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Evolution Bites




Freek Vonk
Leiden University / NCB Naturalis
http://www.evolutionbites.com
© Quentin Massys




     “Everything is poison, there is poison in
     everything. Only the dose makes a thing not a
     poison”




© Ruben Schipper




                                                     Paracelsus 1494 - 1541
                          © Dr. Zoltan Takacs

Predatie vs verdediging
© F. Vonk




© F. Vonk                 © petsfoto.com

                               © F. Vonk




            © E.Lonnon.




                           © geidenissite
© Dr. D.A. Warrel     © Dr. J. White    © Dan McDuffie




                                              © Anders Nielsen




                    © Sanjib K Sharma
Prof Mike Richardson




- Evolutionair onderzoek

- Biomedisch onderzoek
Rear-
fanged




Vipers and
pitvipers




 Cobras
FJ Vonk et al Nature 454 630-633 (2008)
© HW Herrmann                              © Freek Vonk

o     Peptiden
o     Enzymen               Specificiteit en potentie!
o     Eiwitten




    Aggrastat® used to cure patient
    Photo: Ruben Schipper
Bucain                      Cobrotoxin-B

  Complexe 3D structuren!
© Freek Vonk
                                        ynbrookmedical.com




o Verlamming en moeite met
  ademhalen… Zenuwstelsel?
o Ontdekking acetylcholine
  receptoren (1970)
o Voorkomt binding
  neurotransmitter op receptor

myasthenia gravis (‘ernstige spierzwakte’)
Gen:



                          Fysiologisch gen
     AGCTTCG
     TCGAAGC


                           Fysiologisch gen      Gif gen 1
    AGCTTCG
    TCGAAGC

                           Fysiologisch gen      Gif gen 1             Gif gen 2
     AGCTTCG
     TCGAAGC


        Duplicatie van genen gevolgd door (versnelde) mutatie en expressie in de gifklier.
                                           versnelde)


Eiwitten uit verscheidende organen:
                           organen:

Spieren                   Lymfeknoop
Long                      Hart
Lever                     Hersens
Alvleesklier              Testes
                          Etc.
Vonk et al BioEssays 2011
Vele vormen!
- Neurotoxisch (zowel remming als
              stimulering)
            - Cardiotoxisch
            - Anticoagulant
            - Remming aggregatie bloedplaatjes


            Neurotoxins
            Cardiotoxins/ Cytotoxins
            Fasciculins
            k-toxins
© RM Kini   Muscarinic toxins
            Calciseptine
            Mambin
            Synergistic toxins
Presynaptisch neurotoxine
   •   β- bungarotoxin
   •   Notexin
   •   Taipoxin
   •   Textilotoxin
   •   Mojave toxin
   •   …



Postsynaptisch neurotoxine
   •   a- bungarotoxin
   •   Cobrotoxin
   •   Candoxin
   •   Erabutoxin
   •   …
Diffuse intravasale stolling (afgekort DIS)




Factor X
activators




             Prothrombine
             activators




                            Thrombine-achtige enzymen
http://scienceblogs.com




© Nevit Dilmen




                 http://scienceblogs.com
Gif

                                                      Enzym


Enzym AChE breekt acetylcholine af nadat impuls             © David Bygott
tussen twee zenuwcellen is overgedragen
Gif AChE breekt acetylcholine af voor de overdracht
Intens.                                                                                                                                                                              +MS, 0.2-1.6min #(12-96)


                                                                                                 2+
                                                                                                573.1
                                                                                                                                 1+
                                                                                                                                889.8




                                                                   3000




                                                                                                                                                                                     1520.1
                                                                                                                                                                       1368.2




                                                                   2000




                                                                                                                723.7


                                                                                                                                                              1243.9



                                                                                                                                                                                              1709.9



                                                                                                                                                     1151.4

                                                                   1000

                                                                               346.4




                                                                                                                                                                                                                1954.1
                                                                                       479.5



                                                                                                                        808.8
                                                                                                                                        1004.9                              1445.0
                                                                                                                                                                                                                             2161.7   2279.6
                                                                                                                                                                                                       1873.6       2007.4



                                                                       0
                                                                                         500                                            1000                                        1500                           2000                        2500                   3000 m/z




                                                    Diet: frogs
                                                                   Intens.                       2+                                                                                                                                                   +MS, 0.2-2.4min #(10-143)
                                                                                                574.1


                                       Diet: mice
                                                                    1200




                                                                    1000




                                                                     800




                                                                     600




European viper (Vipera
berus)
                                                                                        1+
                                                                                       472.5
                                                                     400

                                                                                                                                                  1102.0
                                                                                                                                                                       1368.2        1520.0
                                                                                                                                                              1233.5




                                                                     200                                        723.7              932.9
                                                                                                        647.0                                                                   1445.0        1709.8
                                                                                                                    776.1




                                                                           0
                                                                                          500                                              1000                                     1500                            2000                       2500                   3000 m/z




                                                                           MALDI (mass spectometry)
                                                    Unpublished data Freek Vonk and Peter Lindenburg



Grote variatie op zowel soorts- als populatieniveau!
Denmotoxin in spier verlamming:




                                  ©Dr. Steve Mackessy




                                                                Professor Kini
                                                        Pawlak J et al J Biol Chem. 2006
© Freek Vonk
      Pacifische Gymnothorax resistent tegen Laticauda gif
      Carribische Gymnothorax gevoelig voor Laticauda gif


 © Florent Charpin




                                                             © John lewis
Heatwhole and Powell Toxicon 1998
Antistoffen in plasma
Modificatie van eigen receptoren!
50 zeeslangen-soorten met
           vergelijkbaar gif
           50- to 100-maal minder sterk
           gif in Aipysurus eydouxii (Li et al
           J Mol Evol. 2005)
           Verkleinde gifklieren en
           giftanden

                                                 © deepseaimages.com
  Gif NIET behouden ter verdediging!




                                                 © Decric Mitel
Emydocephalus annulatus
Afrikaanse en
               Aziatische soorten
               Spugen 3x
               geëvolueerd (Wuster et al
               2007)




© Freek Vonk




                Bruce Young et al. J. of Exp. Biol. 2004
Region         Number of
                deaths

 Europe         30
 Middle         100
 East
 USA –          15
 Canada
 Latin          5 000          Big Four
 America
 Africa         20 000                    © Robert Norris                  ©Freek Vonk
 Asia           100 000
 Oceania        200
 Total          125 345
Bron: Snake venoms &
envenomations,
Jean-Philipe Chippaux. 2006.
Jean-




                                                            © Jan Sevcik   ©Freek Vonk
© Emilio
© venomsa.com




                                   Necrose
                                   Zwelling
                                   Blaren
                                   Verlamming



        Wie gaat mij assisteren?
Bloeddrukverlagers
Hartziektes
Antitumor
Antibiotica
(Mycobacterium!)
Antischimmel
Insecticide
Etc
Gebaseerd op symptomen (vb. Priapisme in Chileense zwarte weduwe &
Russel’s adder)
High-throughput screening
W. Wuster
© F. Vonk
© uk-sh.de




             © F. Vonk
Mohamed, A., P. F. Reid, L. Raymond, and T. Dufan. 2006. Biomed Sci Instrum. 42:399-404.
                                                                    Instrum. 42:399-




   msconnections.org
                                                                                   Thaise cobra (Naja kaouthia)
                                                                                   Photo: Freek Vonk
Groei van de tumor en metastase afhankelijk van angiogenese!




                      METASTASE



                             Pictures: Avraamides et al., 2008 Folkman, 1971; Avraamides et al., 2008
0.0 mM   0.05 mM   0.1 mM




                            © Corine Manuputty
zwembadgranuloom            Mycobacterium marinum




                   Awais A, Tam CS, Kontoyiannis D, et al. Clin Infect Dis 2008;46:69-71.
Voor behandeling   Na behandeling
© F. Vonk




© drugs-expert.com
10 medicijnen                                   10.000 ontdekt
5 in clinical trials   10-20 miljoen toxines
5 diagnostica
Andere toepassingen




                                               500 onderzocht
Netherlands Organisation for
    Scientific Research

Prof. dr. Michael Richardson




                               And all my collaborators   !

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L2 Bescherm jezelf met gif - Freek Vonk

  • 1. Evolution Bites Freek Vonk Leiden University / NCB Naturalis http://www.evolutionbites.com
  • 2. © Quentin Massys “Everything is poison, there is poison in everything. Only the dose makes a thing not a poison” © Ruben Schipper Paracelsus 1494 - 1541 © Dr. Zoltan Takacs Predatie vs verdediging
  • 3. © F. Vonk © F. Vonk © petsfoto.com © F. Vonk © E.Lonnon. © geidenissite
  • 4. © Dr. D.A. Warrel © Dr. J. White © Dan McDuffie © Anders Nielsen © Sanjib K Sharma
  • 5. Prof Mike Richardson - Evolutionair onderzoek - Biomedisch onderzoek
  • 6.
  • 7.
  • 8.
  • 9.
  • 10.
  • 12. FJ Vonk et al Nature 454 630-633 (2008)
  • 13.
  • 14. © HW Herrmann © Freek Vonk o Peptiden o Enzymen Specificiteit en potentie! o Eiwitten Aggrastat® used to cure patient Photo: Ruben Schipper
  • 15.
  • 16. Bucain Cobrotoxin-B Complexe 3D structuren!
  • 17. © Freek Vonk ynbrookmedical.com o Verlamming en moeite met ademhalen… Zenuwstelsel? o Ontdekking acetylcholine receptoren (1970) o Voorkomt binding neurotransmitter op receptor myasthenia gravis (‘ernstige spierzwakte’)
  • 18. Gen: Fysiologisch gen AGCTTCG TCGAAGC Fysiologisch gen Gif gen 1 AGCTTCG TCGAAGC Fysiologisch gen Gif gen 1 Gif gen 2 AGCTTCG TCGAAGC Duplicatie van genen gevolgd door (versnelde) mutatie en expressie in de gifklier. versnelde) Eiwitten uit verscheidende organen: organen: Spieren Lymfeknoop Long Hart Lever Hersens Alvleesklier Testes Etc.
  • 19. Vonk et al BioEssays 2011 Vele vormen!
  • 20. - Neurotoxisch (zowel remming als stimulering) - Cardiotoxisch - Anticoagulant - Remming aggregatie bloedplaatjes Neurotoxins Cardiotoxins/ Cytotoxins Fasciculins k-toxins © RM Kini Muscarinic toxins Calciseptine Mambin Synergistic toxins
  • 21. Presynaptisch neurotoxine • β- bungarotoxin • Notexin • Taipoxin • Textilotoxin • Mojave toxin • … Postsynaptisch neurotoxine • a- bungarotoxin • Cobrotoxin • Candoxin • Erabutoxin • …
  • 22. Diffuse intravasale stolling (afgekort DIS) Factor X activators Prothrombine activators Thrombine-achtige enzymen
  • 23. http://scienceblogs.com © Nevit Dilmen http://scienceblogs.com
  • 24. Gif Enzym Enzym AChE breekt acetylcholine af nadat impuls © David Bygott tussen twee zenuwcellen is overgedragen Gif AChE breekt acetylcholine af voor de overdracht
  • 25. Intens. +MS, 0.2-1.6min #(12-96) 2+ 573.1 1+ 889.8 3000 1520.1 1368.2 2000 723.7 1243.9 1709.9 1151.4 1000 346.4 1954.1 479.5 808.8 1004.9 1445.0 2161.7 2279.6 1873.6 2007.4 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 m/z Diet: frogs Intens. 2+ +MS, 0.2-2.4min #(10-143) 574.1 Diet: mice 1200 1000 800 600 European viper (Vipera berus) 1+ 472.5 400 1102.0 1368.2 1520.0 1233.5 200 723.7 932.9 647.0 1445.0 1709.8 776.1 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 m/z MALDI (mass spectometry) Unpublished data Freek Vonk and Peter Lindenburg Grote variatie op zowel soorts- als populatieniveau!
  • 26. Denmotoxin in spier verlamming: ©Dr. Steve Mackessy Professor Kini Pawlak J et al J Biol Chem. 2006
  • 27. © Freek Vonk Pacifische Gymnothorax resistent tegen Laticauda gif Carribische Gymnothorax gevoelig voor Laticauda gif © Florent Charpin © John lewis Heatwhole and Powell Toxicon 1998
  • 28. Antistoffen in plasma Modificatie van eigen receptoren!
  • 29. 50 zeeslangen-soorten met vergelijkbaar gif 50- to 100-maal minder sterk gif in Aipysurus eydouxii (Li et al J Mol Evol. 2005) Verkleinde gifklieren en giftanden © deepseaimages.com Gif NIET behouden ter verdediging! © Decric Mitel Emydocephalus annulatus
  • 30. Afrikaanse en Aziatische soorten Spugen 3x geëvolueerd (Wuster et al 2007) © Freek Vonk Bruce Young et al. J. of Exp. Biol. 2004
  • 31. Region Number of deaths Europe 30 Middle 100 East USA – 15 Canada Latin 5 000 Big Four America Africa 20 000 © Robert Norris ©Freek Vonk Asia 100 000 Oceania 200 Total 125 345 Bron: Snake venoms & envenomations, Jean-Philipe Chippaux. 2006. Jean- © Jan Sevcik ©Freek Vonk
  • 32.
  • 34. © venomsa.com Necrose Zwelling Blaren Verlamming Wie gaat mij assisteren?
  • 36. Gebaseerd op symptomen (vb. Priapisme in Chileense zwarte weduwe & Russel’s adder) High-throughput screening
  • 39. © uk-sh.de © F. Vonk
  • 40. Mohamed, A., P. F. Reid, L. Raymond, and T. Dufan. 2006. Biomed Sci Instrum. 42:399-404. Instrum. 42:399- msconnections.org Thaise cobra (Naja kaouthia) Photo: Freek Vonk
  • 41.
  • 42. Groei van de tumor en metastase afhankelijk van angiogenese! METASTASE Pictures: Avraamides et al., 2008 Folkman, 1971; Avraamides et al., 2008
  • 43. 0.0 mM 0.05 mM 0.1 mM © Corine Manuputty
  • 44. zwembadgranuloom Mycobacterium marinum Awais A, Tam CS, Kontoyiannis D, et al. Clin Infect Dis 2008;46:69-71.
  • 45. Voor behandeling Na behandeling
  • 46. © F. Vonk © drugs-expert.com
  • 47. 10 medicijnen 10.000 ontdekt 5 in clinical trials 10-20 miljoen toxines 5 diagnostica Andere toepassingen 500 onderzocht
  • 48. Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research Prof. dr. Michael Richardson And all my collaborators !