1. The document discusses Maxwell's equations which describe electromagnetism and the relationship between electric and magnetic fields. 2. It introduces Maxwell's four equations which unify electricity, magnetism, and optics. The equations show that changing electric fields generate magnetic fields and changing magnetic fields generate electric fields. 3. The document explores how Maxwell's equations led to the prediction of electromagnetic waves including radio waves, proving that light is an electromagnetic wave. This unified different phenomena and had profound implications in physics.

1. ! " !
!
# $ "
" #
$
" # " %
"
" &'( ) *
" + " &,'( " --- " !
* " & '( " % * ! +$
, -
! ' !
% "
. !/ ! & 0(
% & !'! &
1
"
#
#
2 !
3 "
! " "
2 "
1 " 4& 5(
6
"
(
4 " #
" #
7 *
" . "
8 #
% "
&1(
) ! "

2. &.(
)
% 1 ! +$ '0 -
' ! * & .(
%
! & :(
$ . !
2 ;
<
=
= & 0( =
/'0 ! >< 5- .
?
6 @-- &0(
= = 5- @-- = CD ---
* "
2 !
.
Ω& ( ) *
&A Ω( ! "
6 #
1 #
1 !
% " *
!
#
!
2 "
#
7 = ρB
9

3. 7 E " B F
" " -- @
9
GB F
$ ! !! $ 2
" "
1 ' ' !
& ( 8
" *
! "
# ! !
" * . "
& ( " &
(! &
( . "
$
2" "
• 1 ! " & Ω ,Ω AΩ (
.
5

4. • 1
• 2 ! & " =
=(
"
• 2 &3( #
% " " "
• 2 &
@3 (
$ !
. #
"
/ #
!
* !
$
* !
" 8 .
" " A
# "
• 1 ! " & . µ. .(
• 1 " 4!
#
• "
$ , /3
! $4
2"
• 2 !F " " & ' µ'
' ,'( &61( &.1(
• 2
• 1 2
&
(
!
" # " $
%
• / "
! 5
'! ' $
%
& . (
" &
. " ( *
" & !
# ( !
D

5. ! " & ! !
! 8 * ! H
# ( 2
6 ! "
!
1 #
!
"
1 #
" !
. " "
# ! %
% 6 - 5
' 9 !
! !
)
#
% 7 ! " !
! !
& @(
% 8 - 5
' 9 !
!
& IJ
)
# *
% ! " ! !
& -(
& ( # "
C