, but also faces disadvantages such as low educational quality and lack of skilled labor.
Ukiyo-e were woodblock prints produced in Japan between the 16th-20th centuries that depicted scenes of everyday life. They originated in Kyoto and gained popularity in the 18th century, originally focusing on subjects like kabuki actors, landscapes, and beautiful women. Ukiyo-e evolved from using just black ink to incorporating color and being mass produced using advanced woodblock printing techniques. Famous Ukiyo-e artists included Hokusai, Hiroshige, and Kunisada, who are renowned for their colorful prints of actors, landscapes, and beauty.
Ionizing radiation was discovered in 1895 by Wilhelm Roentgen. Exposure to radiation can cause both early and late biological effects on the skin, gonads, blood counts, and chromosomes. Early effects include acute radiation syndrome and occur after high single exposures over a short period. Late effects include cancer risk and may not appear for months or years. Studies of atomic bomb survivors in Hiroshima and Nagasaki showed increased leukemia occurrence and mental retardation from radiation exposure. While radiation poses risks, it is only dangerous when not properly understood.
This document discusses the Effortless English method for learning English. It outlines the concepts of Effortless English, which involves learning English as a child does through listening, speaking, reading, and writing. The method was created by AJ Hoge and focuses on using English rather than just learning grammar. The advantages of this method are described as being more interesting and building confidence compared to traditional methods, while allowing someone to learn English faster and speak it well through focused practice over 3 to 6 months.
The endocrine system involves communication between glands and target cells through chemical messengers called hormones. The pituitary gland located at the base of the brain regulates other endocrine glands through feedback loops. It has an anterior and posterior lobe. The thyroid gland produces the hormones thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) which affect metabolism. Thyroxine is converted to the active T3 in target cells. The thyroid synthesizes these hormones by binding iodine to tyrosine residues on thyroglobulin within its follicles.
B.sc. biochemistry sem 1 introduction to biochemistry unit 3.1 hormonesRai University
The document discusses the key functions and properties of hormones in the endocrine system. It describes how hormones regulate various bodily processes through negative feedback mechanisms. Hormones are transported through the bloodstream and interact with target tissues through membrane-bound or intracellular receptors to influence metabolic activities and tissue maturation. The endocrine system helps control important body functions such as growth, development, immune response, and reproductive functions.
The document discusses hormone metabolism and the effects of hormones. It describes how hormones are synthesized in one tissue and transported via bloodstream to target other organs. It discusses hormone classification, receptors, signal transduction, and the metabolic effects of key hormones like insulin, glucagon, catecholamines, and thyroid hormones. Insulin is described in more depth, outlining its effects on metabolism, mechanisms of action, and implications in pathologies like diabetes.
Electrophoresis is a technique used to separate charged particles like proteins and nucleic acids. It works by applying an electric field to move particles through a buffer according to their charge and size. Positively charged particles or cations move toward the negative cathode, while negatively charged particles or anions move toward the positive anode. Factors like pH, electric field strength, and properties of the supporting medium affect the rate of particle migration. Common support media include paper, cellulose acetate membranes, agarose or polyacrylamide gels which allow separation of particles based on differences in their electrophoretic mobility. SDS-PAGE is widely used and involves adding SDS detergent to give particles a uniform charge-to-mass ratio,
Hormones are chemical substances produced in one part of the body that travel through the bloodstream and cause changes to structures and functions in distant target organs. There are two main types of hormone receptors - cell surface receptors for water-soluble hormones that generate intracellular messengers, and intracellular receptors for lipid-soluble hormones that alter gene expression. Hormones regulate important bodily functions like growth, metabolism, mood, immune response, reproduction, and preparing the body for events like puberty or stress. The effects of hormones are controlled by their rates of secretion, transport, receptor levels in target tissues, and degradation.
This document discusses sex hormones, specifically estrogens. It notes that estrogens are synthesized in the ovaries and other reproductive organs. The three main types of estrogens are estrone, estradiol, and estriol. Estradiol is the most potent estrogen and plays important roles in sexual development and differentiation between males and females. The document provides details on the structure, biosynthesis, metabolism, and effects of estrogens on various body systems.
This document discusses various oligosaccharides, including disaccharides like maltose, sucrose, and lactose. It describes their composition and properties. Trisaccharides, tetrasaccharides, and pentasaccharides containing glucose, galactose and fructose are also examined. The document concludes with notes on cycloheptamylose and stachyose, and provides a high-level summary of the various carbohydrates covered.
Glucose tolerance test- Indications, contraindications, preparation of a patient, precautions, types of GTT, normal curve, diabetic curve, renal glycosuria, lag curve, Criteria for diagnosis of DM
This document contains a biochemistry quiz with multiple choice and short answer questions testing various concepts. Over 40 questions are presented across topics including enzyme reactions, protein synthesis, laboratory techniques, disease identification, biochemical structures and processes, and metabolic pathways. For each question, the corresponding answer is provided. The quiz covers foundational biochemistry content for medical students.
Mechanism of action of enzymes- By Hurnaum Karishma (Student SSR Medical Coll...Namrata Chhabra
The document summarizes various mechanisms by which enzymes catalyze biochemical reactions. It discusses how enzymes lower the activation energy of reactions by providing alternative transition states through covalent catalysis, acid-base catalysis, catalysis by bond strain, and catalysis by proximity and orientation of substrates. It also explains how enzymes remain unchanged after reactions and greatly increase reaction rates by enhancing the formation of products from substrates.
B.sc. biochemistry sem 1 introduction to biochemistry unit 3.1 hormonesRai University
The document discusses the key functions and properties of hormones in the endocrine system. It describes how hormones regulate various bodily processes through negative feedback mechanisms. Hormones are transported through the bloodstream and interact with target tissues through membrane-bound or intracellular receptors to influence metabolic activities and tissue maturation. The endocrine system helps control important body functions such as growth, development, immune response, and reproductive functions.
The document discusses hormone metabolism and the effects of hormones. It describes how hormones are synthesized in one tissue and transported via bloodstream to target other organs. It discusses hormone classification, receptors, signal transduction, and the metabolic effects of key hormones like insulin, glucagon, catecholamines, and thyroid hormones. Insulin is described in more depth, outlining its effects on metabolism, mechanisms of action, and implications in pathologies like diabetes.
Electrophoresis is a technique used to separate charged particles like proteins and nucleic acids. It works by applying an electric field to move particles through a buffer according to their charge and size. Positively charged particles or cations move toward the negative cathode, while negatively charged particles or anions move toward the positive anode. Factors like pH, electric field strength, and properties of the supporting medium affect the rate of particle migration. Common support media include paper, cellulose acetate membranes, agarose or polyacrylamide gels which allow separation of particles based on differences in their electrophoretic mobility. SDS-PAGE is widely used and involves adding SDS detergent to give particles a uniform charge-to-mass ratio,
Hormones are chemical substances produced in one part of the body that travel through the bloodstream and cause changes to structures and functions in distant target organs. There are two main types of hormone receptors - cell surface receptors for water-soluble hormones that generate intracellular messengers, and intracellular receptors for lipid-soluble hormones that alter gene expression. Hormones regulate important bodily functions like growth, metabolism, mood, immune response, reproduction, and preparing the body for events like puberty or stress. The effects of hormones are controlled by their rates of secretion, transport, receptor levels in target tissues, and degradation.
This document discusses sex hormones, specifically estrogens. It notes that estrogens are synthesized in the ovaries and other reproductive organs. The three main types of estrogens are estrone, estradiol, and estriol. Estradiol is the most potent estrogen and plays important roles in sexual development and differentiation between males and females. The document provides details on the structure, biosynthesis, metabolism, and effects of estrogens on various body systems.
This document discusses various oligosaccharides, including disaccharides like maltose, sucrose, and lactose. It describes their composition and properties. Trisaccharides, tetrasaccharides, and pentasaccharides containing glucose, galactose and fructose are also examined. The document concludes with notes on cycloheptamylose and stachyose, and provides a high-level summary of the various carbohydrates covered.
Glucose tolerance test- Indications, contraindications, preparation of a patient, precautions, types of GTT, normal curve, diabetic curve, renal glycosuria, lag curve, Criteria for diagnosis of DM
This document contains a biochemistry quiz with multiple choice and short answer questions testing various concepts. Over 40 questions are presented across topics including enzyme reactions, protein synthesis, laboratory techniques, disease identification, biochemical structures and processes, and metabolic pathways. For each question, the corresponding answer is provided. The quiz covers foundational biochemistry content for medical students.
Mechanism of action of enzymes- By Hurnaum Karishma (Student SSR Medical Coll...Namrata Chhabra
The document summarizes various mechanisms by which enzymes catalyze biochemical reactions. It discusses how enzymes lower the activation energy of reactions by providing alternative transition states through covalent catalysis, acid-base catalysis, catalysis by bond strain, and catalysis by proximity and orientation of substrates. It also explains how enzymes remain unchanged after reactions and greatly increase reaction rates by enhancing the formation of products from substrates.