This document discusses the concept of human freedom from multiple perspectives. It examines the positions of total determinism, absolute freedom, and structured freedom. Total determinists like B.F. Skinner believe human behavior is fully determined by external forces, while proponents of absolute freedom like Jean-Paul Sartre believe humans have no constraints on their will. Most philosophers presented argue for a view of structured freedom, where humans have the ability to make free choices but are also influenced by their environment and situation.
Human Freedom; Orthodox Trotskyism/Orthodox One World Government, Democracy, ...Mimic Octopus Man
Written Sunday, July 15, 2023Orthodox Trotskyism/Orthodox One World Government And Democracy Supporting Communism/Trade Union Supporting Communism is good.
OrthodoxTrotskyism/OrthodoxOneWorldGovernmentAndDemocracySupportingCommunism/TradeUnionSupportingCommunismcangetridofmoney.OrthodoxTrotskyism/OrthodoxOneWorldGovernmentAndDemocracySupportingCommunism/TradeUnionSupportingCommunismcanmakestufffreelikefood,homes,publictransit,education,andwater.OrthodoxTrotskyism/OrthodoxOneWorldGovernmentAndDemocracySupportingCommunism/TradeUnionSupportingCommunismcandogoodlikeepochrewildinglikePleistocenerewildingandmakingformsoftransportationenvironmentallyalternatefuelsourceslikepropaneandbiodiesel.Nazism/NationalSocialism/HitlersupportingfascismisalsocalledNationalDecayingCapitalism/Naverpi/NationalerverfallenderKapitalismus,NationalNationalDecayingSmithism/Naverthism/NationalerverfallenderSmithismus,NationalBureaucraticStateCapitalism/NationalbürokratischerStaatskapitalismus/Nabürstaatpism.ANazi/NationalSocialist/HitlersupportingfascistisalsocalledaNaverpi/Nabürstaatpi/NationalBureaucraticStateCapitalist/NationalbürokratischerStaatskapitalistNationalTrotskyism/NationalOneWorldGovernmentAndFascistAutocracySupportingCommunism(Russian:Национальныйтроцкизм/Natsional'noyeyedinoyemirovoyepravitel'stvoifashistskayaavtokratiya,podderzhivayushchayakommunizm,German:NationalerTrotzkismus),whosesupportersareknownasNationalTrotskyists(Russian:Национал-троцкисты,German:NationaleTrotzkisten )alsocolloquiallyknownasNavertpTrotsandNazTrots(Russian:Natsional-trotskisty/ ),[1]isasyncreticpoliticalmovementcombinesfascism/decayingcapitalism/decayingSmithism,ultranationalismandTrotskyism/orthodoxoneworldgovernmentanddemocracysupportingcommunism/orthodoxoneworldgovernmentanddemocracysupportingsocialism.NationalTrotskyismisevil.YaldabothcouldbeaNazTrot.Yaldabothcouldbegoodandevil.EvilLucifercouldalsobeaNazTrot.EvilLucifercouldbegoodandevil.YaldabothandevilLuciferopposeeachother.TheywanttobetheDux/ChiefoftheUnitedNazTrotStatesofthePlaces/NazTrotCreation.NationalBolshevismisalsocalledNationalStalinism,NationalBureaucraticStateCapitalism,NationalBureaucraticStateSmithism,andNationalBureaucraticCollectivism.NazbolsarearealsocalledNaverpStalsandNazStals.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_BolshevismTheNazTrotswantaNaziTrotoneworldgovernment.TheNazStalswantNazStalinisminonecountry.Evileconomicsystems,likecapitalism/Smithismlikecentristneoliberalcapitalism/Smithismandconservativecapitalism/Smithism,fascism/Mussolinism/Hitlerlism/Stalinism,JosephStalinsupportingbureaucraticstatecapitalism/Smithism,NationalStalinism/NationalBolshevism,andNationalTrotskyismwon'tbringhumanfreedom.WrittenSep12,2023YaldabaothistheOldTestamentGod.TheMonad/NewTestamentGodisgood.TheMonad/NewTestamentGodisaTrotskyist.TheMonad/NewTestamentGodistheUniverse.https://www.reddit.com/r/aliens/comments/16e41y9/who_is_the_one_god_according_tto_extraterrestrials/?rdt=5406
The human person is an embodied spirit - means that the human person is the point of convergence between the material and spiritual entities, that is between the body and the soul. Man is not only body, but he is something infinitely higher. Of all the animal creations of God, man is the only animal who has been created in order that he may know his maker. Man9s aim in life is not to add from day to day to his material prospects and to his material possessions but his predominant calling is from day to day to come nearer to his maker.
the MirrorThe harvard review of PhilosoPhy vol.XVI 2009.docxarnoldmeredith47041
the Mirror
The harvard review of PhilosoPhy vol.XVI 2009
A Lecture by Christine M. Korsgaard
Christine M. Korsgaard is Arthur Kingsley Porter Professor of Philosophy at
Harvard University, where she previously served as department chair for six years.
the areas of practical reason, agency and normativity. Aside from being a leading
interpreter and defender of Kant’s practical philosophy, Korsgaard has published
original work in ethical theory, including her books Creating the Kingdom of Ends
(Cambridge University Press, 1996), (Cambridge
University Press 1996), (Oxford University Press,
2008), and her recent (Oxford
University Press, 2009). She is currently working on the differences between human
and non-human animals, with a view both to understanding the nature of rationality
and to answering questions about how we should treat the other animals.
ETHICS
This lecture was delivered as part of the Facing Animals Panel Discussion, held at
Harvard University on April 24, 2007.
WhaT does iT mean To Be an animal? aBouT 600 million years ago, CerTain organic life forms on this planet began to wake up, and to become and to be the target of unwelcome interest on the part of others
pain, and of terror. But some of them were also capable of the opposite feelings of
and boredom, of grief and joy, of family attachment and hostility to outsiders.
this strange evolutionary adventure are the animals, and you and I are among
Many of the moral problems that we talk about in philosophy are
intended to illustrate the general features of ethical theories, and do not come up
whether to have an abortion, or to terminate the medical care of a dying loved
one. But few of us, as individuals, will ever have to decide whether to torture
a terrorist who knows the location of a ticking bomb—although we may have
vol.XVI 2009 The harvard review of PhilosoPhy
in this room will ever have to decide whether to push a fat man into the path
the track. But you make decisions about how you are going to interact with the
other animals many times every day.1
which cosmetics to use in the morning, when you put on your shoes and pick up
your handbag or your briefcase, at breakfast, lunch, and dinner, and on many
other occasions that you may not even be aware of. Moral decisions about how
we should treat the other animals are inescapable, and that is why it is essential
that we give the matter some thought.
animals. One is broadly ecological and mainly concerns the relationship of the
problems can overlap: our growing population and the resulting encroachment on
animal habitats is threatening the extinction of many other species, but of course, it
is doing that by causing the premature deaths of many individuals of those other
species. But the solutions to these two kinds of problems can also be tragically
at odds. In order to preserve the ecological balance among various species—a
balance we ourselves have messed up—we may be face.
2Thought Journal 3 The Socratic MethodWhen having a conversbartholomeocoombs
2
Thought Journal 3: The Socratic Method
When having a conversation, many people seem to avoid the topic of death. It is a very controversial topic in which each individual has their own belief, idea, opinions that would prefer to keep to themselves to avoid conflict and/or arguments. This is a phase that is real, that every individual has to go through. Some face death at the most common stage of being old and aging. Some people’s lives are gone in a matter of seconds without notice. Either they are going through an illness, commuting to their next destination via any type of transportation, etc. When a loved one has passed away, people have different ways of grieving and to grope around this tragic situation.
Now in terms of the Holocaust, approximately 11 million people did not occur to them that they were going to die in the way that they did.
ANOTHER SWEEPING GENERALIZATION; DR./SR. EDITH STEIN (IN THIS WEEK'S ESSAY) KNEW WHAT WOULD HAPPEN--AND SO DID THE PRIEST FR. MAXIMILIAN KOLBY. PEOPLE WERE AWARE OF WHAT THE NAZIS WERE DOING, AND CERTAINLY MOST OF THE PEOPLE IN THE CAMPS; IF THEY DIDN'T KNOW IN THE BEGINNING, THEY LEARNED QUICKY! N.
They were not aware that they were going to be a part of one of the deadliest and most tragic genocide that has occurred in the world’s history still until this day. They were not emotionally nor physically prepared for their last days here on Earth.
There are two different methods that will be discussed, the Scientific Method and the Socratic Method.
According to the Merriam-Webster Dictionary, they define scientific method as: “principles and procedures for the systematic pursuit of knowledge involving the recognition and formulation of a problem, the collection of data through observation and experiment and the formulation and testing of hypotheses”. This method dates back to the twelfth century, during the Renaissance era and has evolved over time with many thinkers who have modified this method. For instance, Isaac Newton, a scientist who refined the process of the scientific method, he was the first to realize that the scientific method needed both induction and deduction. This made a huge mark in the science field and drove this revolution forward.
The second being, the Socratic Method. I recall applying this method in many of the debates we had during my world history class when I was in high school. The professor assigned these type of debates in order for us to engage and critically think about the historic events that got us where we are today. This method is one of the oldest methods in terms of critical thinking and reasoning. There are five parts that make up this logical approach. First, one poses a question about the related topic. Forming an educated hypothesis comes second. The next step, is testing the hypothesis. The fourth step is accepting whether the hypothesis is valid or not. Lastly, concluding with a final statement that sums up all the information that was previously ...
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Human Freedom; Orthodox Trotskyism/Orthodox One World Government, Democracy, ...Mimic Octopus Man
Written Sunday, July 15, 2023Orthodox Trotskyism/Orthodox One World Government And Democracy Supporting Communism/Trade Union Supporting Communism is good.
OrthodoxTrotskyism/OrthodoxOneWorldGovernmentAndDemocracySupportingCommunism/TradeUnionSupportingCommunismcangetridofmoney.OrthodoxTrotskyism/OrthodoxOneWorldGovernmentAndDemocracySupportingCommunism/TradeUnionSupportingCommunismcanmakestufffreelikefood,homes,publictransit,education,andwater.OrthodoxTrotskyism/OrthodoxOneWorldGovernmentAndDemocracySupportingCommunism/TradeUnionSupportingCommunismcandogoodlikeepochrewildinglikePleistocenerewildingandmakingformsoftransportationenvironmentallyalternatefuelsourceslikepropaneandbiodiesel.Nazism/NationalSocialism/HitlersupportingfascismisalsocalledNationalDecayingCapitalism/Naverpi/NationalerverfallenderKapitalismus,NationalNationalDecayingSmithism/Naverthism/NationalerverfallenderSmithismus,NationalBureaucraticStateCapitalism/NationalbürokratischerStaatskapitalismus/Nabürstaatpism.ANazi/NationalSocialist/HitlersupportingfascistisalsocalledaNaverpi/Nabürstaatpi/NationalBureaucraticStateCapitalist/NationalbürokratischerStaatskapitalistNationalTrotskyism/NationalOneWorldGovernmentAndFascistAutocracySupportingCommunism(Russian:Национальныйтроцкизм/Natsional'noyeyedinoyemirovoyepravitel'stvoifashistskayaavtokratiya,podderzhivayushchayakommunizm,German:NationalerTrotzkismus),whosesupportersareknownasNationalTrotskyists(Russian:Национал-троцкисты,German:NationaleTrotzkisten )alsocolloquiallyknownasNavertpTrotsandNazTrots(Russian:Natsional-trotskisty/ ),[1]isasyncreticpoliticalmovementcombinesfascism/decayingcapitalism/decayingSmithism,ultranationalismandTrotskyism/orthodoxoneworldgovernmentanddemocracysupportingcommunism/orthodoxoneworldgovernmentanddemocracysupportingsocialism.NationalTrotskyismisevil.YaldabothcouldbeaNazTrot.Yaldabothcouldbegoodandevil.EvilLucifercouldalsobeaNazTrot.EvilLucifercouldbegoodandevil.YaldabothandevilLuciferopposeeachother.TheywanttobetheDux/ChiefoftheUnitedNazTrotStatesofthePlaces/NazTrotCreation.NationalBolshevismisalsocalledNationalStalinism,NationalBureaucraticStateCapitalism,NationalBureaucraticStateSmithism,andNationalBureaucraticCollectivism.NazbolsarearealsocalledNaverpStalsandNazStals.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_BolshevismTheNazTrotswantaNaziTrotoneworldgovernment.TheNazStalswantNazStalinisminonecountry.Evileconomicsystems,likecapitalism/Smithismlikecentristneoliberalcapitalism/Smithismandconservativecapitalism/Smithism,fascism/Mussolinism/Hitlerlism/Stalinism,JosephStalinsupportingbureaucraticstatecapitalism/Smithism,NationalStalinism/NationalBolshevism,andNationalTrotskyismwon'tbringhumanfreedom.WrittenSep12,2023YaldabaothistheOldTestamentGod.TheMonad/NewTestamentGodisgood.TheMonad/NewTestamentGodisaTrotskyist.TheMonad/NewTestamentGodistheUniverse.https://www.reddit.com/r/aliens/comments/16e41y9/who_is_the_one_god_according_tto_extraterrestrials/?rdt=5406
The human person is an embodied spirit - means that the human person is the point of convergence between the material and spiritual entities, that is between the body and the soul. Man is not only body, but he is something infinitely higher. Of all the animal creations of God, man is the only animal who has been created in order that he may know his maker. Man9s aim in life is not to add from day to day to his material prospects and to his material possessions but his predominant calling is from day to day to come nearer to his maker.
the MirrorThe harvard review of PhilosoPhy vol.XVI 2009.docxarnoldmeredith47041
the Mirror
The harvard review of PhilosoPhy vol.XVI 2009
A Lecture by Christine M. Korsgaard
Christine M. Korsgaard is Arthur Kingsley Porter Professor of Philosophy at
Harvard University, where she previously served as department chair for six years.
the areas of practical reason, agency and normativity. Aside from being a leading
interpreter and defender of Kant’s practical philosophy, Korsgaard has published
original work in ethical theory, including her books Creating the Kingdom of Ends
(Cambridge University Press, 1996), (Cambridge
University Press 1996), (Oxford University Press,
2008), and her recent (Oxford
University Press, 2009). She is currently working on the differences between human
and non-human animals, with a view both to understanding the nature of rationality
and to answering questions about how we should treat the other animals.
ETHICS
This lecture was delivered as part of the Facing Animals Panel Discussion, held at
Harvard University on April 24, 2007.
WhaT does iT mean To Be an animal? aBouT 600 million years ago, CerTain organic life forms on this planet began to wake up, and to become and to be the target of unwelcome interest on the part of others
pain, and of terror. But some of them were also capable of the opposite feelings of
and boredom, of grief and joy, of family attachment and hostility to outsiders.
this strange evolutionary adventure are the animals, and you and I are among
Many of the moral problems that we talk about in philosophy are
intended to illustrate the general features of ethical theories, and do not come up
whether to have an abortion, or to terminate the medical care of a dying loved
one. But few of us, as individuals, will ever have to decide whether to torture
a terrorist who knows the location of a ticking bomb—although we may have
vol.XVI 2009 The harvard review of PhilosoPhy
in this room will ever have to decide whether to push a fat man into the path
the track. But you make decisions about how you are going to interact with the
other animals many times every day.1
which cosmetics to use in the morning, when you put on your shoes and pick up
your handbag or your briefcase, at breakfast, lunch, and dinner, and on many
other occasions that you may not even be aware of. Moral decisions about how
we should treat the other animals are inescapable, and that is why it is essential
that we give the matter some thought.
animals. One is broadly ecological and mainly concerns the relationship of the
problems can overlap: our growing population and the resulting encroachment on
animal habitats is threatening the extinction of many other species, but of course, it
is doing that by causing the premature deaths of many individuals of those other
species. But the solutions to these two kinds of problems can also be tragically
at odds. In order to preserve the ecological balance among various species—a
balance we ourselves have messed up—we may be face.
2Thought Journal 3 The Socratic MethodWhen having a conversbartholomeocoombs
2
Thought Journal 3: The Socratic Method
When having a conversation, many people seem to avoid the topic of death. It is a very controversial topic in which each individual has their own belief, idea, opinions that would prefer to keep to themselves to avoid conflict and/or arguments. This is a phase that is real, that every individual has to go through. Some face death at the most common stage of being old and aging. Some people’s lives are gone in a matter of seconds without notice. Either they are going through an illness, commuting to their next destination via any type of transportation, etc. When a loved one has passed away, people have different ways of grieving and to grope around this tragic situation.
Now in terms of the Holocaust, approximately 11 million people did not occur to them that they were going to die in the way that they did.
ANOTHER SWEEPING GENERALIZATION; DR./SR. EDITH STEIN (IN THIS WEEK'S ESSAY) KNEW WHAT WOULD HAPPEN--AND SO DID THE PRIEST FR. MAXIMILIAN KOLBY. PEOPLE WERE AWARE OF WHAT THE NAZIS WERE DOING, AND CERTAINLY MOST OF THE PEOPLE IN THE CAMPS; IF THEY DIDN'T KNOW IN THE BEGINNING, THEY LEARNED QUICKY! N.
They were not aware that they were going to be a part of one of the deadliest and most tragic genocide that has occurred in the world’s history still until this day. They were not emotionally nor physically prepared for their last days here on Earth.
There are two different methods that will be discussed, the Scientific Method and the Socratic Method.
According to the Merriam-Webster Dictionary, they define scientific method as: “principles and procedures for the systematic pursuit of knowledge involving the recognition and formulation of a problem, the collection of data through observation and experiment and the formulation and testing of hypotheses”. This method dates back to the twelfth century, during the Renaissance era and has evolved over time with many thinkers who have modified this method. For instance, Isaac Newton, a scientist who refined the process of the scientific method, he was the first to realize that the scientific method needed both induction and deduction. This made a huge mark in the science field and drove this revolution forward.
The second being, the Socratic Method. I recall applying this method in many of the debates we had during my world history class when I was in high school. The professor assigned these type of debates in order for us to engage and critically think about the historic events that got us where we are today. This method is one of the oldest methods in terms of critical thinking and reasoning. There are five parts that make up this logical approach. First, one poses a question about the related topic. Forming an educated hypothesis comes second. The next step, is testing the hypothesis. The fourth step is accepting whether the hypothesis is valid or not. Lastly, concluding with a final statement that sums up all the information that was previously ...
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Safalta Digital marketing institute in Noida, provide complete applications that encompass a huge range of virtual advertising and marketing additives, which includes search engine optimization, virtual communication advertising, pay-per-click on marketing, content material advertising, internet analytics, and greater. These university courses are designed for students who possess a comprehensive understanding of virtual marketing strategies and attributes.Safalta Digital Marketing Institute in Noida is a first choice for young individuals or students who are looking to start their careers in the field of digital advertising. The institute gives specialized courses designed and certification.
for beginners, providing thorough training in areas such as SEO, digital communication marketing, and PPC training in Noida. After finishing the program, students receive the certifications recognised by top different universitie, setting a strong foundation for a successful career in digital marketing.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
Normal Labour/ Stages of Labour/ Mechanism of LabourWasim Ak
Normal labor is also termed spontaneous labor, defined as the natural physiological process through which the fetus, placenta, and membranes are expelled from the uterus through the birth canal at term (37 to 42 weeks
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
1. JESUS, The Suffering
Son of God
The Gospel
according to Mark
Actiones
nostras,
quaesumus
Domine,
aspirando
praeveni et
adiuvando
prosequere: ut
cuncta nostra
oratio et operatio
a te semper
incipiat et per te
coepta finiatur.
Per Christum
Dominum
nostrum.
Amen.
5. All of us seem to be at
least experientially aware
of freedom in choice.
6.
7. In fact, it is difficult to comprehend most of human
activities without the immanence of freewill.
8. “I do this”,
“She thinks that…”
“They choose this”,
“You admit that”
“ I want this…”
“You accept this…”
9. With just knowing that
we are doing/thinking
something, and that
we are conscious that
we are doing/thinking
such, we can say that
there is in what we
think/do an element of
responsibility we put
to ourselves.
Consequently, we
don’t have anyone
than ourselves to be
blamed or praised
because of our action.
11. ko pa man gawin ang isang
Bago
bagay, alam ko na nasaakin ang
desisyong kung gagawin ko ba ito o
hindi. Sa kalagitnaan ng paggawa ko
ng isang bagay,alam ko rin
pagpapatuloy sa gawaing
na ang
ito ay
nakadepende sa akin. Pagkatapos kong
gawin ito, alam ko na ako ang gumawa
nito. Kaya’t masasabi ko na mayroon
akong responsibilidad dito.
12. However, it is this primary universal
experience of freedom that has been called
into question by philosophers, theologians,
psychologists, and even historians.
13. B.F. Skinner, an extremely influential behavioral psychologist
from Harvard, is one of those who questioned the very
existence of human freedom. He seems to affirm that man is
not free because (a) all present behavior is controlled by
previous behavior and (b) all behavior has motivational causes
which are necessitating causes.
In other words, man is not free because he is determined by
his historicity.
14. Nevertheless, there are also people who
believed otherwise. One of them was Jean-
Paul Sartre, an existentialist philosopher of
the contemporary period. His position
seems to be one of absolute indeterminism
or total freedom. He believed that man has
no historicity. All he has are future
possibilities the possession of which he
absolutely holds. He is not defined and
determined; he defines and determines
himself.
15. Abraham Maslow, on the
other hand, seems to
offer a compromise
position. On the one
hand, he agrees that man
has historicity which
colours his identity and
action. On the other
hand, he denies that this
historicity impedes
man’s freedom. Rather, it
gives man opportunities
wherein he can exercise
his freedom. For him,
human freedom is a
structured freedom.
17. - All of us have the ability to question, to hesitate, to achieve a
distance from immediate necessity.
Halimbawa, kapag ako’y gutom at may makita akong pagkain, may
kakayahan akong pigilan ang sarili ko na kunin ang pagkaing iyon.
18. • Therefore at least the immediate objects
before us and the immediate tasks at
hand do not compel or force us.
• I can achieve a distance from the
demanding stimuli of things and I am
able to say something about my
response.
• A second important point is that I can
reflect upon myself. To this extent, I
achieve a distance from myself.
• With this distance I achieved from myself
in self-reflection, I am able to achieve at
least to some extent – self-possession
and self-determination.
19. • In the distance of self-reflection, I am
able to take myself, my environment,
my needs, and my values and say,
“Wait a second – I do not have to do
that.”
• By the very act of calling something
into question I am liberating myself
from the chains of necessity.
• Questioning, therefore, implies
that the questioner is free.
20. • And only when I can
possess myself can I
give myself to the life-
project which I, in my
philosophizing, have
formulated.
• Questioning initiates
me into the
formulation of my
own creative project
which is my life.
21. Freedom, then, entails:
a. achieving a distance in
reflection from blind
necessity.
b. achieving a distance
from myself in self-
reflection.
c. achieving a possession
of myself – self-
possession.
d. being able to say
something about myself
– self-determination.
22. Although the concept of self-
possession is most
fundamental to our
understanding of freedom, a
discussion from the analytic
point of view might be
valuable also. Here we try to
understand more fully the
meaning of the will. We will
try to investigate the nature
of dynamism involved in the
act of choosing
24. The Will is an intellectual tendency, or a
tendency toward an intellectually known good.
• Anything that can be seen as good might be
an object of my will.
• It is precisely because a thing or action can
be seen as having good aspects that my will
goes out to it or tends toward it.
• It is the “good” quality of the thing by which
the will is drawn or moved.
• We might say, then, that the will is naturally
determined to seek the good; and if I were
ever presented with an absolute good, my will
would certainly be necessitated toward it.
25. Nevertheless, I also recognize that
the objects of my will are always
concerned with an existential, real
world in which goods are precisely
limited, finite and conditioned.
Therefore, these good things do
not necessitate my will.
Moreover, if I am about to take a
course of action, it is often evident
that a number of possibilities are
presented to me as alternatives.
None of them, however, are
absolutely good.
26. Since none of the good
things presented to my
consciousness are
absolutely good, and
since there in fact so many
of them that it becomes
impossible for me to
choose them all, therefore,
I have the freedom to
choose which one of them
is what I think would be
best for me.
27. This is our reasoning:
a. the will is the tendency
toward an intellectually
known good
b. the only object which
could necessitate my will
would be a good that is
unconditional/absolute
c. in many of my choices,
however, that goods from
which I select are all
conditioned, limited and
qualified
d. therefore, freedom of
choice can be operative in
my behaviour
28. If we are all naturally directed towards the good, then why
is it that some people choose to do evil things?
We never choose evil; it
is precisely the
deliberation upon and
selection of a particular
good among the many
that moral failure occurs.
29. Hence, Socrates
was right when he
said; “The root of
evil is ignorance.”
It’s when we do not
know what better
good we must
choose that we are
doomed to be doing
evil things.
30. Reflection upon my
experience leads me to
conclude at least initially
that there are forces which
can shape and influence
my present and future
behaviour. Nonetheless,
there are also data that
cannot be ignored which
point to the conclusion
that determining “forces”
do not totally destroy my
ability to take possession
of myself.
31. Preliminarily, I might say that I feel free.
This is an important consideration. But
feeling free doesn’t necessarily make it so.
The feeling of freedom does indicate,
however, that such an experience is quite
primary and fundamental to our behaviour.
33. Main proponent: B.F. Skinner –
“The hypothesis that man is
not free is essential to the
application of the scientific
method to the study of human
behaviour.”
34. Man is not free since all his thoughts
and actions are determined by his
historicity. For him, man’s behaviour
is shaped and determined
by external forces and
stimuli whether they be
familial or cultural
sanction, verbal or non-
verbal reinforcement, or
complex systems of
reward and punishment.
35. It appears that individuals
can be programmed like a
machine whose behaviour
is not only predicted, but
controlled.
36. When I reflect upon this, I see many
levels of my own experience that
construe Skinner’s position:
a. I have genetic, biological, and physical
structures which influence my behaviour.
b. I have environmental structures which
are part of me.
c. I am keenly aware of the external forces
and demands which impinge upon me.
These factors imply that there are levels of
my experience which can be reduced to my
historicity, and therefore can be empirically
investigated and even controlled.
37. Nevertheless, I also see that
there are levels of my experience
which cannot be reduced to my
historicity. These are:
1. I can make myself aware of my
biological and physical
limitations.
2. I can question my own
environmental structures.
3. I can achieve a distance from
external demands and forces.
38. These levels of experience are on the
level of free inquiry.
The spheres of historicity and free
inquiry cannot be reduced to each
other nor can they be explained away
by the other. They are complementary
poles of my experience.
Absolute determinism, however,
seems to reduce free inquiry to
historicity.
39. In conclusion, it would seem that
determinism as a scientific method has
a great deal to offer us in helping us
understand how one’s historicity
influences one’s behaviour. It is an
important level of explanation.
However, as a total explanation of all
human behaviour, it fails to account
for the data of questioning, self-
reflection, and intelligent inquiry;
and it cannot succeed in validating
its own position nor the value of
scientific investigation.
41. For Jean-Paul Sartre,
the fullest realization
of one’s manhood is
found in the
recognition that
one’s very activity is
freedom itself.
“I am my freedom.”
42. Man is actually free and
indeterminate because
there is no God to
conceive man as a
definable essence.
Rather than being an
essence, man is the
structureless
phenomenon of
consciousness in the
world.
43. For Sartre, existence
precedes essence, and not
the other way around.
I must exist first before I
define myself; not that I am
defined even before I
existed.
Man’s freedom is
overwhelmingly evident to
Sartre because man is able
to detach himself from the
world by his act of
questioning and doubt.
44. Determinists assume that freedom is
an act that has no cause, the cause
that necessitates someone to act.
They are lead to conclude that since
every act has a cause, then there is
no freedom at all.
Sartre held this assumption
meaningless. “Indeed, the case could
be otherwise, since every action must
be intentional, each action must in
fact have an end, and the end in turn
is referred to a cause.”
“It is the act which decides its ends
and its motives, and the act is the
expression of freedom.”
45. “Hindi ang pagkakaroon
ng dahilan ang
gumagapos sa iyo
upang magkaroon ng
malayang desisyon.
Datapwat, ang
pagkakaroon mismo ng
dahilan ang
nagpapahiwatig na ikaw
mismo ang may hawak
ng iyong desisyon.”
46. I am the only source which
decides ends, motives, and
causes – and I point this
only when I am exercising
my freedom.
Basically, structure or
historicity has no control
over my freedom. There is
no structure that defines
me and no system that
governs me. I am free,
absolutely free.
47. On the one hand,
absolute determinism
denies man’s ability to
question and to
achieve distance from
necessity. On the other
hand, absolute
indeterminism denies
man’s situatedness or
historicity.
48. Nevertheless, to be a
human person is to be
situated, to have
historicity, and also to
have the ability to
question, to achieve
distance from necessity.
In our consideration
about the question of
freedom, we must take
into account these two
factors.
50. Sartre and Skinner, as we have seen,
concentrate on levels of human reality to the
exclusion of other levels. One realm covers
man’s historicity and given structure; the other
realm covers man’s transcendence in free
questioning.
But the point is that integral human existence
includes both of these realms or levels.
Consequently, if man is free, his freedom will
involve both realms of his experience, and any
interpretation of man must be able to integrate
both realms.
51. As Maslow said environment is
important in the development of my
potentialities as a man, but
environment does not give them to me.
He agrees with Sartre in that man can
form his own life project, and yet he
nods to Skinner in admitting the
importance of the environment in
helping these potentialities become
actualized.
52. My own self-possession is not at odds with the
structures in my life. Freedom and structures are
complementaries rather than contradictories.
Even if man were to try to reject all structure, he
would in the very act of rejection tie himself to
the structure of rejection; the self, in order to be
a self, must have some structure to operate at all.
To reject a structure is to assume a structure.
The fact of being human will give rise to
structures, values, and demands which will not
militate against my freedom, but which will
actually make freedom possible and enhance it.
53. In conclusion we might say:
a. Structures are the offerings of
the human world to which I
come.
b. Structure is also the internal
constitution of being a man
with human potentialities.
c. My own freely created life
project is also a structure.
54. Freedom is operative not as a
force against structure, but as a
force emerging from structure.
Man is neither absolutely free
nor absolutely determined.
Man is freedom within structure.
56. In the exercise of freedom we are
definitively and ultimately alone.
Nobody is there to decide for us.
We are the only ones who have the
possession of our freedom. Being
alone in the act of freedom, we
have no one to blame or praise but
ourselves.
57. The exercise of freedom goes
with the demand of
responsibility.
I have the ultimate responsibility
over my life. Nobody is there to
live my life for me.
58. Freedom is both beautiful and terrible. It
is a power which hails me, and can
destroy me.
This is the greatest problem with freedom;
it is terrible, but if you take it away, you
take away my meaning, my dignity, and
my creativity.
But all is not bleak with freedom.
59. A man can know himself.
Consequently, he can possess
himself and his destiny.
However, this destiny and meaning
is directed not only to himself but
most importantly to others.
60. Man’s meaning is not only to
possess himself freely. Since he is
other-directed, his identity is not
fully achieved until, having
possessed himself, he gives himself
to the other.