The document discusses different types of simple machines, including levers, pulleys, and the wheel and axle. It defines machines as devices that make work easier. There are two types of simple machines: force magnifiers and movement magnifiers. Levers are described as rigid objects that rotate around a fulcrum. There are three classes of levers based on the relative positions of the effort force, load, and fulcrum. Pulleys and the wheel and axle are also described as simple machines. Examples of these machines and their applications in the human body are provided.

1. LEVERS
K I N E S I O LO G Y P R A C T I C A L
M O S TA FA E L WA N

2. MACHINES:
• Is any device which helps to make work easier
for us.
• Types of machines :
A. Complex Machines: Computer , Cars ,…etc
B. Simple Machines:
The Inclined Plane , The Wedge, The Screw,
Wheel and Axle, The Pulley, The Lever
1. Force magnifiers: Machines which can
overcome a large force using a small force
are called force magnifiers. E.g. car jack
2. Movement or Speed magnifiers : Machines
which provide a bigger movement from a
smaller movement are called movement or
distance multiplier

3. MACHINES:
• Is any device which helps to make work easier
for us.
• Types of machines :
A. Complex Machines: Computer , Cars ,…etc
B. Simple Machines:
The Inclined Plane , The Wedge, The Screw,
Wheel and Axle, The Pulley, The Lever
1. Force magnifiers: Machines which can
overcome a large force using a small force
are called force magnifiers. E.g. car jack
2. Movement or Speed magnifiers : Machines
which provide a bigger movement from a
smaller movement are called movement or
distance multiplier

4. MACHINES:
• Is any device which helps to make work easier
for us. E.g. Levers and pulley system
• Types of machines :
A. Complex Machines.
B. Simple Machines:
The Inclined Plane , The Wedge, The Screw,
Wheel and Axle, The Pulley, The Lever
1. Force magnifiers: Machines which can
overcome a large force using a small force
are called force magnifiers. E.g. car jack
2. Movement or Speed magnifiers : Machines
which provide a bigger movement from a
smaller movement are called movement or
distance multiplier

5. MACHINES:
• Is any device which helps to make work easier
for us. E.g. Levers and pulley system
• Types of machines :
A. Complex Machines.
B. Simple Machines:
The Inclined Plane , The Wedge, The Screw,
Wheel and Axle, The Pulley, The Lever
1. Force magnifiers: Machines which can
overcome a large force using a small force
are called force magnifiers. E.g. car jack
2. Movement or Speed magnifiers : Machines
which provide a bigger movement from a
smaller movement are called movement or
distance multiplier

6. MACHINES:
• Is any device which helps to make work easier
for us. E.g. Levers and pulley system
• Types of machines :
A. Complex Machines.
B. Simple Machines:
The Inclined Plane , The Wedge, The Screw,
Wheel and Axle, The Pulley, The Lever
1. Force magnifiers: Machines which can
overcome a large force using a small force
are called force magnifiers. E.g. car jack
2. Movement or Speed magnifiers : Machines
which provide a bigger movement from a
smaller movement are called movement or
distance multiplier

7. MACHINES:
• Is any device which helps to make work easier
for us. E.g. Levers and pulley system
• Types of machines :
A. Complex Machines.
B. Simple Machines:
The Inclined Plane , The Wedge, The Screw,
Wheel and Axle, The Pulley, The Lever
1. Force magnifiers: Machines which can
overcome a large force using a small force
are called force magnifiers. E.g. car jack
2. Movement or Speed magnifiers : Machines
which provide a bigger movement from a
smaller movement are called movement or
distance multiplier

8. • Is any device which helps to make work easier
for us. E.g. Levers and pulley system
• Types of machines :
A. Complex Machines.
B. Simple Machines:
The Inclined Plane , The Wedge, The Screw,
Wheel and Axle, The Pulley, The Lever
1. Force magnifiers: Machines which can
overcome a large force using a small force
are called force magnifiers. E.g. car jack
2. Movement or Speed magnifiers : Machines
which provide a bigger movement from a
smaller movement are called movement or
distance multiplier
MACHINES:

9. • Is any device which helps to make work easier
for us. E.g. Levers and pulley system
• Types of machines :
A. Complex Machines.
B. Simple Machines:
The Inclined Plane , The Wedge, The Screw,
Wheel and Axle, The Pulley, The Lever
1. Force magnifiers: Machines which can
overcome a large force using a small force
are called force magnifiers. E.g. car jack
2. Movement or Speed magnifiers : Machines
which provide a bigger movement from a
smaller movement are called movement or
distance multiplier
MACHINES:

10. • Is any device which helps to make work easier
for us. E.g. Levers and pulley system
• Types of machines :
A. Complex Machines.
B. Simple Machines:
The Inclined Plane , The Wedge, The Screw,
Wheel and Axle, The Pulley, The Lever
1. Force magnifiers: Machines which can
overcome a large force using a small force
are called force magnifiers. E.g. car jack
2. Movement or Speed magnifiers : Machines
which provide a bigger movement from a
smaller movement are called movement or
distance multiplier
MACHINES:

11. WHAT IS A LEVER?
• Archimedes (288 BC :212 BC) = 68
years
• Give me a Lever long enough and a
Fulcrum on which to place it, and I
shall move the world.
• A lever :is usually a long, rigid object
that moves around a turning point
called a Fulcrum , Pivot or Axis
• You need to put in an Effort to make
the lever move a Load.
• Def: the Lever is a very simple and
common machine that can be used to
reduce the Effort that is needed to get
a job done.

12. LEVER COMPONENT:
• Force or Effort: A push or a pull. The
unit of Force is called the Newton.
Force (F) = Mass x Acceleration ( In
Body : Muscles)
• Resistance or load (In Body : Weight
of Segment Which Pulled by Gravity)
• Fulcrum is an Axis of rotation of the
lever ( in Body Joint Axis or center)
• Effort Arm The part of the lever that
the effort force (Distance From Muscle
Insertion to Fulcrum)
• Resistance Arm The part of the lever
that applies the resistance force
(Distance From COG of the segment
Fulcrum)
• Torque or Moment: Force x Moment
Effort Arm Resistance Arm

13. LEVER COMPONENT:
• Force or Effort: A push or a pull. The
unit of Force is called the Newton.
Force (F) = Mass x Acceleration ( In
Body : Muscles)
• Resistance or load (In Body : Weight
of Segment Which Pulled by Gravity)
• Fulcrum is an Axis of rotation of the
lever ( in Body Joint Axis or center)
• Effort Arm The part of the lever that
the effort force (Distance From Muscle
Insertion to Fulcrum)
• Resistance Arm The part of the lever
that applies the resistance force
(Distance From COG of the segment
Fulcrum)
• Torque : Force x Moment Arm
Effort Arm Resistance Arm

14. LEVER COMPONENT:
• Force or Effort: A push or a pull. The
unit of Force is called the Newton.
Force (F) = Mass x Acceleration ( In
Body : Muscles)
• Resistance or load (In Body : Weight
of Segment Which Pulled by Gravity)
• Fulcrum is an Axis of rotation of the
lever ( in Body Joint Axis or center)
• Effort Arm The part of the lever that
the effort force (Distance From Muscle
Insertion to Fulcrum)
• Resistance Arm The part of the lever
that applies the resistance force
(Distance From COG of the segment
Fulcrum)
• Torque : Force x Moment Arm
Resistance
Arm1
Resistance Arm
2

15. LEVER COMPONENT:
• Force or Effort: A push or a pull. The
unit of Force is called the Newton.
Force (F) = Mass x Acceleration ( In
Body : Muscles)
• Resistance or load (In Body : Weight
of Segment Which Pulled by Gravity)
• Fulcrum is an Axis of rotation of the
lever ( in Body Joint Axis or center)
• Effort Arm The part of the lever that
the effort force (Distance From Muscle
Insertion to Fulcrum)
• Resistance Arm The part of the lever
that applies the resistance force
(Distance From COG of the segment
Fulcrum)
• Torque : Force x Moment Arm
Resistance
Arm1
Resistance Arm
2

16. TERMINOLOGY
• Force:
A. Input Force:
The effort or force you put into a machine .
B. Output Force:
The force the machine produces as a result of the input
force.
• Mechanical Advantage(MA): MA is the ratio between
the input force and the output force. A Mechanical
Advantage is produced when a simple machine
a small input force to produce a greater output force.
MA= Effort moment arm
𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑟𝑚
MA= 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑂𝑢𝑡 (𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒)
𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝐼𝑛 (𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑡)
• Work:
The movement of an object resulting from a force
to it. Work (W)= Force x Distance
• Power:
is the rate at which Work is done. Power is measured in
Watt. Power (P)= Work / Time

17. LEVER CLASSIFICATION :
There are three types of levers:
• First class levers( force) : (EFR)(FAL)
• Second class levers (force):(FRE)(ALF)
• Third class levers (Speed) ,( most
common in body) :(FER), (AFL)

18. CLASSIFICATION OF LEVERS
Item First class levers (FAL) ,
(EFR)
Second class levers
(ALF) , (FRE)
Third class levers (AFL)
,(FER)
Location
EA RA RA EA EA RA
Examples Seesaw , (Effort moves a
distance than the load )
Wheelbarrow Shovel
Mechanical Advantage
(MA):
Produce a large (force)
from a small force (L>E)
Produce a large (force)
from a small force (L>E)
Produce a large
movement from a small
movement (L<E)

19. Item First class levers (FAL) ,
(EFR)
Second class levers (ALF)
, (FRE)
Third class levers (AFL)
,(FER)
Location
EA RA RA EA EA RA
Examples Seesaw , Pliers and side
cutters (Effort moves a longer
distance than the load )
Wheelbarrow
, Nut cracker
Shovel , Tweezers

20. Item First class levers (FAL) ,
(EFR)
Second class levers
(ALF) , (FRE)
Third class levers (AFL)
,(FER)
Location
EA RA RA EA EA RA
Examples Seesaw , Removal of
by Hummer (Effort moves a
longer distance than the load )
Wheelbarrow , Bottle
opener.
Shovel , stapes removal

21. Item First class levers (FAL) ,
(EFR)
Second class levers
(ALF) , (FRE)
Third class levers (AFL)
,(FER)
Location
EA RA RA EA EA RA
Examples Seesaw , Scissors (Effort
moves a longer distance than
the load )
Wheelbarrow , paper
cutter
Shovel , fishing rod

22. Item First class levers (FAL) ,
(EFR)
Second class levers (ALF)
, (FRE)
Third class levers (AFL)
,(FER)
Location
EA RA RA EA EA RA
Examples in Human
being
Tilting head backward Rising heal from ground
(Tip toe standing)
Flexing Elbow

23. Item First class levers (FAL) ,
(EFR)
Second class levers (ALF) ,
(FRE)
Third class levers (AFL)
,(FER)
Location
EA RA RA EA EA RA
Examples in Human being Tilting head backward Rising heal from ground
(Tip toe standing)
Flexing Elbow

24. Item First class levers (FAL) ,
(EFR)
Second class levers
(ALF) , (FRE)
Third class levers (AFL)
,(FER)
Location
EA RA RA EA RA
Examples in Human being Extending Elbow Pushing up Biting food

25. WHAT IS THE EFFORT NEEDED TO MAINTAIN THE
POSITION OF THE KNEE JOINT????

26. WHAT IS THE EFFORT NEEDED TO MAINTAIN THE
POSITION OF THE KNEE JOINT????
• Hamstring moment = segment moment+ weight moment
• Force1 x Moment Arm1=Force2 x Moment Arm2 +Force3 x Moment
Arm3
• ??? N X 0.03m = 40 N x 0.15M + 30 N x 0.5 M
• Hamstring required force =
40x0.15+30x0.5
0.03
= 700 N

27. PULLEYS:
Types of Pulleys:
A. Fixed Pulley
B. Movable Pulley (like class 2
lever ARF)
C. Compound Pulley (combined
pulley)
Example in Human being : Patella
& Lateral Malleolus of Fibula
• Main advantage to change
direction of force

28. PULLEYS:
Types of Pulleys:
A. Fixed Pulley
B. Movable Pulley (like class 2 lever
ARF)
C. Compound Pulley (combined
pulley)
Example in Human being : Patella &
Lateral Malleolus of Fibula
• Main advantage to change direction
of force

29. PULLEYS:
Types of Pulleys:
A. Fixed Pulley
B. Movable Pulley (like class 2 lever
ARF)
C. Compound Pulley (combined
pulley)
Example in Human being : Patella &
Lateral Malleolus of Fibula
• Main advantage to change direction
of force

30. THE WHEEL AND AXLE
• This Simple Machine Involves Two Circular Objects: A
Larger Disc And A Smaller Cylinder, Both Joined At
Center. The Larger Disc Is Called The Wheel, And The
Smaller Cylindrical Object Or Rod Is Referred To As
Axle.
• Class One Lever: Fulcrum Is Where The Axle Meets
Wheel
1. Force Applied To Wheel: Screwdriver & Door Knob.
Example In Human Being : vertebrae and rip
cage
MA = 𝑅𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑙
𝑅𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐴𝑥𝑙𝑒
2. Force Applied To Axle: Ceiling Fan
Example In Human Being : Humerus and forearm
MA = 𝑅𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐴𝑥𝑙𝑒
𝑅𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑙

31. THE WHEEL AND AXLE
• This Simple Machine Involves Two Circular Objects: A
Larger Disc And A Smaller Cylinder, Both Joined At
Center. The Larger Disc Is Called The Wheel, And The
Smaller Cylindrical Object Or Rod Is Referred To As
Axle.
• Class One Lever: Fulcrum Is Where The Axle Meets
Wheel
1. Force Applied To Wheel: Screwdriver & Door Knob.
Example In Human Being : vertebrae and rib
MA = 𝑅𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑙
𝑅𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐴𝑥𝑙𝑒
2. Force Applied To Axle: Ceiling Fan
Example In Human Being : Humerus and forearm
MA = 𝑅𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐴𝑥𝑙𝑒
𝑅𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑙

32. THE WHEEL AND AXLE
• This Simple Machine Involves Two Circular Objects: A
Larger Disc And A Smaller Cylinder, Both Joined At
Center. The Larger Disc Is Called The Wheel, And The
Smaller Cylindrical Object Or Rod Is Referred To As
Axle.
• Class One Lever: Fulcrum Is Where The Axle Meets
Wheel
1. Force Applied To Wheel: Screwdriver & Door Knob.
Example In Human Being : vertebrae and rib
MA = 𝑅𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑙
𝑅𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐴𝑥𝑙𝑒
2. Force Applied To Axle: Ceiling Fan
Example In Human Being : Humerus and forearm
MA = 𝑅𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐴𝑥𝑙𝑒
𝑅𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑙

33. Compound Machine

34. Sprocket Kit
is a Pulley
system
incline plane
Seat screw
Compound Machine