Liquefied natural gas (LNG) is created by cooling natural gas to liquid form so that it takes up 1/600th the volume, making it more efficient for long-distance transport where pipelines do not exist. The document discusses how LNG is extracted and purified before being cooled and liquefied using processes like the Claude process or cascade process. LNG is then stored in specially designed, double-hulled ships and tanks before being regasified and distributed through pipelines, providing a safer and more environmentally friendly way to transport natural gas.

1. JAYAMOHAN A
2K14
Liquefied Natural Gas

2. Characteristics
 Liquefied natural gas (LNG) is natural gas (predominantly methane, CH4) that
has been converted to liquid form for ease of storage or transport.
 It takes up about 1/600th the volume of natural gas in the gaseous state.
 It is odorless, colorless, non toxic and noncorrosive.
 The liquefaction process involves removal of certain components, such as dust,
acid gases, helium, water, and heavy hydrocarbons.
 The natural gas is then condensed into a liquid at close to atmospheric
pressure −162 °C (−260 °F); max transport pressure is s25 kPa (4 psi).

3.  This makes LNG cost efficient to transport over long distances where pipelines
do not exist.
 LNG is principally used for transporting natural gas to markets, where it is
re-gasified and distributed as pipeline natural gas.
 The gas is first extracted and transported to a processing plant where it is
purified by removing any condensates such as water, oil, mud, as well as other
gases such as CO2 and H2S.
 Remove trace amounts of mercury from the gas stream to prevent mercury
amalgamating with aluminum in the cryogenic heat exchangers. The gas is
then cooled down in stages until it is liquefied. LNG is finally stored in storage
tanks and can be loaded and shipped.

4. Principle
 Robert Boyle had derived the inverse relationship between the pressure
and the volume of gases.
 Because of large volumes it is not practical to store natural gas, as a gas,
near atmospheric pressure. However, if it can be liquefied it can be
stored in a volume 600 times smaller. This is a practical way to store it
but the gas must be stored at 260°F (162°C).
 There are two processes for liquefying natural gas in large quantities.
The Claude process.
The cascade process.

5.  Russia and Qatar, countries with the largest and the third largest natural gas
reserves in the world.
 The most important gas quality concerns involve the sulphur and mercury
content and the calorific value.
 LNG is transported in specially designed ships with double hulls protecting the
cargo systems from damage or leaks. There are several special leak test
methods available to test the integrity of anLNG vessel's membrane cargo
tanks.
 The tankers cost around US$200 million.

6.  Natural gas is less dense, even at higher pressures. Natural gas will travel
much faster than oil through a high pressure pipeline, but can transmit only
about a fifth of the amount of energy per day due to the lower density. Natural
gas is usually liquefied to LNG at the end of the pipeline, prior to shipping.
 Natural gas could be considered the most environmentally friendly fossil fuel,
because it has the lowest CO2 emissions per unit of energy
 In its liquid state, LNG is not explosive and can not burn. For LNG to burn, it
must first vaporize, then mix with air in the proper proportions

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