This document provides an overview of computer networking fundamentals. It covers topics such as network types (LANs and WANs), common network architectures (client-server, peer-to-peer, mainframe), OSI and TCP/IP models, Ethernet technologies, and common network devices (hubs, switches, routers). Each layer of the OSI model is described along with its purpose and functions. Ethernet cabling types and speeds are also outlined. The document serves as an introductory guide to basic internetworking concepts.
This document lists 5 subjects for a 2nd semester PGDCA program: System Analysis And Design, VB.net, Internet and E Commerce, Tally / C++, and a Project. Students will take courses covering system analysis and design, visual basic programming, e-commerce and the internet, accounting software or C++ programming, and work on a semester-long project.
This document provides an overview of computer networking fundamentals. It covers topics such as network types (LANs and WANs), common network architectures (client-server, peer-to-peer, mainframe), OSI and TCP/IP models, Ethernet technologies, and common network devices (hubs, switches, routers). Each layer of the OSI model is described along with its purpose and functions. Ethernet cabling types and speeds are also outlined. The document serves as an introductory guide to basic internetworking concepts.
This document lists 5 subjects for a 2nd semester PGDCA program: System Analysis And Design, VB.net, Internet and E Commerce, Tally / C++, and a Project. Students will take courses covering system analysis and design, visual basic programming, e-commerce and the internet, accounting software or C++ programming, and work on a semester-long project.
This document provides instructions for creating a database in Microsoft Access 2007. It begins by explaining how to start Access and select a blank database template. It then guides the user through saving the database file and gives an overview of the new tabs and ribbons interface in Access 2007. The main content focuses on designing a table by adding field names like "Last Name" and selecting the appropriate data type for each field. The goal is to build a personnel database by breaking information like names and addresses into individual fields.
The document discusses advanced switching concepts including the Spanning Tree Protocol (STP), virtual LANs (VLANs), and the VLAN Trunking Protocol (VTP). STP builds a logical topology to prevent loops, elects a root bridge, and puts ports in different states. VLANs segment broadcast domains and provide benefits like security and flexibility. VTP manages VLAN configurations across trunk links within the same VTP domain.
The document discusses various topics related to Linux administration. It covers Unix system architecture, the Linux command line, files and directories, running programs, wildcards, text editors, shells, command syntax, filenames, command history, paths, hidden files, home directories, making directories, copying and renaming files, and more. It provides an overview of key Linux concepts and commands for system administration.
Here are the key differences between relative and absolute paths in Linux:
- Relative paths specify a location relative to the current working directory, while absolute paths specify a location from the root directory.
- Relative paths start from the current directory, denoted by a period (.). Absolute paths always start from the root directory, denoted by a forward slash (/).
- Relative paths are dependent on the current working directory and may change if the working directory changes. Absolute paths will always refer to the same location regardless of current working directory.
- Examples:
- Relative: ./file.txt (current directory)
- Absolute: /home/user/file.txt (from root directory)
So in summary, relative paths
The document provides details about creating tables in Microsoft Access, including data types, field properties, adding and modifying fields and records, sorting, filtering, and rearranging data. The main types of data in MS Access are listed as text, number, date/time, currency, memo, hyperlink, and OLE object. Steps for creating a table using the design view, wizard, or by entering data are described. Methods for adding, editing, deleting fields and records, importing/exporting tables between databases, and sorting/filtering data are also summarized.
Windows 7 provides a desktop interface with a taskbar and icons. The start menu has been streamlined without "My" sections and recently used programs now have jump lists. Libraries allow for new ways of file management. The taskbar displays open programs and applications can be pinned to it. Notifications display in the notification area and security settings like Windows Defender and Windows Firewall help protect the system.
This document provides information about the tools and functions in Corel Draw. It describes 27 different tools in the toolbox including selection, text, shape, and editing tools. It also explains various interface elements like the menu bar, property bar, rulers, and scroll bars. The document outlines features for working with pages, layers, colors, and files. Key functions covered include drawing, formatting, arranging objects, and printing.
JavaScript is one of three core web programming languages, used to program the behavior of web pages. It can be used to define variables of different data types like numbers, strings, arrays, and objects. JavaScript includes various operators for assignment, arithmetic, comparison and logical operations. Key events that JavaScript can handle include onclick, onload, onmouseover, onsubmit, and onunload.
Web hosting involves purchasing domain space from an internet service provider like BSNL, Airtel, Reliance, etc. Domain names end with extensions like .com, .in, .edu, etc which indicate the type of website. Purchasing domain space provides file storage space on a server, a user ID and password to access the files, and the ability to create a website using software like Big Rock or Front Page.
This 3 sentence document summary provides essential information about the submitted work:
The document is a practical record on computer programming submitted to Mrs. Rakhi Thakur by Pratibha Kushwaha, a 6th semester electronics engineering student with roll number 12020E06037.
This document appears to be describing various tools and features in a page layout or design program. It lists items like PageMaker, Tool Box, Color plate, Control palate, Scale/ruler, page, Page controller, and Past board, Area which seem to refer to different sections, menus or panels in a graphic design interface.
The document discusses operating systems and the MS-DOS operating system. It provides information on the main components of an operating system including the kernel, shell, and hardware/software management. It then describes key aspects of MS-DOS such as its command-line interface, single-tasking nature, file types (COM, MSDOS.SYS, IO.SYS), and common internal and external commands like DIR, COPY, DEL, FORMAT. The document provides details on how to use many basic MS-DOS commands and functions.
This document is a practical record submitted by Pratibha Kushwaha, a 6th semester electronics engineering student with roll number 12020E06037, to A.K. Dubey on consumer electronics.
The document discusses different generations of programming languages from binary machine code to modern high-level languages like Java and C++. It also covers key concepts in C programming like data types, operators, control structures, arrays, and pointers. Some key points covered include the differences between interpreters and compilers, common C operators and keywords, basic input/output functions, and how for, while, and do-while loops work.
This 3 sentence document summary provides an overview of the submitted work:
The document is a practical record submitted by Pratibha Kushwaha, a 6th semester electronics engineering student with roll number 12020E06037, to their professor Mrs. Jyoti Gupta on advanced communication topics.
This document provides instructions for creating a database in Microsoft Access 2007. It begins by explaining how to start Access and select a blank database template. It then guides the user through saving the database file and gives an overview of the new tabs and ribbons interface in Access 2007. The main content focuses on designing a table by adding field names like "Last Name" and selecting the appropriate data type for each field. The goal is to build a personnel database by breaking information like names and addresses into individual fields.
The document discusses advanced switching concepts including the Spanning Tree Protocol (STP), virtual LANs (VLANs), and the VLAN Trunking Protocol (VTP). STP builds a logical topology to prevent loops, elects a root bridge, and puts ports in different states. VLANs segment broadcast domains and provide benefits like security and flexibility. VTP manages VLAN configurations across trunk links within the same VTP domain.
The document discusses various topics related to Linux administration. It covers Unix system architecture, the Linux command line, files and directories, running programs, wildcards, text editors, shells, command syntax, filenames, command history, paths, hidden files, home directories, making directories, copying and renaming files, and more. It provides an overview of key Linux concepts and commands for system administration.
Here are the key differences between relative and absolute paths in Linux:
- Relative paths specify a location relative to the current working directory, while absolute paths specify a location from the root directory.
- Relative paths start from the current directory, denoted by a period (.). Absolute paths always start from the root directory, denoted by a forward slash (/).
- Relative paths are dependent on the current working directory and may change if the working directory changes. Absolute paths will always refer to the same location regardless of current working directory.
- Examples:
- Relative: ./file.txt (current directory)
- Absolute: /home/user/file.txt (from root directory)
So in summary, relative paths
The document provides details about creating tables in Microsoft Access, including data types, field properties, adding and modifying fields and records, sorting, filtering, and rearranging data. The main types of data in MS Access are listed as text, number, date/time, currency, memo, hyperlink, and OLE object. Steps for creating a table using the design view, wizard, or by entering data are described. Methods for adding, editing, deleting fields and records, importing/exporting tables between databases, and sorting/filtering data are also summarized.
Windows 7 provides a desktop interface with a taskbar and icons. The start menu has been streamlined without "My" sections and recently used programs now have jump lists. Libraries allow for new ways of file management. The taskbar displays open programs and applications can be pinned to it. Notifications display in the notification area and security settings like Windows Defender and Windows Firewall help protect the system.
This document provides information about the tools and functions in Corel Draw. It describes 27 different tools in the toolbox including selection, text, shape, and editing tools. It also explains various interface elements like the menu bar, property bar, rulers, and scroll bars. The document outlines features for working with pages, layers, colors, and files. Key functions covered include drawing, formatting, arranging objects, and printing.
JavaScript is one of three core web programming languages, used to program the behavior of web pages. It can be used to define variables of different data types like numbers, strings, arrays, and objects. JavaScript includes various operators for assignment, arithmetic, comparison and logical operations. Key events that JavaScript can handle include onclick, onload, onmouseover, onsubmit, and onunload.
Web hosting involves purchasing domain space from an internet service provider like BSNL, Airtel, Reliance, etc. Domain names end with extensions like .com, .in, .edu, etc which indicate the type of website. Purchasing domain space provides file storage space on a server, a user ID and password to access the files, and the ability to create a website using software like Big Rock or Front Page.
This 3 sentence document summary provides essential information about the submitted work:
The document is a practical record on computer programming submitted to Mrs. Rakhi Thakur by Pratibha Kushwaha, a 6th semester electronics engineering student with roll number 12020E06037.
This document appears to be describing various tools and features in a page layout or design program. It lists items like PageMaker, Tool Box, Color plate, Control palate, Scale/ruler, page, Page controller, and Past board, Area which seem to refer to different sections, menus or panels in a graphic design interface.
The document discusses operating systems and the MS-DOS operating system. It provides information on the main components of an operating system including the kernel, shell, and hardware/software management. It then describes key aspects of MS-DOS such as its command-line interface, single-tasking nature, file types (COM, MSDOS.SYS, IO.SYS), and common internal and external commands like DIR, COPY, DEL, FORMAT. The document provides details on how to use many basic MS-DOS commands and functions.
This document is a practical record submitted by Pratibha Kushwaha, a 6th semester electronics engineering student with roll number 12020E06037, to A.K. Dubey on consumer electronics.
The document discusses different generations of programming languages from binary machine code to modern high-level languages like Java and C++. It also covers key concepts in C programming like data types, operators, control structures, arrays, and pointers. Some key points covered include the differences between interpreters and compilers, common C operators and keywords, basic input/output functions, and how for, while, and do-while loops work.
This 3 sentence document summary provides an overview of the submitted work:
The document is a practical record submitted by Pratibha Kushwaha, a 6th semester electronics engineering student with roll number 12020E06037, to their professor Mrs. Jyoti Gupta on advanced communication topics.
3. Type of Operating System
• CUI Character User Interface
– Exp – DOS, Unix (1980-1995)
• GUI Graphical User Interface
• Exp Windows XP, Linux
• Android OS, IOS
4. Compare with windows
• Windows not Free
• Windows सौर्सर्स कोड उपलब्ध नहीं हैं
• िसक्यूरिरिटी नहीं है
• िविंडोज विंायरिस आ जाता है
• मजबूरत नहीं है
• Linux is Free
• सौर्सर्स कोड उपलब्ध है
• स्ट्रोंग िसक्यूरिरिटी है
• िलनक्स में विंायरिस नहीं फै लता
• मजबूरत ऑपरिेटिटग िसस्टम
• POSIX Operating System
• Portable operating system
interface फॉरि unix
• इसकेट बहुत सारिेट प्रकारि है
j
5. िहस्ट्री ऑफ़ िलनक्स
• िलनुस टोविंार्सल्ड्स (Linus Torvlds ) 1991
• Kernel का िनमार्सण िकया औरि इन्टरिनेटट में मुफ्त
उपलब्ध करिाया गया िजसेट कोई भी उपयोग करि
सकता है एविंं उसकेट सौर्रिस कोड का प्रयोग करि
िविंकिसत करि सकता है
6. िलिनक्स की िविशेषताएं
• िलिनक्स नेटविकर्क के अनुकूलि है
• िलिनक्स मल्टी यूजर ऑपरेिटग िसस्टम है
• िलिनक्स का सोर्सर्क कोर्ड ओपन है
• िलिनक्स फ्री है
• िलिनक्स िविश्वसनीय है
• पोर्िसक्स
7. िलिनक्स के िलिए आविश्यक हाडर्कविेयर
• पेंटिटयम प्रोर्सेसर P4
• Ram 256 MB RAM
• HARDISK SPACE 2 GB
• CD DRIVE
• LINUX PROGRAM SOFTWARE
9. Operating System Part
Hardware (CPU)
Command
Interface,
Interpreter
SHELL
ENGLISH
bin
Central
Process
KERNEL
Hardware
Input output
Instruction
110101
(BINURY)
10. File System In linux
hdd1 hdd2
Root /
Bin Boot Libhome etc dev temp ver
BBH , LED T V
11. 1. boot -: बूटिटिंग प्रोसेस ( POST ) से सम्बंधिधित आवश्यक फाइल
2. home -: सभी यूटजर की पर्सर्सनल फाइल इस फोल्डर पर्र सेव होती है
• उदाहरण - यूटजर १, यूटजर 2 , यूटजर 3 ,यूटजर ४ , सभी की फाइल इनके नाम फोल्डर में स्टिंोर
होगी , ROOT नाम का यूटजर िलनक्स में हमेसा उपर्लब्धि रहता है
3. bin -: इसमें सभी िलनक्स के बाइनरी कमांधड की फाइल उपर्लब्धि रहती है
• Ls,mkdir,cd, who,whoami,
4. etc -: िसस्टिंम फाइल इस फोल्डर में स्टिंोर रहती है (कनर्सल ,यूटजर के िनमार्सण, िलनक्स के
िसस्टिंमे कॉम्पर्ोनेन्टिं )
5. usr : - एप्लीकेशन फाइल के रूपर् में उपर्योग होने वाले सॉफ्टिंवेर फाइल इसमे उपर्लब्धि
रहते है
6. Dev : हाडर्सवेयर डीवाईस को चलाने वाली सभी फाइल इस फोल्डर में उपर्लब्धि रहती है
7. Temp : अस्थाई फाइल जो अल्पर् समय के िलए िविभन्न प्रयोजनों में उपर्योग होती है
8. lib : यह फोल्डर लाइब्रेरी फोल्डर की तरह उपर्योग होता है िजसमे कई तरह के उपर्योगी
फाइल संधधिािरत रहती है
9. Ver : िविभन्न प्रकार की अितिरक्त यूटिटिंिलटिंी फाइल इसमें स्टिंोर होती है
10. Mnt : इस फोल्डर में सभी स्टिंोरेज ड्राइव माउंधटिं होती है , िजनके अन्दर के डाटिंा को हम देख
सकते है
12. कमांधड
• Md
• Cd
• Rd
• Cls
• Dir
• Cd..
• Date
• Del
• Copy
• Ren
• Tree
• Tree
• Type
• Copy con
• Move
• Edit
• More
• Sort
• Backup
• Path
• Find
• Attribe
• Mkdir
• Cd
• Rmdir
• Clear
• Ls
• Cd ..
• Date/time/cal
• Rm
• Cp
• Ren
• Tree
• Pack
• Cat
• Cat
• Mv
• Sh
• More
• Sort
• Bk
• Path
• Grep
• chmode
13. • Login
• Pwd
• Who
• Whoami
• Tty
• Ps
• Kill
• Bc
• Cal
• Vi
• Cut
• Wc
• cmp’
• Find
• Chgrp
• Chown
• telnet
14. • Pwd : Prasent Working Directory < यह करंधटिं डायरेक्टिंरी का नाम िदखता है >
• Ls : यह कमांधड directory में उपर्िस्थत फाइल एवंध फोल्डर को िदखाता है
• Who : यह कमांधड करेंटिं समय में लोिगन होने वाले सभी यूटजर िलस्टिं बताता है
• Whoami : कंध प्यूटटिंर में login यूटजर का नाम बताता है
• Tty : कंध प्यूटटिंर में login यूटजर का नाम टिंिमनल , समय आिद बताता है
• Clear : स्कीन उपर्लब्धि डाटिंा को साफ करता है ,और खली स्कीन उपर्लब्धि कराता है
• Date : िदनांधक शो करता है एवंध िदनांधक बदला जा सकता है
• Time : टिंाइम िदखाता है एवंध टिंाइम बदला जा सकता है
• Cal : इसमें सन डालकर के िलन्डर देखा जा सकता
• Cal 5 2022
• Mkdir- इस कमांधड का प्रयोग िकसी नै डायरेक्टिंरी के िनमार्सण के िलए िकया जाता है
• Cd : directory को बदला जा सकता है
• Rmdir : इस कमांधड के दारा िकसी डायरेक्टिंरी को बदला जा सकता है
• Cd .. : इस कमांधड से हम पर्ैरेंटिं डायरेक्टिंरी में पर्ंधहचा जा सकता है
• Rm : यह कमांधड िकसी फाइल को िरमूटव करने के िलए प्रयोग िकया जाता है
• Cp : यह कमांधड कॉपर्ी कमांधड की तरह िजसे िकसी फाइल को कॉपर्ी करने के िलए उपर्योग िकया जा सकता है
• Ren : िकसी फाइल एवंध डायरेक्टिंरी के नाम को बदला जा सकता है
login <यूटजर नाम >
passward
#सामान्य यूटजर
$पर्ॉवर यूटजर <root>
15. Tree : डायरेक्टिंरी की िलस्टिं ट्री के रूपर् में िदखाता है
Pack : िकसी भी डायरेक्टिंरी को िडलीटिं िकया जा सकता है
Cat : िकसी फाइल को देखा जा सकता है
$ cat file1 <फाइल देिख जा सकती है >
$ cat
<Type kare >
ctrl + d
टिंाइपर् िकया गया मैटिंर स्कीन शो होगा
$ cat > file2 <फाइल का िनमार्सण होगा >
ctrl+d
Mv : इस कमांधड के दारा एक फाइल को दुसरे स्थान पर्र ट्रान्सफर िकया जा सकता है
$ mv <फाइल का नाम > <स्थान का नाम जहा ट्रान्सफर करना है >
Vi : इस कमांधड को फाइल एिडटिंर के रूपर् में प्रयोग िकया जा सकता है
$ vi file1
More : इस कमांधड के दारा िकसी फाइल को पर्ेज बाई पर्ेज देखा जा सकता है
$ more file1
Sort : इस कमांधड के दारा फाइल के अन्दर मैटिंर को कम से जमाया जा
सकता है
16. Chmode : परमिमिशन (Read,Write, Excute )
Owner
Group
World
read r - 1 r+w = 3 , w+x =6, r+x= 5 , r+w+x =7
write w - 2
excute x– 4
chmod file1 556
17. Grep : फाइल के अनदरम िकसी िवशेष पैटनर को करमता है एवं उसे िडसपले करमाता है
Bk